Deck 8: Water and Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following makes up about 60 percent of the body's weight?

A) major minerals
B) protein
C) water
D) trace minerals

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Some minerals act as buffers to help maintain body fluids at the correct pH to permit life's processes.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the body's need for water?

A) The reference man and woman both need equal amounts of fluid intake.
B) All water must come from beverages because foods don't contain enough to contribute to intake.
C) Fluid needs for an individual person are the same every day.
D) Too much plain water consumption can cause a dangerous condition known as water intoxication.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Water intake is governed by:

A) thirst.
B) sodium intake.
C) satiety.
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 5

The body will signal thirst before dehydration occurs to prevent problems with fluid loss.

Question 6

Which of the following is not characteristic of water?

A) Its molecules resist being crowded together.
B) It dissolves amino acids, glucose, and minerals.
C) It is truly a universal solvent.
D) It acts as a lubricant around joints.

Question 7

Water excretion is regulated by the:

A) brain.
B) kidneys.
C) stomach.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 8

High salt intakes have been linked with high rates of stomach cancer.

Question 9

Authorities recommend foods as a source of calcium in preference to calcium supplements.

Question 10

Soft water contains sodium, which may aggravate hypertension.

Question 11

The bioavailability of calcium in calcium-fortified orange juice is comparable to that of milk.

Question 12

Anyone who eats a meal high in salt can temporarily increase his or her body's water content.

Question 13

The first sign of dehydration is:

A) headache.
B) confusion.
C) thirst.
D) fatigue.

Question 14

The primary role of fluoride is to prevent dental caries throughout life.
Controversy 8 True/False Items

Question 15

The recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S. adults is:

A) plain drinking water, because it is safe and noncaloric.
B) carbonated beverages, because they have good flavor.
C) tea or coffee, because caffeine helps maintain fluid in the body.
D) fruit juice, because it has additional nutrients we need.

Question 16

Whether a person develops osteoporosis seems to depend partly on heredity and partly on the environment, including nutrition.

Question 17

After about 25 years of age, regardless of calcium intake, bones begin to lose density.

Question 18

A deficiency of sodium is not harmful.

Question 19

The main source of iodine in the U.S. is plants grown in the middle part of the country.

Question 20

Water assists in:

A) temperature regulation.
B) shock protection.
C) acid-base regulation.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 21

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) sodium
D) iron

Question 22

Sulfate is adequate in a diet that contains sufficient:

A) fat.
B) protein.
C) carbohydrate.
D) vitamins.

Question 23

Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?

A) Chinese cabbage
B) fresh apple
C) margarine
D) lean steak

Question 24

Breast-fed infants absorb about _____ percent of ingested calcium.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 60

Question 25

Which of the following would you look for on the label of bottled water to signify safety?

A) "contains groundwater"
B) a statement that the source of the water is a spring in your state
C) "mountain spring water"
D) "contains filtered water"

Question 26

The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells is:

A) potassium.
B) chloride.
C) sodium.
D) calcium.

Question 27

For women and men in the 19- to 50-year-old range, the calcium DRI is _____ milligrams.

A) 600
B) 800
C) 1000
D) 1200

Question 28

A person's absorption of calcium varies based on:

A) age.
B) habitual intakes.
C) gender.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 29

Which of the following is the principal positively charged ion inside body cells?

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) magnesium
D) potassium

Question 30

The best source of phosphorus is:

A) animal protein.
B) fruit.
C) vegetable protein.
D) grain products.

Question 31

Over half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:

A) teeth.
B) liver.
C) bones.
D) blood.

Question 32

Which of the following helps prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?

A) proteins
B) vitamins
C) mineral salts
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 33

Hard water has high concentrations of:

A) sodium.
B) calcium.
C) magnesium.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 34

Calcium in the body's fluids performs all of the following major roles except:

A) regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes.
B) helping maintain normal blood glucose.
C) participating in blood clotting.
D) facilitating muscle contraction.

Question 35

Which of the following agencies is responsible for ensuring that public water systems meet minimum standards for protection of public health?

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Environmental Protection Agency
C) Food Safety and Inspection Service
D) World Health Organization

Question 36

Which of the following is true about groundwater as a drinking water supply?

A) It comes from deep, protected underground aquifers.
B) It is protected from new contaminants.
C) Contaminants break down very quickly underground.
D) Fast movement and aeration help keep it clean.

Question 37

The more processed a food:

A) the more sodium it contains.
B) the more potassium it contains.
C) the less sodium it contains.
D) the more calcium it contains.

Question 38

Adults in the United States consume an average of _____ milligrams per day of sodium.

A) 500
B) 1200
C) 2400
D) 3400

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the fluoride content of bottled water?

A) high
B) low
C) moderate
D) rare

Question 40

The principal food source of chloride is:

A) salt.
B) animal products.
C) plants.
D) grains.

Question 41

Chromium works closely with:

A) insulin.
B) collagen.
C) hemoglobin.
D) enzymes.

Question 42

Jennifer says she drinks bottled water because it is safer than tap water. You tell her that bottled water:

A) has been withdrawn from an underwater spring and is naturally pure.
B) has been filtered by the manufacturer to remove contaminants.
C) all tastes exactly the same as tap water.
D) may be treated tap water.

