Deck 10: Human Development

Question 1

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

A)Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes
B)Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, she is more likely to become a professional athlete
C)Believing that because someone is specially trained, he is more likely to become a professional athlete
D)Believing that because someone has benefited from the best coaching, she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete

Answer 1

Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

Question 2

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.
B)Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour.
C)People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour.
D)Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment.

Answer 2

Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.

Question 3

________ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age changes.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Continual
C)Contiguous
D)Longitudinal

Answer 3

Longitudinal

Question 4

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people's behaviours change over the course of their lives. The type of programme that Charmaine should be applying to is ________ psychology.

A)developmental
B)child
C)social
D)ecological

Question 5

Xiao is gathering research on the number of meals people eat. He gathers data about the number of daily meals eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages-10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years-over the course of one week, and looks for developmental differences. What type of research design is Xiao using?

A)Continuous
B)Cross-sectional
C)Sequential
D)Longitudinal

Question 6

If you wanted to study developmental effects, which type of research would be the best to conduct?

A)A longitudinal study
B)A cross-sectional study
C)A quasi-experimental study
D)A naturalistic observation

Question 7

________ psychology is the study of how behaviour changes over time.

A)Evolutionary
B)Cognitive
C)Social
D)Developmental

Question 8

Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age, and compare them to others who are at a different age, and thus a different level of development. The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a(n)________.

A)cohort
B)experimental subject group
C)control group
D)schema

Question 9

________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences.

A)Sectional
B)Cross-sequential
C)Sequential
D)Cross-sectional

Question 10

A(n)________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period.

A)cohort
B)constituency
C)peer group
D)age cluster

Question 11

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative?

A)Cross-sectional designs
B)Longitudinal designs
C)Correlational research designs
D)Cohort research designs

Question 12

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects

A)a pro-nurture perspective.
B)a pro-nature perspective.
C)a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability.
D)a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.

Question 13

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behaviour changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a ________ study.

A)sequential
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)continuous

Question 14

Gene ________ refers to the fact that the environmental experiences that one has throughout their development can turn on or off specific genes that are located in every cell in the human body.

A)promotion
B)promulgation
C)expression
D)activation

Question 15

The major issue of ________ explores how development is influenced by both genetics and life experiences.

A)continuity-stages
B)nature-nurture
C)plasticity-formidity
D)stability-change

Question 16

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time?

A)Longitudinal
B)Cohort
C)Cross-sectional
D)Correlational

Question 17

Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments, a phenomenon termed by some developmentalists as

A)diathesis-stress.
B)nature via nurture.
C)nature versus nurture.
D)correlation opposing causation.

Question 18

In a(n)________ research design, a psychologist would track the same group of participants over time, which would allow the determination of developmental effects on various psychological qualities.

Question 19

Gino went out one evening and got himself a shiny new tattoo of a tribal symbol across his back. The next day, Gino's girlfriend, Shanae, ended their relationship. Mutual friends of theirs assumed that Shanae ended the relationship because of the new tattoo. These friends have not read your textbook carefully because they have just fallen prey to the ________ fallacy.

A)ad libitum
B)post hoc
C)mens rea
D)modus operandi

Question 20

Markus is very athletic, and thus he tends to participate in a lot of sports. His regular practise at football, basketball, and hockey increases his athletic skills, which makes him want to spend more time participating in these activities. This example demonstrates the ________ nature of development.

A)bidirectional
B)correlational
C)confounding
D)diathetical

Question 21

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to

A)stand up and attempt to walk when placed on its knees.
B)open its mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
C)cry when approached by unfamiliar people.
D)close its eyes when startled by loud noises.

Question 22

The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development.

A)foetal
B)zygotic
C)embryonic
D)blastocyst

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a known symptom of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A)facial malformations
B)respiratory difficulties
C)behavioural disorders
D)learning disabilities

Question 24

The body's reproductive organs are an example of

A)adrenal glands.
B)thyroid glands.
C)primary sex characteristics.
D)secondary sex characteristics.

Question 25

________ behaviours are defined as bodily motions that are self-initiated and move bones and muscles.

A)Motor
B)Muscular
C)Physical
D)Physiological

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the stages of prenatal development?

