Deck 11: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Larry comes home to find his house on fire. Which of the following statements best represents the James-Lange theory?

A)"I am shaking because I am afraid."
B)"My shaking must be due to fear because my house is on fire."
C)"I am afraid because I am shaking."
D)"My fear is an automatic reaction to a dangerous situation."

Answer 1

"I am afraid because I am shaking."

Question 2

You are sitting in the living room of your girlfriend's house when you notice that your hands are perspiring. What theory of emotions suggests that you will now decide that you are nervous about meeting her parents?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Two-factor
D)Discrete emotions

Answer 2

James-Lange

Question 3

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions

A)differ significantly across cultures.
B)are independent of physiological responses at all.
C)exist to serve evolutionary functions.
D)are found only in civilised cultures.

Answer 3

exist to serve evolutionary functions.

Question 4

Opposed to the discrete emotion theory, ________ theories of emotion recognise the idea that emotions are determined by thinking.

Question 5

One definition of emotion identifies that it involves the synchronisation of ________, ________, and ________ elements

Question 6

Emotion is a(n)________ phenomenon, which is why it is difficult to arrive at one single definition of the construct.

Question 7

Which of the following theories states that emotions derive from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

A)James-Lange theory of emotion
B)Somatic marker theory
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 8

Many people believe the "common sense" view of emotions that states "we react physically and behaviourally to the emotions that we are feeling". The James-Lange view, however, takes the opposite approach. It suggests that emotions don't lead to behaviours, but that behaviours lead to emotions. These opposing views remind us to consider

A)the concept of Occam's Razor.
B)falsifiability.
C)that correlation does not imply causation.
D)replicability.

Question 9

The ________ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Plutchik
D)Schachter and Singer

Question 10

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A)Stimulus → emotion → physiological changes
B)Stimulus → physiological changes → emotion
C)Physiological changes → stimulus → emotion
D)Stimulus → emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 11

Jon is sitting in his psychology class across from Della when he realises that he has been smiling. What theory of emotion suggests that Jon will now decide that he has a crush on Della?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Two-factor
D)Discrete emotions

Question 12

Describe two major cognitive theories of emotion and demonstrate their theoretical differences.

Question 13

A three-month-old baby named Bryan smiles even when he is alone. Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to ________.

A)effective training by his mum
B)his motivation to learn something new
C)reinforcements from his immediate surroundings
D)his innate motor programmes from birth

Question 14

According to the ________, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion of fear and running away at the same time. However, the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.

A)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; somatic marker theory of emotion
B)two-factor theory of emotion; Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion
D)two-factor theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 15

According to this theory, the fear you feel when you are startled by a bear in the woods occurs at about the same time that your heart starts pounding.

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Schachter-Singer theory
D)Lazarus theory

Question 16

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ________ physiological arousal.

A)follows
B)precedes
C)coincides with
D)causes

Question 17

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Stimulus → emotion → physiological changes
B)Stimulus → physiological changes → emotion
C)Physiological changes → stimulus → emotion
D)Stimulus → emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 18

"That race was too close to call!" cried the announcer. "It looked like the horses crossed the finish line at the exact same time!" What theory of emotions is being depicted?

A)James-Lange
B)Two-factor
C)Facial feedback hypothesis
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 19

According to the James-Lange theory, people use ________ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to the two-factor theory, people look to ________ cues to differentiate and label their emotions.

A)physiological; situational
B)situational; physiological
C)situational; situational
D)physiological; physiological

Question 20

One definition of emotion states that it refers to synchronisation of which of the following elements?

A)physical, psychological, somatic
B)thoughts, feelings, behaviour
C)physiological, subjective, behavioural
D)mood, motivation, intellect

Question 21

Emotional expressions are a method of ________ our inner states and intentions to others

Question 22

Which theory of emotions best explains why the girl Ben saw on his way into the gym seemed more attractive to him as he was leaving the gym?

A)Two-factor
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)Somatic marker

Question 23

Alisa stood on stage with one corner of her mouth lifted. This is one illustration of a ________.

A)happy expression
B)sad expression
C)fearful expression
D)contempt expression

Question 24

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

A)Arousal and physiology
B)Behaviour and genetics
C)Arousal and context
D)Nature and nurture

Question 25

Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions based on

A)the type of behaviour involved.
B)the type of bodily reaction.
C)our interpretation of the situation.
D)the emotional expression of others.

Question 26

As you walk into your lounge room, you notice that your roommate is crying. Why is it difficult to know if she is happy or sad?

A)Her facial expressions are likely to be similar.
B)Her physiological reactions are likely to be similar.
C)Her nonverbal cues are likely to be similar.
D)Because it is impossible to pick up on the physiological responses that distinguish happiness from sadness.

Question 27

Cultural guidelines that can regulate the expression of emotion are called

A)covert observation.
B)polygraphs.
C)display rules.
D)emotional cues.

