Deck 18: Conclusion: How Can We Reduce Crime

Question 1

Police departments should develop _____ for discrimination and brutality and take every step possible to identify and remove the officers responsible for them.

A) Tertiary control policies
B) Zero-tolerance policies
C) Mitigating circumstance policies
D) Aggravating circumstance policies

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following has no general deterrent effect and costs at least twice as much as life imprisonment?

A) Intensive probation
B) Corporal punishment
C) Boot camps
D) Death penalty

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?

A) Expand "three strikes and you're out" and mandatory imprisonment policies
B) Utilize more school choice in order to improve schools in urban areas
C) Reduce reliance on imprisonment and put more emphasis on community corrections
D) Reduce the number off authority-oriented school programs such as D.A.R.E.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A growing amount of evidence indicates that community policing and _____ may reduce crime and that community policing reduces fear of crime and may help lessen the incivilities of urban neighborhoods.

A) Racial profiling in high-crime areas
B) Prevention programs such as D.A.R.E.
C) Directed police activity in crime hot spots
D) Aggressive arrest tactics directed at minority males

Question 5

Currently,the United States lags behind many _____ nations that already provide government sponsored day care and flexible work schedules.

A) South American
B) European
C) Polynesian
D) Arabic

Question 6

Which of the following occurs after an illness has begun or an injury has occurred and "seeks to minimize the long-term consequences" of the health problem?

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Quaternary prevention

Question 7

Any measures to strengthen the urban neighborhoods via social integration and strengthening the social institutions of urban neighborhoods should focus on:

A) Children and adolescents
B) The elderly and infirm
C) The middle-class and wealthy
D) The working-poor

Question 8

A developmental focus on early childhood risk factors that will help reduce delinquency and adult crime would include:

A) The expansion of school choice in minority neighborhoods
B) The increased hiring of minority and female police officers
C) Reduction in police brutality and racial profiling
D) The expansion of prenatal and postnatal nutrition and other health services

Question 9

Which of the following should help to reduce street crime?

A) Improving the physical conditions of urban neighborhoods
B) Concentrating the poor into public housing projects
C) Increasing urban neighborhood dilapidation
D) Allowing the expansion of income inequality

Question 10

Which of the following tries to prevent disease or injury from occurring at all by focusing on aspects of the social or physical environment that contribute to the disease or injury?

A) Quaternary prevention
B) Tertiary prevention
C) Secondary prevention
D) Primary prevention

Question 11

Which of the following aims to identify practices and situations that put certain individuals at risk for illness or injury?

A) Primary prevention
B) Quaternary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Secondary prevention

Question 12

Which of the following is not an example of primary prevention?

A) Consider repealing at least some of the present drug laws
B) Undertake social policies to create decent-paying jobs for the poor, especially those in urban communities
C) Change male socialization practices so that notions of masculinity move away from violence and other criminogenic attitudes and values
D) Reduce social and economic inequality between women and men

Question 13

Although there are more than 21 million personal victimizations at the top of the funnel,at the bottom end just _____ persons eventual go to prison or jail.

A) 18, 851
B) 125, 896
C) 320,908
D) 1,349,021

Question 14

Which of the following stresses the need to identify the social and other causes of disease so that efforts can be launched to target these causes?

A) The public health model
B) The crime control model
C) The infection cure model
D) The fitness test model

Question 15

A secondary prevention approach thus recognizes that the seeds of juvenile delinquency and adult crime are planted long before delinquency and crime appear and that it is absolutely essential to focus prevention efforts on _____ in early childhood that set the stage for later offending.

A) Developmental experiences
B) Concentrated experiences
C) Quandary experiences
D) Equitable experiences

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?

A) Provide affordable, high-quality child day care for all parents who need it to work outside the home and flexible work schedules to allow parents to spend more time with children
B) Establish well-funded early childhood intervention programs for high-risk children and their families
C) Provide government economic aid for people who cannot find work or who find work but still cannot lift themselves out of poverty
D) Expand "three strikes and you're out" and mandatory imprisonment policies

Question 17

Although a "get tough" approach has not been shown to work with common criminals,it may have more of a deterrent effect on potential which of the following?

