Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

A circadian rhythm is roughly ________ hours long.

A)1)5
B)12
C)6
D)24

Answer 1

24

Question 2

Paulette has been asleep for only a few minutes. Her brain activity is made up primarily of theta waves. Which sleep stage is Paulette currently in?

A)REM sleep
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 1

Answer 2

Stage 1

Question 3

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1 to 4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)Paradoxical sleep

Answer 3

Non-REM sleep

Question 4

We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?

A)Dreaming
B)Under the influence of drugs
C)Out-of-body experiences
D)Sleeping

Question 5

The term "circadian" comes from the Latin for "________".

A)about a day
B)operates at night
C)slumber
D)drop of consciousness

Question 6

How many stages of sleep are there in human beings?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 7

During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream?

A)Non-REM sleep
B)REM sleep
C)Stage 2 sleep
D)Stage 4 sleep

Question 8

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is roughly 24 hours long is called a(n)________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 9

What does REM stand for?

A)Random Excitatory Memory
B)Rapid Eye Movement
C)Repletion of Extra Melatonin
D)Rigorous Energetic Motion

Question 10

Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately ________ hours of sleep nightly, they often get only ________ hours.

A)7; 6
B)9; 6
C)9; 8
D)10; 8

Question 11

Also known as the brain's biological clock, the hypothalamus has a mere ________ neurons that regulate our levels of drowsiness.

A)200
B)2000
C)20 000
D)200 000

Question 12

________, a hormone that triggers feelings of sleepiness, is released at higher levels when you are in dark surroundings.

A)Serotonin
B)Testosterone
C)Oestrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 13

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person goes from a state of calm wakefulness to the first stage of sleep?

A)Alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)Delta eventually replaced by theta
C)Alpha eventually replaced by theta
D)Delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 14

The daily release of hormones, as well as the regulation of one's body temperature, brain waves, and drowsiness follow a(n)________ rhythm.

Question 15

What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle?

A)Changes in physical activity
B)Changes in respiratory effort
C)Changes in muscle tone
D)Changes in brain-wave activity

Question 16

When you feel drowsy late at night, it is the result of activity occurring within your

A)amygdala.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)thalamus.

Question 17

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)Electromyograph (EMG)
B)Electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)Electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 18

Many over-the-counter remedies have names that resemble the actual chemical or physiological mechanism that they impact. Which of the following product names would be most likely to triggers feelings of sleepiness?

A)Superserotone
B)Melatonex
C)Dopaminex
D)Adrenalaccel

Question 19

When Sophia flies across the world for work meetings, traversing several time zones, her circadian rhythm is likely to be interrupted by

A)jet lag.
B)sleep deprivation.
C)sleep debt.
D)REM rebound.

Question 20

Who is at most risk for causing an accident driving home?

A)Sven, who just flew into Hobart from Melbourne
B)Jess, who woke up early to take a final exam
C)Amy, who just left her job as a night nurse
D)Melissa, who has been taking antidepressants for three months

Question 21

Sleep spindles are a type of brain activity that are associated with stage ________ of the sleep cycle.

Question 22

As he sleeps, Chauncey begins dreaming. In his dream, he shows up late to his Introductory Psychology final. As he enters the room, Chauncey realises he is dreaming and subsequently directs himself to approach the teacher to discuss why he was late for the final. This is an example of ________.

Question 23

Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show

A)an abundance of K-complexes.
B)excessive sleep spindles.
C)brain waves similar to beta activity.
D)heightened brain activity.

Question 24

Describe the typical night's sleep cycle, including the defining characteristics of each stage of sleep.

Question 25

Nestor is in the middle of a fantastic dream. What is his body doing?

A)Acting out the movements of his dream
B)Twitching uncontrollably
C)His arms are likely moving, but not his legs
D)Nothing

Question 26

Vivid dreams are most likely to be experienced during ________ sleep.

Question 27

Troy is mowing the grass. As his lawnmower engine starts to run out of petrol, it will sputter, run well for a while, then sputter again. What stage of sleep exhibits a similar pattern?

A)Stage 2
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 4
D)REM

Question 28

Curtis has been getting only four hours of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare like he should have during the semester. Upon returning home for the summer, he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep. Curtis is most likely experiencing

A)dissociation.
B)narcoleptic seizures.
C)REM rebound.
D)sleep paralysis.

Question 29

Jackie has not slept for several days. When she finally dozes off, we can expect her to spend a lot of time dreaming. What process of sleep is being illustrated?

