Deck 3: The Remarkable Body

Question 1

Which of the following cells normally replace themselves once every few years?

A) muscle
B) skin
C) digestive tract
D) red blood

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The pancreas releases glucagon to remove glucose from blood and store it in muscles.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Cells can best be described as:

A) the basis of the body's design.
B) the vital components of foods.
C) self-contained living entities.
D) building blocks of the body.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in the:

A) heart.
B) liver.
C) digestive system.
D) lungs.

Question 5

Chewing food for an extended time provides additional advantages to digestion.

Question 6

Cells are organized into tissues that perform specialized tasks and tissues, in turn, are grouped together to form whole organs.

Question 7

Some nutrients are stored in the body in much smaller quantities than others are.

Question 8

Waste materials dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys and become concentrated as urine.

Question 9

Frequent use of laxatives is an effective way to prevent constipation.

Question 10

Some vitamins are stored in the body without limit, even if they reach toxic levels.

Question 11

Which of the following determines the nature of the cell's work?

A) organs
B) mutations
C) red blood cells
D) genes

Question 12

Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves every:

A) 3 days.
B) 2 weeks.
C) 4 months.
D) 12 months.

Question 13

Timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest food at certain times.

Question 14

Among the cells' most basic needs are _____ and the oxygen with which to burn it.

A) water
B) essential nutrients
C) building blocks
D) energy

Question 15

Which of the following types of cells do not reproduce, and if damaged by injury or disease, are lost forever?

A) skin cells
B) red blood cells
C) muscle cells
D) brain cells

Question 16

The hypothalamus in the brain monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water.

Question 17

Inflammation is the immune system's normal, healthy response to cell injury.

Question 18

The first principle of diet planning is that the foods we choose must provide energy and the essential nutrients, including:

A) water.
B) fuel.
C) oxygen.
D) carbon dioxide.

Question 19

The body's circulating fluids include:

A) intracellular fluid.
B) blood.
C) lymph.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 20

Body fluids supply the tissues continuously with energy, oxygen, and nutrients, including water.

Question 21

Which of the following are the first to defend the body tissues against invaders?

A) phagocytes
B) antigens
C) T-cells
D) B-cells

Question 22

Hormones are secreted and released into the blood by _____.

A) antigens
B) enzymes
C) glands
D) antibodies

Question 23

Which of the following is characteristic of liver glycogen?

A) It is stored for the body's ongoing glucose needs.
B) It can be released into the blood as glucose.
C) It represents a three-day supply of glucose.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 24

The digestive tract needs _____, which provides the bulk against which the muscles of the colon can work.

A) energy
B) fiber
C) nutrients
D) water

Question 25

In cases of severe undernutrition, the small intestine will react by:

A) shrinking to a much smaller surface.
B) expanding to a much larger surface.
C) increasing intestinal muscle activity.
D) increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed.

Question 26

The liver converts excess energy-containing nutrients into:

A) glycogen.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 27

The primary organ of digestion and absorption is the:

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 28

The inflammation that tissues undergo when they become injured or irritated:

A) is an abnormal, unhealthy response to cell injury.
B) results in decreased white cells.
C) may involve loss of function of the affected body part.
D) is difficult to detect because it has no obvious symptoms.

Question 29

Which of the following has the special task of chemically altering absorbed materials to make them better suited for use by other tissues?

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) stomach
D) small intestine

Question 30

The major function of the kidneys is to:

A) dilute wastes in water so they can recirculate in the body.
B) capture nutrients and return them to the blood.
C) excrete wastes from the body in urine.
D) remove fluid from the bladder.

Question 31

The purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to:

A) move food components through the intestinal tract to be removed from the body.
B) reduce the absorbing surface of the intestines.
C) trap the nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells.
D) prevent nutrients from being absorbed.

Question 32

The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the:

A) pancreas.
B) brain.
C) digestive tract.
D) spinal cord.

Question 33

The stomach's main function is the digestion of what nutrient?