A) White-collar criminals
B) Terrorists
C) High level drug dealers
D) Juvenile defenders

Question 18

Building even more prisons will cost the nation billions of dollars:

A) And will reduce crime significantly
B) But will not reduce crime significantly
C) And will strengthen the economy significantly
D) But will reduce the more expensive use of probation

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

A) Reduce urban dilapidation
B) Establish well-funded early childhood intervention programs for high-risk children and their families
C) Eliminate the death penalty but only in states with histories of discrimination
D) Expand "three strikes and you're out" and mandatory imprisonment policies

Question 20

Unemployment lines indicate a social problem-_____-that contributes to the crime rate.

A) The failure of individuals to seek out available jobs
B) The absence of a sufficient number of decent-paying jobs for the poor
C) The success of socialism and government intervention in the economy
D) The success of racial segregation

Question 21

Expanding the network of battered women's shelters and rape crisis centers is not a secondary prevention approach.

Question 22

Neighborhood dilapidation increases the odds that children will come to respect the need to obey laws and other social norms.

Question 23

Which of the following would not only help protect these women from additional abuse,but would also reduce the likelihood that any children they might have will grow up in violent households?

A) Expansion of the network of battered women's shelters and rape crisis centers
B) Building additional prisons and half-way houses
C) Expanding mandatory minimums for drug cases
D) The reduction of prevention programs such as D.A.R.E.

Question 24

Which of the following decreases the odds that children will come to respect the need to obey laws and other social norms?

A) Dilapidated neighborhoods
B) Expanded use of the death penalty
C) Violent video games
D) Drug decriminalization

Question 25

The huge drop throughout all stages of the funnel underscores the _____ of reliance on the criminal justice system to reduce crime.

A) Cost savings
B) Overwhelming benefits
C) Tertiary benefits
D) Cost-ineffectiveness

Question 26

Secondary prevention aims to identify practices and situations that put certain individuals at risk for illness or injury.

Question 27

A secondary prevention approach fails to recognize that serious crime is proportionately committed by a small group of chronic offenders.

Question 28

We can wave a magic wand and make crime disappear.

Question 29

Unemployment lines indicate a social problem.

Question 30

Providing prenatal and postnatal nutrition and other health related services is a quandary prevention approach.

Question 31

The criminal justice system operates like a funnel.

Question 32

Primary prevention tries to prevent disease or injury from occurring at all by focusing on aspects of the social or physical environment that contribute to the disease or injury.

Question 33

The classical school stresses the need to identify the social and other causes of disease so that efforts can be launched to target these causes.

Question 34

According to Kozol (1991),schools in urban areas are beset by "_____" that generate criminogenic conditions.

A) Vicious egalitarianism
B) Savage inequalities
C) Demonic democracy
D) Terse variations

Question 35

Police brutality and racial profiling should be abolished.

Question 36

Crime is less likely when families live in apartment buildings,public housing projects,and other types of crowded housing.

Question 37

Racial segregation in housing remains extensive and has serious consequences for African-Americans.

Question 38

Undertaking social policies to create decent-paying jobs for the poor,especially those in urban communities,is a form of primary prevention.

Question 39

Greater income inequality should reduce crime.

Question 40

The huge number of _____ in the United States is an important reason for our high number of homicides.

A) Minorities
B) Elderly
C) Handguns
D) Knives

Question 41

Which of the primary forms of prevention do you think would be most effective?

Question 42

Racial _____ in housing remains extensive and has serious consequences for African-Americans.

Question 43

_____ prevention tries to prevent disease or injury from occurring at all by focusing on aspects of the social or physical environment that contribute to the disease or injury.

Question 44

Building even more prisons will cost the nation _____ of dollars but will not reduce crime significantly.

Question 45

What are the three types of prevention?

Question 46

United States prenatal and postnatal programs are currently inadequate,leaving many poor children at risk for _____ impairment.

Question 47

Provide several examples of secondary prevention.

Question 48

Matching:
Match the term or concept with the correct description.

Question 49

Currently,the United States lags behind many _____ nations that already provide government sponsored day care and flexible work schedules.

Question 50

The _____ penalty has no general deterrent effect and costs at least twice as much as life imprisonment.

Question 51

What effect does the funnel effect have on reducing crime?

Question 52

_____ prevention aims to identify practices and situations that put certain individuals at risk for illness or injury.

Question 53

A _____ prevention approach to crime focuses on preventing recidivism,or repeat offending,by offenders and on protecting society from these offenders.

Question 54

The huge number of _____ in the United States is an important reason for our high number of homicides.

Question 55

Discuss one reason why the U.S.criminal justice system is seemingly designed to fail and give one possible solution.