A)The amniotic stage
B)The germinal stage
C)The embryonic stage
D)The foetal stage

Question 27

Low birth weight is directly linked to many complications in babies, including a high risk of death, infection, developmental delays, and even psychological disorders. It is not known, however, if these symptoms are a direct effect of low birth weight or if the low birth weight may be a result of other pregnancy-related complications. This is an important demonstration of the critical-thinking concept of

A)correlation versus causation.
B)falsifiability.
C)replicability.
D)Occam's Razor.

Question 28

The research of Michael Hermanussen and colleagues found that physical development is marked by "mini growth spurts" that occur every 30 to 55 days in people as old as ________ years of age.

A)16
B)25
C)40
D)65

Question 29

The ________ point in a pregnancy-that is, the age at which an infant could survive outside of its mother's womb-is about 25 weeks.

Question 30

The reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes are called ________ sex characteristics.

Question 31

Any environmental factor that can cause a birth defect is known as a(n)________.

A)babinski
B)pollutant
C)teratogen
D)mutation

Question 32

The correct order of the stages of prenatal development is

A)foetal stage, embryonic stage, zygotic stage.
B)germinal stage, embryonic stage, foetal stage.
C)zygotic stage, foetal stage, germinal stage.
D)zygotic stage, embryonic stage, germinal stage, foetal stage.

Question 33

The period of transition from childhood to adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years is called ________.

A)puberty
B)adolescence
C)preadulthood
D)the teens

Question 34

Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter, and holds the baby up to her breast. As the breast strokes the child's cheek, the child turns her head toward the breast, finds her mother's nipple, and begins to feed. This is a demonstration of the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)suckling
C)Moro
D)grasping

Question 35

Your best friend comes to you, visibly excited. "I just couldn't wait to tell you the big news. I'm pregnant," she screams. She is clearly overjoyed by the news, and goes on to tell you, "It is SO amazing. The doctor says I'm about six weeks pregnant, and I already feel SO different!" Wanting to show off your new knowledge of developmental psychology and the prenatal stages, you smugly reply, "It is just so great that your child is in the ________ of development because its organs are just starting to develop!"

A)embryonic
B)foetal
C)zygotic
D)germinal

Question 36

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the ________ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)foetal
D)gestational

Question 37

The period of transition between childhood and young adulthood is called ________.

Question 38

A fertilised egg that is the result of conception is called a(n)________.

Question 39

Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development are called ________.

Question 40

Which of the following is true with regard to the order of development of motor skills?

A)Babies develop motor skills based on what they see, so it is largely a function of imitation.
B)Babies develop motor skills in very unique sequences, so there is no "order" of skills that is considered typical.
C)Motor skills tend to develop in the same sequence from child to child, although the ages of each milestone vary.
D)Motor development in babies has two predictable paths-one for sighted children and one for blind children.

Question 41

Sarah has recently learned that the sun does not go up and down each day, but that it is the Earth that moves. The fact that Sarah visualises the Earth moving up and down next to the sun each day (rather than orbiting the sun on its axis)demonstrates which Piagetian developmental task?

A)Accommodation
B)Assimilation
C)Equilibration
D)Conservation

Question 42

When the work of Mary Ainsworth and the "Strange Situation" experiment is examined in cultures beyond the United States of America, there is often criticism that this type of investigation is not appropriate for assessing the attachment of children in other cultures. Which of the following does your textbook state is one such argument against this type of research in other cultures?

A)In Somalia, the scarcity of resources necessitates that children be kept very close to their parents at all times. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.
B)In Finland, only boys are to be separated from their parents to foster independence, while girls are taught to be very dependent. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.
C)In Iran, infants are expected to be very dependent on their parents, and are praised for such behaviours. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.
D)Japanese infants are rarely separated from their mothers, so the use of a test that calls for separation is not valid.

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

A)Changes in vocal tone
B)Growth of the breasts
C)Growth of the genitals
D)Growth of facial hair

Question 44

Which of the following physical changes is associated with ageing in men?

A)A loss of ability to hear low-pitched sounds
B)A reduction in a man's testosterone levels
C)A reduction in a man's interest in his career
D)An increase in the speed at which a man gets an erection

Question 45

The discontinuation of menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's ability to bear children is known as ________.

A)andropause
B)menopause
C)infertility
D)reproductive halting

Question 46

Menopause refers to

A)the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood.
B)the onset of puberty in early adulthood.
C)the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood.
D)the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood.

Question 47

Kevin is a 45-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 20, Kevin is now likely to

A)struggle hearing students' questions during lecture.
B)struggle analysing students' questions during lecture.
C)struggle formulating his thoughts when responding to students' questions.
D)struggle verbalising his thoughts when responding to students' questions.