A)Paradoxical sleep
B)Hypnic myoclonia
C)REM rebound
D)Middle ear muscle activity

Question 30

________ dreaming is a phenomenon in which a person achieves an awareness of a dream as a dream while dreaming.

A)Wakeful
B)Sentient
C)Lucid
D)Self-aware

Question 31

Delta waves occur more than 50 per cent of the time in stage ________ sleep.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 32

As we proceed through the sleep cycle during the night, the amount of time one spends in REM sleep ________.

Question 33

Jemele has decided to remain awake two hours more than normal so that she can study for her British Literature exam. She also plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to resume studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of ________ sleep she gets.

A)REM
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 34

The REM stage of sleep occurs approximately every ________ during the night.

A)45 minutes
B)90 minutes
C)100 minutes
D)2-4 hours

Question 35

Abdulkadir had a very strange thing happen to him last night. He was sound asleep in bed, and he was dreaming that he was at a party when he won the $250-million lottery spin. As everyone was screaming, jumping up and down, and celebrating, Abdulkadir had the strangest sensation that he was actually dreaming. As it turns out, unfortunately, he was right. What principle explains this experience?

A)Lucid dreaming
B)Conscious dreaming
C)Unconscious dreaming
D)Sentient dreaming

Question 36

As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in ________ sleep.

A)REM
B)Stage 1
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 4

Question 37

What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams?

A)Insomnia
B)Narcolepsy
C)REM behaviour disorder
D)Sleep apnea

Question 38

Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stage(s)of sleep?

A)REM
B)Stages 2 and 3
C)Stage 3 and REM
D)Stages 3 and 4

Question 39

Which of the following types of physical activation have been found to occur during REM sleep?

A)The muscles of the middle ear become active.
B)The salivary glands in the mouth become active.
C)The Raffini corpuscles in the nose become active.
D)The ciliary muscles of the lungs become active.

Question 40

Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake and consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware?

A)Dissociation
B)Hypnosis
C)Lucid dreaming
D)Sleepwalking

Question 41

Which of the following is a treatment for sleep apnea that may be effective for children but is not generally effective for adults?

A)The use of a breathing mask during sleep
B)Efforts to encourage weight loss
C)Removal of enlarged tonsils
D)Prescribing asthma medication

Question 42

The sleep disorder ________ would be the most problematic for a taxi driver to be diagnosed with.

Question 43

Many narcoleptic individuals experience a complete loss of muscle tone, which can cause them to become limp as a rag doll. This phenomenon is called

A)cataplexy.
B)catapraxia.
C)catatonia.
D)catonahottinroof.

Question 44

The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that ________.

A)sleep apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but sleep apnea is not
C)sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not
D)insomnia is often characterised by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterised by breathing difficulties

Question 45

Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often fallen asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and talking on the phone. He is most likely to diagnosed as suffering from

A)narcolepsy.
B)REM behaviour disorder.
C)sleep apnea.
D)sleeptalking and sleepwalking.

Question 46

________ is a disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Narcolepsy
C)Insomnia
D)Sleepwalking

Question 47

The treatment for ________ usually involves wearing a facemask device that forces air into the lungs during sleep.

A)narcolepsy
B)night terrors
C)somnambulism
D)sleep apnea

Question 48

Some research has found that the electrical activity of the brain indicates that lucid dreams may involve a mixture of REM sleep and wakefulness. If this research can be repeated, it may point to the idea that it is possible to be self-aware while one is asleep. This finding highlights the importance of ________.

A)correlation versus causation
B)replicability
C)falsifiability
D)extraordinary claims

Question 49

Research has shown that people with narcolepsy have abnormally few brain cells that produce the hormone ________.

A)Adrenocorticosteroid
B)orexin
C)melatonin
D)dopamine

Question 50

The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)night terrors.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 51

The difference between insomnia and narcolepsy is

A)insomnia causes people to have difficulty falling asleep when they want to, while narcolepsy causes people to fall asleep when they do not want to.
B)narcolepsy causes people to have difficulty falling asleep when they want to, while insomnia causes people to fall asleep when they do not want to.
C)insomnia is a stage 1 and stage 2 disorder, while narcolepsy is a REM stage disorder.
D)narcolepsy is a stage 1 and stage 2 disorder, while insomnia is a REM stage disorder.

Question 52

The sleep disorder(s)most likely to be diagnosed during childhood is/are ________.

Question 53

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows he uses to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking, but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient experiences extreme fear and screams and runs around during sleep without awakening fully.

Question 54

Your friend Megan is suffering from sleep apnea. What might you suggest she try first?

A)Watching television before she tries to fall asleep
B)Reading a book before bedtime
C)Losing some weight
D)Turning up the thermostat in her house

Question 55

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

A)Sleep apnea
B)Narcolepsy
C)Sleep terror
D)REM sleep behaviour

Question 56

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ________.

