Deck 6: Biological and Psychological Explanations

Question 1

Which stage did Freud think represents internalization of society's moral code?

A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
D) Ethos

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to researchers,which chromosome pattern suggests men with long arms,acne and low intelligence?

A) XXX
B) YXX
C) XXY
D) XYY

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following suggests why low IQ may lead to crime?

A) It increases the likelihood of low testosterone levels
B) It lowers serotonin levels
C) It decreases social bonds
D) It impairs moral judgment

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Who introduced the idea of personality being a product of id,ego and superego?

A) Fritz Mallack
B) Charles Darwin
C) Cesare Beccasia
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 5

Psychological approaches also suggest that criminality results from psychological _____.

A) Abnormality
B) Development
C) Recidivism
D) Innovation

Question 6

Which of the following best describes phrenology?

A) It concerns the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality.
B) It concerns the use of brain scans as a measurement of criminality.
C) It is the study of social ecology as the root cause of crime.
D) It is the study of brain chemistry as the root cause of crime.

Question 7

Individuals who experience early puberty often:

A) Suffer from low IQ
B) Act in anti-social ways
C) Get married
D) Drop out of school

Question 8

Some of the most important work in psychology and crime focuses on _____.

A) Social ecology
B) Phrenology
C) Personality
D) Utilitarianism

Question 9

Inadequate maternal and childhood nutrition are:

A) Not important or related to delinquency
B) Does not improve performance in school
C) May actually be a risk factor for delinquency and crime
D) Does not decrease performance in school

Question 10

Cesare Lombroso considered criminals ____ or "throwbacks" to an earlier age of evolution.

A) Avatars
B) Atavists
C) Artisans
D) Alabasters

Question 11

When both members of a part act alike,it is called _____.

A) Cooption
B) Coronation
C) Contention
D) Concordance

Question 12

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?

A) Serotonin
B) Glucose
C) Testosterone
D) Nitrogen

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describes cads?

A) Women who have multiple children in order to pass on their genes
B) Women who have numerous children as a means of passing on DNA
C) Men who have multiple spouses
D) Men who used rape as a means to pass along their genes

Question 14

Which of the following is said to increase aggressiveness,risk taking and impulsiveness?

A) Testosterone
B) Androgen
C) Insulin
D) Ritalin

Question 15

Which of the following explanations suggests that for thousands of years certain favored traits survived through natural selection?

A) Social structure
B) Evolutionary biology
C) Developmental genetics
D) Intelligent design

Question 16

Which of the following best reflects modern psychoanalytical explanations of crime?

A) Crime is the result of experiencing puberty.
B) Crime is only the result of serious physical injury to the head.
C) Crime arises from internal disturbances developing in early childhood.
D) Crime arises from genetic predispositions in certain races.

Question 17

Kohlberg's theory of _____ is an explanation of the ability to distinguish right from wrong and to determine the ethically correct course of action in complex cases.

A) Normative superiority
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Limited deviance
D) Moral development

Question 18

Which of the following criminal defenses is based on the idea of women having "raging hormones"?

A) KGB
B) DNA
C) XXY
D) PMS

Question 19

Why did Lombroso believe women committed so little crime?

A) He believed they preferred shoplifting to violence
B) He believed they only committed crime out of anger
C) He believed them to be more naturally passive than men
D) He believed them to be more intelligent than men

Question 20

Which of the following may impair moral reasoning and the ability to appreciate the consequences of one's actions?

A) High testosterone
B) Low IQ
C) High serotonin
D) Low glucose

Question 21

Psychological approaches operate under the assumption that normal people do not commit crime.

Question 22

Researchers have found that variants of a gene called MAOA have been implicated in high-risk behavior,including criminal behavior.

Question 23

It has been definitively proven that abortion reduces crime.

Question 24

The first notable family study involved the Jukes.

Question 25

Testosterone is a male hormone.

Question 26

Psychoanalytic explanations suggest that antisocial behavior is a mentally disordered behavior,which is not true for most individuals.

Question 27

Phrenology concerns the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality.

Question 28

XYY is a means of measuring brain activity.

Question 29

Ectomorphs are muscular and prone to violence.

Question 30

Lombroso believed women were inherently more criminal than men.

Question 31

Lombroso believed criminality stemmed from atavism.

Question 32

Concordance occurs when two like individuals acts differently.

Question 33

Prenatal difficulties do not predict later offending.

Question 34

Which of the following best represents Piaget's sensorimotor period?

A) It lasts from ages 7 to 11 and involves learning logical thinking and problem solving
B) It lasts until the age of 2 and involves learning about their immediate environment and developing their reflexes
C) It last until age 31 and corresponds with the fully developed superego
D) Period lasts from ages 12-17 and consists of learning language, drawing, and other skills

Question 35

Which of the following is a common critique of psychological studies?

A) Contemporarily, nearly all studies over-utilize juveniles
B) Historically, they have often used small, unrepresentative samples of offenders in prisons or mental institutions
C) Historically, few studies utilize established scientific method protocols, such as random samples
D) Contemporarily, most studies are only done in laboratories and so results are questionable

Question 36

Poor school performance leads to less attachment to school and thus to higher rates of delinquency.

Question 37

Which of the following suggests a genetic tendency for criminal behavior is passed from parents to children?

A) Puberty
B) Heredity
C) Nationality
D) Equality

Question 38

Childhood temperament studies have no bearing on delinquency.

Question 39

In 1949,William Sheldon (1898-1977)published a book that outlined his theory of _____,which assumes that people's body shapes affect their personalities and hence the crimes they commit.

A) Hematology
B) Climatology
C) Somatology
D) Hormonology

Question 40

Relatively new technologies,such as positron emission tomography (PET)and _____,have enabled scientists to study the brain as never before.

A) Psychological genetic hematology (PGH)
B) Ionic resonance schematics (IRS)
C) Geometric profiling systems (GPS)
D) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 41

An over production of the male hormone _____ may influence criminal behavior.

Question 42

_____ are athletic and muscular and tend to be aggressive.

Question 43

According to Sheldon,____ are heavy and relatively noncriminal.

Question 44

Discuss what adoption studies say about the biological link to crime.

Question 45

_____ carry messages from the brain throughout the body.

Question 46

Modern _____ explanations say delinquency and crime arise from internal disturbances developing in early childhood because of interaction problems between parents and children.

Question 47

Examine the research on testosterone and crime. What is your opinion regarding this topic?

Question 48

Explain Freud's ideas regarding the three components of the human personality.

Question 49

Some of the most important work today in psychology and crime focuses on ______________.

Question 50

Individuals who experience early _____ are more likely to commit delinquent acts.

Question 51

Cesare Lombroso considered criminals ____ or "throwbacks" to an earlier age of evolution.

Question 52

Explain why biological explanations have been,and remain,controversial.

Question 53

A popular modern biological explanation of crime centers on _____,the "male hormone."

Question 54

According to Freud,the _____ drives our basics desires according to Freud.

Question 55

Matching:
Match the term with the corresponding description.