Question 48

Which hormone increases in production during puberty and is generally believed to be responsible for physical growth?

A)Gall bladder bile
B)Oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys
C)Androgens
D)Serotonin

Question 49

Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A)Genitals
B)Ovaries
C)Pubic hair
D)Sperm

Question 50

The termination of menstruation signalling the end of a woman's reproductive potential is termed ________.

Question 51

Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behaviour suggests that

A)during infancy, there are no gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls.
B)no gender differences have been found between the toy preferences of boy and girl monkeys.
C)females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough-and-tumble play.
D)females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough-and-tumble play.

Question 52

________ is the start of menstruation.

Question 53

"Raindrops keep falling on my head. And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed, nothing seems to fit!" These lyrics to a popular song describe a very uncomfortable sleeping arrangement! There are several ways this problem can be solved. If the singer chooses to cut off his feet so that he fits in the existing bed, this would be similar to the Piagetian concept of ________.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)adaptation
D)schema transformation

Question 54

Piaget's theory of ________ development focuses on ways in which children learn, think, reason, and remember.

Question 55

Puberty is associated with the onset of ________.

A)menopause
B)menarche
C)dementia
D)generativity

Question 56

During which of the following age ranges does fertility reach its peak in women?

A)15-20 years of age
B)20-25 years of age
C)25-30 years of age
D)30-35 years of age

Question 57

________ is to girls as ________ is to boys.

A)Menarche; spermarche
B)Spermarche; menarche
C)Puberty; adolescence
D)Adolescence; puberty

Question 58

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

A)social
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)identity

Question 59

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing

A)a significant loss of appetite.
B)a significant loss of physical energy.
C)depression.
D)hot flushes.

Question 60

During menarche, teenagers experience

A)the start of menstruation.
B)the first ejaculation.
C)voice changes.
D)the end of menstruation.

Question 61

During Piaget's ________ stage of development, infants learn about objects by physically handling and manipulating them.

Question 62

Mark believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the show. Mark's revised views on red go-carts illustrates

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)conservation.
D)equilibration.

Question 63

What is meant by the term "egocentrism"?

A)A child is unable to see the world from others' point of view.
B)A child is extremely arrogant and feels that he or she is better than others.
C)A child is very selfish and refuses to share possessions with others.
D)A child lacks the motivation do things for him- or herself and expects them to be done by others.

Question 64

The inability to see events from others' perspectives during Piaget's preoperational stage is called ________.

Question 65

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use real objects and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operations

Question 66

According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of

A)assimilation and accommodation.
B)egocentrism and constructivism.
C)maturation and conservation.
D)conservation and scaffolding.

Question 67

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents

A)an inability to accommodate.
B)an inability to conserve.
C)difficulty with formal operations tasks.
D)an inability to assimilate.

Question 68

Young Eli, only a bit over 18 months of age, has been fooled by his parents. In order to get him to willingly take a children's chewable vitamin every day, his parents have taught him that it is a "lolly". Now, whenever Eli sees any product that is small and brightly coloured, he says "lolly! YUMMM!" and tries to put it into his mouth. Eli's attempt to make new stimuli consistent with his existing mental structures is an example of ________.

A)centration
B)egocentrism
C)accommodation
D)assimilation

Question 69

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of ________.

A)centration
B)egocentrism
C)object permanence
D)conservation

Question 70

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed

A)object permanence.
B)equilibration.
C)conservation.
D)assimilation.

Question 71

A teenager is most likely functioning in Piaget's ________.

Question 72

In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a child most likely to lack the skill of object permanence?

A)The preoperational stage
B)The formal operational stage
C)The sensorimotor stage
D)The concrete operational stage

Question 73

During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 74

According to Piaget, egocentrism involves

A)the perception that others view the world as you do.
B)the perception that others view the world differently than you do.
C)the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgements.
D)the perception that you are better than others.

Question 75

Object ________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen, heard, and so on).

A)solidity
B)stability
C)continuity
D)permanence

Question 76

Which of the following indicates the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor
B)preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
C)preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
D)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 77

According to Piaget, egocentrism and a lack of conservation ability are both qualities that are seen in the ________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 78

Piaget's term for the idea that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight is object ________.

Question 79

Using specific examples, differentiate between the thinking patterns of a six-year-old student and a nine-year-old student, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 80

Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational