Deck 9: Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives

Question 1

Which of the following focuses on restoring the social bond between the offender and the community?

A) Retributive justice
B) Restorative justice
C) Reactive justice
D) Recidivist justice

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to _____,or the commission of continued deviance and the adoption of a deviant lifestyle.

A) Criminal consistency
B) Positivist magnification
C) Deviance amplification
D) Violence variation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Restorative justice is popular among native peoples in the United States and Canada and in some socialist nations and can include such things as _____.

A) Victim impact panels
B) Community corporal punishment
C) Offender defiance statements
D) Capital punishment

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the United States,restorative justice has probably been used most often for _____ offenders who commit relatively minor offenses.

A) Chronic
B) Male
C) Elderly
D) Juvenile

Question 5

Which of the following would be an example of secondary deviance?

A) An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and police fail to identify a suspect, thus encouraging the perpetrator to reoffend
B) A town lacks important community efforts such as after school activities which lead youths to engage in crime
C) An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and a youth is suspected. He becomes angry and resentful and "acts out"
D) A town passes a law such as truancy and begins to arrest many juveniles for what is a new crime

Question 6

Radical criminologists believe:

A) That the vast number of poor exploit the criminal justice system for personal gain
B) That Whites are more likely to be targeted by the system than non-Whites
C) That the wealthy use the legal system to keep the poor and people of color in their place
D) That African-Americans benefit the most from tougher laws, especially the War on Drugs

Question 7

Power-control theory:

A) Largely ignores the role gender and class play in crime
B) Suggests that criminals accumulate power to control their own destinies
C) Highlights the roles played by both gender and class in crime
D) Focuses too heavily on the role of biology

Question 8

Many radical criminologists blame _____ for much of the crime the United States suffers.

A) Socialism
B) Fascism
C) Capitalism
D) Communism

Question 9

Which of the following predicts that girls and women will be treated more leniently than boys and men?

A) Chivalry hypothesis
B) Cavalry hypothesis
C) Gentlemen hypothesis
D) Sexist hypothesis

Question 10

Which of the following best represents peacemaking criminology?

A) Peacemaking criminology suggests that crime is a by-product of war
B) Peacemaking criminology contends that criminals lack the ability to find compromise with their victims
C) Peacemaking criminology argues that groups with legislative power have the power to decide which behaviors will be illegal and that crime stems from the lack of peace among various interest groups
D) Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence

Question 11

John Braithwaite argues that:

A) Even positive labels have negative results in they are disliked by the individual
B) The success of shaming is dependent upon one's genetic characteristics such as skin color
C) Labeling is particularly effective tool for elderly offenders
D) The type of shaming involved in labeling makes a crucial difference for continued deviance

Question 12

Which perspective focuses on many aspects of women's criminality,including the problems that women inmates face in jail and prison?

A) Fascist
B) Rational
C) Socialist
D) Feminist

Question 13

Which of the following considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests?

A) Constitutional Marxism
B) Determinist Marxism
C) Expressive Marxism
D) Instrumental Marxism

Question 14

Which of the following would Marx consider proletariat?

A) A factory owner
B) A factory worker
C) A government employee
D) A high ranking politician

Question 15

Labeling theory adopts a _____ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant.

A) Nationalist
B) Relativist
C) Corporatist
D) Pessimist

Question 16

Deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits; some people and behaviors are more likely than others to be labeled _____.

A) Deviant
B) Destructive
C) Deterred
D) Demonic

Question 17

Which of the following considers law and crime the result of conflict among various kinds of groups in society,not just economic classes?

A) Neoclassical theory
B) Consensus theory
C) Conflict theory
D) Control balance

Question 18

Which of the following would Marx consider bourgeoisie?

A) A factory owner
B) A factory worker
C) A small business owner
D) A convicted criminal

Question 19

The _____ instead insisted that crime causes real distress,and thus crime prevention and control are essential.

A) Left realists
B) Right realists
C) Center idealists
D) Upper idealists

Question 20

Labeling theory's focus is not on the initial act or two leading someone to be officially labeled.These acts are examples of _____.

A) Quadrant deviance
B) Tertiary deviance
C) Secondary deviance
D) Primary deviance

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the four areas generally addressed in feminist criminology?

A) Peacemaking with capitalism
B) Victimization of women
C) Gender differences in crime
D) Explanations of women's criminality

Question 22

Like conflict theory,radical theory's views seem less relevant for _____ than for consensual offenses and political criminality.

A) White-collar crime
B) Street crime
C) Environmental crime
D) Government

Question 23

Liberal feminists attribute gender differences in crime rates to gender differences in socialization and also call attention to gender discrimination in the criminal justice system.

Question 24

The Japanese are much less likely than Americans to think criminals can change for the better.

Question 25

Which views on crime developed in the mid-1970s,in part because labeling and conflict theories neglected gender?

A) Masculine
B) Classical
C) Freudian
D) Feminist

Question 26

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance amplification.

Question 27

Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence.

Question 28

What is considered is "at the heart" of much of girls' and women's law breaking?

A) Poverty
B) Sexual abuse
C) Feminism
D) Racism

Question 29

Labeling theory assumes that an arrest,conviction,or other criminal label produces several consequences that often lead someone to commit additional deviance.

Question 30

Restorative justice has been tried in some areas of the United States and in Australia,Canada and Japan.

Question 31

Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as caning panels,in which victims utilize corporal punishment against the offender.

Question 32

Labeling theory assumes that poor,minority people are less likely than other categories of people to be arrested or to suffer other legal sanctions.

Question 33

Who are much more likely than Americans to think that criminals can change for the better?

A) The Russian
B) The Iranians
C) The Japanese
D) The Saudis

Question 34

Those who own the factories and other modern means of production are known as the bourgeoisie.

Question 35

Consensus theory says that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.

Question 36

In egalitarian households,the father works outside the home and the mother stays at home to take care of the children.

Question 37

Instrumental Marxism considers the ruling class a large,unified group that uses the law to benefit all of society.

Question 38

Traditional theories of deviance and crime adopt an absolutist definition of deviance as something real that is inherent in behavior.In contrast,labeling theory adopts a relativist definition.

Question 39

The conflict perspectives stress that social institutions help create social stability.

Question 40

The proletariat class is sometimes called the ruling class.

Question 41

Critical perspectives are often called social _____ theories.

Question 42

_____ Marxism considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests.

Question 43

The idea people must find inner peace and develop nonviolent ways of resolving conflict,including both crime and war is a hallmark of _____ criminology.

Question 44

Explain the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Question 45

Research your local community and find a program that imparts restorative justice.Summarize the program and explain how it fits into the restorative justice model.

Question 46

Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as victim ___ panels,in which victims talk with offenders about their feelings as victims.

Question 47

The _____ theory suggests that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.

Question 48

Disintegrative shaming,or _____,occurs when offenders are treated like outcasts and no effort is made to forgive or to involve them in community affairs.

Question 49

Find a local criminal case in which a female either committed a murder or committed an armed robbery.Examine the case and discuss how it fits or doesn't fit into "doing gender".

Question 50

Explain the difference between the bourgeoisie and proletariat and how some believe it contributes to crime.Give your opinion on whether or not you think this theory holds true.

Question 51

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance _____.

Question 52

Matching:
Match the term or concept with the correct description.

Question 53

The _____ perspectives stress that social institutions help create social stability.

Question 54

Labeling theory adopts a(n)_____ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant.

Question 55

Discuss left realism and its emphasis of peacemaking criminology.