A)narcolepsy
B)parasomnia
C)REM rebound
D)sleep apnea

Question 57

The most commonly reported sleep problem is ________.

Question 58

Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

A)Enuresis
B)Sleep terror
C)Daytime insomnia
D)Narcolepsy

Question 59

Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night. He has no problem falling asleep initially, but recently, after receiving a new promotion at work approximately three weeks ago, he has experienced problems with waking up and then having trouble returning to sleep. Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

A)insomnia.
B)nightmares.
C)REM behaviour disorder.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 60

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A)"I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
B)"I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C)"I have difficulty getting to sleep."
D)"When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

Question 61

Multiple researchers agree that dreams assist with ________.

A)creativity
B)overcoming illness
C)feeling rested
D)consolidating memories

Question 62

It is 3 am and Jack is in the kitchen standing at the refrigerator. His wife walks in and asks him what he thinks he's doing. Jack does not respond, but begins to take out items to make a sandwich. What might Jack be exhibiting?

A)Insomnia
B)Night terror
C)Middle ear muscle inactivity
D)Sleepwalking

Question 63

One research finding that has challenged Freud's concept of dreams as wish fulfilment is the fact that approximately ________ percent of dreams do not seem disguised, but rather are straightforward descriptions of everyday events and problems.

A)50
B)60
C)80
D)90

Question 64

Which theorist, attempting to explain what dreams are all about, suggested that there are two levels of content to each dream: the manifest content and the latent content?

A)Freud
B)Cartwright
C)Domhoff
D)Van de Castle

Question 65

Which of the following disorders is more common among children than among adults?

A)Insomnia
B)Narcolepsy
C)Night terrors
D)Sleep apnea

Question 66

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its ________.

A)primary content
B)manifest content
C)secondary content
D)latent content

Question 67

Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that dreams are involved in:

A)processing emotional memories
B)wish fulfilment
C)cultural differences in emotion
D)sexual desire

Question 68

Compare and contrast Freud's wish-fulfilment theory of dreaming with Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Question 69

Sigmund Freud suggested that quite a bit of our dream content serves the purpose of wish fulfilment. Which of the following statements would be most consistent with the critical-thinking concept of falsifiability with regard to Freud's assertion?

A)Most dream content is focused on misfortune rather than positive events.
B)The dreams of most men are sexual, while the dreams of most women are relational.
C)People with brain injuries often dream about "undoing" the event that led to their condition.
D)The time we spend dreaming diminishes as we age.

Question 70

In a strange condition called sex sleep, or ________, people engage in sexual acts while asleep and don't remember what occurred after they awaken.

A)nocturnal erotica disorder
B)circadian coitus syndrome
C)erotoslumber
D)sexsomnia

Question 71

Design an intervention to help a person who is complaining of insomnia.

Question 72

Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams represent the fulfilment of wishes, yet research suggests that quite a few dreams that people experience do not have positive themes or content. Which principle of critical thinking is involved in this apparent contradiction?

A)Replicability
B)Extraordinary claims
C)Falsifiability
D)Correlation versus causation

Question 73

Young Marita has periods during her sleep when she will appear to wake up and will scream, kick and thrash. She appears to be in significant distress as she breathes faster and faster. Which of the following statements best explains what is happening?

A)Marita is experiencing night terrors.
B)Marita is experiencing hyperstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system caused by sleep deprivation.
C)Marita is responding to nightmares, which are common in young children.
D)Marita is not fully asleep, and is experiencing a disorder of first and second sleep stages.

Question 74

Although he knows that it is wrong, Sean has a crush on his new stepmum. He dreams of the two of them running away together and living happily ever after. What aspect of dreaming does this represent?

A)Activation-synthesis
B)Repressed desires
C)Wish fulfilment
D)Dream-work

Question 75

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

A)latent; manifest
B)manifest; latent
C)manifest; sublimated
D)metaphorical; denotative

Question 76

The perspective that one's dreams contain more information than would be expected at first glance is most consistent with

A)activation-synthesis theory.
B)dissociation theory.
C)dream protection theory.
D)information processing theory.

Question 77

Discuss how the neurocognitive perspective on dreaming differs from the dream protection and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming.

Question 78

A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________.

A)latent content
B)deep content
C)manifest content
D)subliminal content

Question 79

A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist's interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream's ________.

A)deep content
B)latent content
C)manifest content
D)subliminal content

Question 80

Geoff is reading the science section of the newspaper. He should be most sceptical of which of the following headlines?

A)Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away
B)Gender differences in dream content found again
C)Researcher claims dreaming not limited to deep sleep
D)Sight restored in dreams for man blinded in recent accident