A) protein
B) carbohydrate
C) fat
D) fiber

Question 34

Which of the following alert(s) your conscious mind to the sensation of hunger?

A) hypothalamus
B) stomach muscles
C) taste buds
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 35

Which of the following does not occur as part of the stress response?

A) The muscles tense up.
B) The liver pours forth glucose from its stores.
C) The digestive system speeds up.
D) The fat cells release fat.

Question 36

Most people have aversions to _____ tastes.

A) sweet
B) salty
C) fatty
D) bitter

Question 37

When the pancreas detects a high concentration of the blood's sugar, glucose, it releases:

A) lymph.
B) insulin.
C) antibodies.
D) glucagon.

Question 38

Which of the following poses a formidable obstacle to a successful organ transplant?

A) phagocytes
B) T-cells
C) B-cells
D) antibodies

Question 39

The bones provide reserves of:

A) vitamins.
B) calcium.
C) glycogen.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 40

Without food to replenish it, the liver's glycogen supply can be depleted within as few as:

A) 1-3 hours.
B) 3-6 hours.
C) 4-8 hours.
D) 6-9 hours.

Question 41

The importance of the lungs in the circulatory system is that they are responsible for:

A) adding oxygen to the blood.
B) removing glucose from the blood.
C) adding nutrients to the blood.
D) removing extra water from the blood.

Question 42

A person can eat when hunger is absent because:

A) the hypothalamus monitors the availability of nutrients.
B) the conscious mind of the cortex can override body signals.
C) the digestive tract sends messages to the hypothalamus.
D) the stomach intensifies its contractions and creates hunger pangs.

Question 43

Chronic, low-grade inflammation in chronic disease is of interest because:

A) it is an indication that the disease process is improving.
B) it foretells of the risk of death from the disease.
C) an important predictor is being underweight.
D) no dietary factors can have an effect on its progression.

Question 44

What is the role of the phagocytes and lymphocytes in protecting the body from invading organisms?

A) Phagocytes release antibodies against the invaders into the bloodstream.
B) T-cells release a chemical trail for identification of invaders.
C) B-cells engulf and digest the foreign particles.
D) Killer T-cells seek out and destroy all foreign particles with the same identity.

Question 45

What are the major roles of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

A) The microvilli absorb nutrients into the lymphatic system.
B) The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.
C) The villi block toxins from absorption into the blood.
D) The villi complete the breakdown of foods into nutrients.

Question 46

When given a choice between tasting a snack of cookies, potato chips, or dill pickles, most people would:

A) select the pickle because we have a universal desire for sour foods.
B) avoid the potato chips because most people don't like a salty taste.
C) select the cookies because of our preference for sweet tastes.
D) avoid the cookies because of a common dislike for the taste of fat.

Question 47

You have just consumed a meal very high in fat. As a result, hormonal messages will tell an organ to send _____ in amounts matched to the amount of fat present.

A) bile
B) bicarbonate
C) hydrochloric acid
D) mucus

Question 48

Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on:

A) starches by carbohydrases.
B) proteins by proteases.
C) fats by lipases.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 49

As the villi in the small intestine are exposed to nutrients:

A) they will absorb the greatest percentage possible of every nutrient into the blood.
B) they will deliver minerals into the lymph system for transport.
C) they will absorb partially digested fiber into the blood for delivery to the colon.
D) they will preferentially absorb a greater percentage of deficient nutrients.

Question 50

As food moves through the digestive tract it spends the most time in the:

A) esophagus because of the slow movement of peristalsis on chewed food.
B) stomach because of the extensive breakdown of carbohydrates and fats.
C) small intestine because of the time it takes to absorb through the villi.
D) large intestine because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water.

Question 51

Cells are related to the nutrients we eat in foods because:

A) cells create certain essential nutrients if we do not eat enough of them.
B) all cells replenish themselves every few days with nutrients that are consumed.
C) nutrients can affect how the genes in cells work.
D) enzymes are created to slow down the chemical reactions of a nutrient.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true regarding the timing of meals?

A) Timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest foods at certain times.
B) A meal should be consumed immediately before exercise to enhance physical work.
C) Eating a meal late at night is desirable because it facilitates sleep.
D) Timing of meals is important to feeling well.

Question 53

A gene variation in the cells can occasionally cause an inborn error of metabolism. If this is discovered by a healthcare provider, the advice would be to:

A) not worry because this is a temporary condition.
B) eat a special diet that will minimize its potential harm to the body.
C) obtain a tissue transplant that will introduce new genes to the cells.
D) avoid all processed foods.

Question 54

Which of the following is not one of the major storage sites that store nutrients for release to meet the cells' needs between meals?

A) liver
B) muscles
C) fat cells
D) pancreas
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 55

The digestive juices in the digestive tract include:

A) gastric juice in the stomach, which has the role of digesting fats.
B) pancreatic juice, which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine.
C) saliva, which begins the digestion of protein.
D) bile released by the gallbladder to break down carbohydrates in the stomach.

Question 56

Which of the following would occur in a malnourished child?

A) The absorptive surface of the small intestine would increase in size.
B) The absorptive surface of the small intestine would become more efficient at its job.
C) The absorptive surface of the small intestine would shrink.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 57

Digestion of foods includes the mechanical actions of:

A) chewing to allow some nutrients to be absorbed into the body through the tongue.
B) peristalsis waves to move the foods down through the digestive tract.
C) the stomach to gently release foods into the small intestine.
D) the small intestine to absorb water and create the paste that forms feces.

Question 58

Nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are:

A) transported through the blood to the liver for chemical alterations to make them better suited for use by the tissues.
B) transported to the heart, which then delivers them to the individual cells in the body.
C) transported to the kidneys, which send them to the cells in the body.
D) transported through the lymph system to the heart for distribution.

Question 59

The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the:

A) mouth with lipases secreted in the saliva.
B) stomach with lipases mixed with gastric juices.
C) small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas.
D) large intestine with lipases mixed with water.

Question 60

During the fight-or-flight reaction to stress the nervous system reacts by:

A) temporarily shutting down metabolism.
B) slowing down breathing to conserve oxygen.
C) releasing stored glucose from the liver.
D) speeding up the work of the digestive system.

Question 61

Which of the following strategies should be used by someone experiencing heartburn?

A) Drink liquids an hour before or after meals.
B) Eat smaller meals.
C) Lie down after meals.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 62

Which of the following advice would you give to a friend suffering from constipation?

A) Consume foods with adequate fiber.
B) Drink enough water.
C) Take a laxative.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 63

You are concerned about a classmate who is binge drinking on a regular basis and want to let him know about long-term complications that may rise from that practice. What would you tell him to try to convince him to cut back on drinking?

A) It is better to drink beer and wine because they are milder than mixed drinks.
B) Alcohol slows down fat metabolism so you need to eat more fat in your diet.
C) Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deterioration of skeletal and heart muscle.
D) It is better to drink on an empty stomach so the body can metabolize it quickly.

Question 64

Glycogen is stored in the body for future use. If it is drawn upon it will:

A) be readily available because it is stored in unlimited amounts in the muscles.
B) be depleted from the liver after several days.
C) provide energy for cell activities during extended between-meal intervals.
D) be replaced easily by carbohydrate eaten once a day.

Question 65

Alcohol's effect on nutrition is important because:

A) the more you drink, the more nutrients you will consume.
B) liver cells more effectively activate vitamin D and process vitamin A.
C) the kidneys will reduce the excretion of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and zinc.
D) alcohol causes the liver to expel folate into the blood for excretion by the kidneys.

Question 66

If you are taking medications to treat the discomfort caused by heartburn, it is important to know that:

A) antacids will only temporarily relieve pain by neutralizing stomach acid for a while.
B) acid reducers are effective for neutralizing acid already present in the stomach.
C) antacids are a good treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
D) heartburn medicine works best if taken with a large glass of liquid during a meal.