Question 28

When Marc arrived, he was smiling but with no drooping of eyelids or crinkling in the corners of his eyes. He is probably showing a(n)

A)emotional expression.
B)fake emotion.
C)display rule.
D)Duchenne smile.

Question 29

"Look, Mum, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little four-year-old have spotted?

A)A masked reaction
B)A Duchenne smile
C)A Pan Am smile
D)A forced smile

Question 30

The emotion "alarm", a mixture of fear and surprise, is one example of a ________.

A)primary emotion
B)secondary emotion
C)real emotion
D)fake emotion

Question 31

Which of the following best illustrates the two-factor theory of emotions?

A)Ulric's heart is pounding before his speech in world history, so he decides that he is nervous.
B)After several fast dances, Mario decides his date looks really good tonight.
C)Norton sees Millie and his heart begins to race at the same time he feels excited.
D)Benny notices that his heart races whenever Gloria is around and decides he is in love.

Question 32

Emotions are subject to ________ influences as well as direct stimuli.

A)negative
B)positive
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 33

As Stella watches the TV lotto drawing, she realises she has the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning, her response pattern would tend to support

A)the Cannon-Bard theory.
B)Izard's evolutionary theory.
C)the James-Lange theory.
D)Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory.

Question 34

Pam just set up her best friend Olivia on a blind date with her brother. According to the two-factor theory, what might she do to enhance the likelihood that Olivia will find her brother desireable?

A)Give them tickets to a scary movie
B)Encourage them to go to a quiet dinner
C)Lend them a tape of soft music
D)Send them on a carriage ride through the park

Question 35

Zoe was on the cusp of passing her statistics course this semester. Her palms started sweating and her heart started pounding while she was preparing to enter the instructor's office to check her final grade. Zoe might have changed her mind and ran away because her heart was pounding too fast. This explanation is most likely based upon the ________.

A)James-Lange theory of emotion
B)somatic marker theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)two-factor theory of emotion

Question 36

In addition to direct stimuli, emotions are also subject to ________ influences.

Question 37

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that

A)emotions are produced by both autonomic arousal and cognition.
B)emotions are from our interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli.
C)emotions are based upon our gut feelings.
D)emotions and bodily reactions are simultaneously produced by stimuli.

Question 38

Emotions prepare us for ________ important reactions.

Question 39

Similarities between animal and human emotional expressions further emphasises their role in ________.

Question 40

Allen welcomed us at the entrance, smiling with an upward turning of the corners of his mouth, but with no drooping of his eyelids or a crinkling of the corners of his eyes. This is one example of a(n)________ smile.

Question 41

The fact that different expressions of emotions tend to appear across cultures might lead one to believe that these expressions are evolutionarily based, and not affected by culture. At the same time, another explanation of this similarity is that because many people have been exposed to Western culture, they have taken on Western facial expressions of emotions. This alternative explanation for the apparent universality of emotional expression demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

A)Occam's Razor
B)Correlation versus causation
C)Ruling out rival hypotheses
D)Extraordinary claims

Question 42

The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated presentations of a stimulus lead to ________ liking of the stimulus.

Question 43

The phenomenon whereby Imani prefers how she looks in the mirror to her image in a photograph can best be explained by ________.

A)the facial feedback hypothesis
B)the mere exposure effect
C)the automatic generation of emotion
D)display rules

Question 44

If our behaviours and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotional changes, holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel

A)happier.
B)sadder.
C)more scared.
D)more surprised.

Question 45

Ekman's research proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across cultures.

A)three
B)four
C)seven
D)nine

Question 46

Val has a crush on Ilene. What is one thing she might do to make herself more desirable?

A)Bring her flowers.
B)Stop by every day to say hello.
C)Compliment her on her hair.
D)Tell her she has nice shoes.

Question 47

Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that

A)expression varies from culture to culture.
B)there are too many emotions to classify.
C)seven primary emotions are almost universal.
D)common expressions exist only for happiness.

Question 48

People tend to overestimate how easily others can understand the intended meaning of their email messages. Misunderstood message meanings are often caused by the lack of ________ behaviour.

Question 49

The research by Ekman proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across most cultures.

Question 50

Which of the following emotions might Sven, an exchange student from Europe, have the most difficulty recognising?

A)Contempt
B)Happiness
C)Anger
D)Jealousy

Question 51

Who are you most likely to marry?

A)The person who sits beside you on the bus
B)The person you saw in the supermarket
C)The person in your psychology class
D)The person who lives next door

Question 52

Studies on the mere exposure effect demonstrate that the more often we see something, the ________ likely we will like it.

A)more
B)less
C)same
D)least

Question 53

According to the ________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.

A)facial feedback hypothesis
B)mere exposure effect
C)James-Lange theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 54

Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour is called ________.

A)nonverbal communication
B)a manipulator
C)an illustrator
D)nonverbal leakage

Question 55

Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008)say about this belief?

A)The research found that crying tends to increase distress and arousal in most people.
B)The research found that crying actually led to anger in more than 80 per cent of those who were polled.
C)It found support for this belief by showing reduced physiological markers of tension, apprehension, and anxiety after a "good cry".
D)It found mixed results, with a few of the participants reporting crying to be very unpleasant, but most reporting it to be a relaxing event.