Question 67

Which of the following deliver(s) one-half ounce of ethanol?

A) 5 ounces of wine
B) 2 ounces hard liquor
C) 12 ounces beer
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 68

Which of the following restores sobriety in someone who has been drinking alcohol?

A) time
B) walking
C) drinking coffee
D) eating food

Question 69

A friend of yours is considering drinking one glass of wine a day because she has heard that it may reduce her risk of heart attacks. What information would you provide to her?

A) She would be not only decreasing her heart attack risk but also her breast cancer risk.
B) In middle-aged populations, taking 1-2 drinks a day may benefit the heart.
C) Wine contains many more antioxidant flavonoids than other fruits and vegetables.
D) She needs to drink more glasses per day to receive the most effective benefit.

Question 70

When the colon is not functioning properly, complications that may arise include:

A) constipation, which can best be relieved with laxatives used on a regular basis.
B) diarrhea, which can be corrected by colonic irrigation.
C) indigested foods from improper combinations that cannot be digested completely.
D) irritable bowel syndrome, which can be managed with diet adjustments and stress reduction techniques.

Question 71

The main function of the kidneys is to:

A) retrieve vital nutrients from urine and send them back to the liver for processing.
B) remove carbon dioxide from the blood and excrete it in urine.
C) remove everyday wastes and water from the body.
D) store extra glycogen for use in emergencies by the body.

Question 72

Which of the following organs makes almost all of the body's alcohol-processing machinery?

A) stomach
B) pancreas
C) liver
D) spleen

Question 73

Although the recommendation is to drink in moderation if consuming alcohol, the following problem may still need to be considered:

A) moderation is difficult to define because of differences in tolerance among people.
B) moderate consumption may cause a person to lose weight when not desired.
C) moderate drinkers may become loud, angry, or violent.
D) the brain swells with exposure to alcohol.

Question 74

Use the label below to answer questions 69-73.

This margarita mix is the "classic lime" flavor; however, the label states that it "contains 0% juice." What would be the best statement about the vitamin C contribution of this drink?

A) If the mix has a lime flavor, it will provide a good a good source of vitamin C.
B) Because there is no juice contained in the mix, it will not provide any vitamin C.
C) You need to refer to the Nutrition Facts panel for the Daily Value of vitamin C.
D) When alcohol is added to the drink, it will destroy any vitamin C present in the mix.

Question 75

A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks. Which of the following would provide the energy that this person would need to survive?

A) fat
B) liver glycogen
C) bones
D) muscle glycogen

Question 76

Alcohol affects body functions in all of the following ways except:

A) it alters vitamin A metabolism.
B) it slows down the synthesis of fatty acids.
C) it weakens the body's defenses against infection.
D) it weakens skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Question 77

Which of the following should be consumed at intervals throughout the day?

A) vitamin-rich foods
B) fat-containing foods
C) mineral-rich foods
D) carbohydrate-containing foods

Question 78

A person can become intoxicated almost immediately when drinking, especially if:

A) the stomach is empty.
B) drinks are consumed slowly.
C) carbohydrate snacks are consumed at the same time.
D) the drink is diluted with water.

Question 79

Excess nutrients are stored in various body tissues for future use. An example of this would be:

A) fat, which is stored in small amounts in cells and which needs frequent replenishing.
B) glycogen, which has unlimited storage capacity in the muscles.
C) vitamins, which all can be stored in unlimited amounts in muscle tissue.
D) calcium, which is stored in reserves in the skeletal system.

Question 80

If you do not eat on a regular basis throughout the day, the effect on the body will be:

A) extremely disruptive because you need to provide calories from food on a regular basis to the cells.
B) minimal because you have unlimited stores of glycogen in your muscles to provide energy for the whole body.
C) a coordinated effort to draw stored energy from various parts of the body.
D) a shortage of all vitamins because the cells cannot store them adequately.
Controversy 3 Multiple-Choice Items