Question 56

Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called

A)facial feedback.
B)nonverbal leakage.
C)mere exposure.
D)primary emotions.

Question 57

Mrs Woodham wants her students to embrace the book The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein. She believes the message is a powerful one. What might you encourage her to do?

A)Have each student read the book and write a response.
B)Get the book on CD and play it for her students.
C)Read the book to the students every day.
D)Read the book to the students and then have them read it themselves.

Question 58

Susan is interviewing for a job. Although she is smiling and making good eye contact with her interviewer, he notices that she is also tapping her foot rapidly on the floor. Despite her best intentions, what is Susan exhibiting?

A)Nonverbal leakage
B)Illustrators
C)Emblems
D)Miscommunication

Question 59

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the

A)James-Lange theory.
B)Cannon-Bard theory.
C)facial feedback hypothesis.
D)two-factor theory.

Question 60

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by

A)external stimuli.
B)the facial blood vessels.
C)our bodily movement.
D)the face shape.

Question 61

Which of the following is one of the changes detected by a polygraph?

A)Skin conductance
B)Mood
C)Body temperature
D)Electrical activity in the brain

Question 62

The test that is based on the assumption that criminals usually conceal knowledge about the crime is known as the ________.

A)polygraph test
B)Controlled Question Test
C)guilty knowledge test
D)integrity test

Question 63

People sometimes bite their fingernails when they are anxious. This is one example of ________.

A)a manipulator
B)an emblem
C)an illustrator
D)nonverbal communication

Question 64

To make important points during lectures, instructors tend to use a lot of ________, a form of nonverbal expression.

Question 65

A gesture that conveys conventional meanings that are recognised by members of a given culture, such as a hand wave or a nod of the head, is called a(n)________.

A)archetype
B)emblem
C)illustrator
D)manipulator

Question 66

Dustin usually keeps a distance of about 1 to 3 metres while having conversations with strangers. This is one example of ________ distance.

A)public
B)social
C)personal
D)intimate

Question 67

Nodding the head during a conversation is one example of ________.

A)an emblem
B)a manipulator
C)an illustrator
D)nonverbal leakage

Question 68

During the lecture, Dr Brown moved his right hand forward while highlighting an important point. This gesture is one example of ________.

A)a manipulator
B)an emblem
C)an illustrator
D)a proxeme

Question 69

Which of the following tests will most likely have a lower false-positive rate?

A)The polygraph test
B)The Controlled Question Test
C)The guilty knowledge test
D)The integrity test

Question 70

One problem with the polygraph test is that people who are innocent may fail the test, a situation called a false positive. When this happens, some experts (or polygraph technicians)may assume that the individual is, in fact, guilty but simply won't admit to their guilt. In this case, the inaccuracy of the polygraph test is no longer possible to demonstrate, and this is a problem that involves which principle of critical thinking?

A)Falsifiability
B)Occam's Razor
C)Extraordinary claims
D)Correlation versus causation

Question 71

The polygraph test is based on the assumption that lying is always accompanied with a set of physiological or behavioural indicators. This assumption is called the ________.

Question 72

Which of the following cannot be used to detect lies?

A)The polygraph test
B)The Controlled Question Test
C)The guilty knowledge test
D)Shifty eyes

Question 73

According to research by Ekman and colleagues (1999), which of the following professionals has the highest rate of being able to detect when they are being lied to?

A)Senior law enforcement officers
B)Police
C)Clinical psychologists
D)Federal judges

Question 74

Studies have suggested that the personal space in many Middle Eastern countries is ________ than in the United States, and women, in general, tend to have a ________ personal space than men.

A)closer; closer
B)closer; further
C)further; further
D)further; closer

Question 75

Which of following is the assumption that the polygraph test is based upon?

A)Pinocchio response
B)Habitual response
C)Shifty eyes
D)Dishonest rules

Question 76

Many people believe that the polygraph test is actually a very good "lie detector". Some groups have suggested that the polygraph is as high as 98 per cent accurate, while research has found that it yields a high rate (as much as 40 per cent)of false positives. This discrepancy highlights the critical-thinking concept of ________.

A)extraordinary claims
B)correlation versus causation
C)falsifiability
D)ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 77

Mary and Bill are out on their fourth date, and they are really enjoying their time together. They sit next to each other during dinner, occasionally touching hands and whispering into each other's ears. At no point during the meal is there more than 50 centimetres of space between them. Technically this is a description of ________ space.

A)public
B)social
C)personal
D)intimate

Question 78

The study of personal spaces is called ________.

Question 79

When people are absolutely certain that they can spot a liar, the research shows that their confidence is not related to their accuracy. Which principle of critical thinking should this remind you of?

A)Extraordinary claims
B)Correlation versus causation
C)Falsifiability
D)Ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 80

Describe the levels of personal space and provide an example for each level.