Question 43

When your body gives the thirst signal it is important to:

A) consider drinking fluids in the near future to prevent dehydration.
B) ignore the signal because you just had a large glass of water.
C) drink fluids to relieve the symptoms of dehydration.
D) drink large volumes of plain water to prevent water intoxication.

Question 44

Which of the following foods provides the highest amount of zinc?

A) legumes
B) whole-grain bread
C) shellfish
D) spinach

Question 45

When you eat pizza, the body will respond to the high sodium intake in the ingredients by:

A) controlling water movement tightly to prevent any fluctuations in body weight.
B) turning off the thirst signal to reduce additional intake of fluids.
C) signaling the kidneys to immediately begin removing fluid from the body.
D) shifting water back into the bloodstream to reduce the sodium concentration.

Question 46

Low blood selenium correlates with development of:

A) chronic fatigue.
B) prostate cancer.
C) poor immunity.
D) lung cancer.

Question 47

Which of the following foods provides the least amount of available zinc?

A) meats
B) poultry
C) legumes
D) shellfish

Question 48

A zinc toxicity reduces _____.

A) iron absorption
B) LDL cholesterol
C) insulin response
D) bone density

Question 49

The best way to obtain the calcium you need is to:

A) consume more spinach, rhubarb, and Swiss chard.
B) eat more cottage cheese and frozen yogurt.
C) consume more milk, cheese, and yogurt.
D) consume more cream cheese, butter, and cream.
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 50

Water chlorination is important because:

A) it has no effect on many harmful microorganisms found in water.
B) it has been documented to cause cancer in people who drink it regularly.
C) alternative treatment systems for water are much less expensive and faster to use.
D) deaths from organisms in untreated water are high in other parts of the world.

Question 51

Which is the most accurate statement about beverage consumption practices in the U.S.?

A) The average calorie intake from beverages among U.S. adults increases with age.
B) Vegetable juices are a concern because their intake adds a significant amount of discretionary calories.
C) The mild diuretic effect of a moderate intake of caffeinated beverages does not prevent people from meeting fluid needs.
D) Because artificially sweetened carbonated beverages are chosen most often, beverages do not crowd more nutritious foods out of the diet.

Question 52

A friend informs you that she is planning to purchase a water softener. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate for you to make to your friend?

A) Hard water makes more bubbles with less soap than soft water and is more desirable.
B) Soft water leaves a ring in the tub and a gray residue in the wash, which are undesirable.
C) Soft water appears to aggravate hypertension and heart disease, which is undesirable.
D) Soft water has higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium than hard water, which is desirable.

Question 53

Which characteristic of water allows it to act as a lubricant?

A) ability to dissolve substances
B) incompressibility
C) heat-holding capacity
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 54

The DRI iron intake recommendation is 8 mg/day for:

A) women 19-50 years of age.
B) men.
C) women 51 years or older.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 55

Which of the following impairs iron absorption?

A) tea
B) phytates
C) vitamin C
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 56

Which of the following stabilizes bones and makes teeth resistant to decay?

A) chromium
B) chloride
C) fluoride
D) zinc

Question 57

During physical activity the body will cool down by:

A) sweating to carry heat away from the surface of the body.
B) increasing urination to carry heat away through the kidneys.
C) drawing the blood away from the surface of the skin to let the body core cool it.
D) using the water from metabolism to cool the body core.

Question 58

How much water or other beverages (in cups) should a man consume each day, under moderate environmental conditions and given a normal diet?

A) 6
B) 9
C) 13
D) 15

Question 59

Which of the following must be available for thyroxine to be synthesized?

A) iron
B) iodine
C) zinc
D) fluoride

Question 60

What is the best beverage choice?

A) sport drinks because they replace important minerals missing from the diet
B) hard water because it has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium
C) soft water because it replaces sodium that is lost from the body
D) fruit juices because they naturally contain vitamins and minerals

Question 61

Magnesium is an important mineral that works with calcium in the body to:

A) increase bone density.
B) maintain acid-base balance in the cells.
C) control blood glucose levels.
D) help muscles contract and relax.

Question 62

Do high intakes of iron from foods pose a danger to healthy people?

A) yes, if they include large amounts of fortified grains and cereals
B) no, because the body adjusts the amount of iron absorbed
C) yes, because of high intakes of vitamin C supplements among many people
D) no, because non-heme iron blocks the absorption of heme iron

Question 63

Which of the following would you consume with a food source of iron in order to facilitate iron absorption?

A) tea and a soy protein hamburger
B) tomato and meat, fish, or poultry
C) coffee and wheat bran muffins
D) calcium supplement and whole-wheat bread

Question 64

If a person has a deficient dietary intake of calcium, what will be the result?

A) a reduced rate of calcium absorption
B) no change in levels of calcium in the blood because calcium will be pulled from the bones
C) a gain of body weight
D) lowered levels of calcium in the blood because of the deficiency

Question 65

What is currently known about fluoride in drinking water supplies?

A) All bottled water contains fluoride added as part of the bottling process.
B) Scientific evidence has shown that communities with fluoridated water have higher cancer rates.
C) Very few communities in the U.S. have fluoridated water.
D) In communities where fluoride is lacking in the water there is a very high dental decay rate.

Question 66

A person is consuming 1000 mg a day of sodium preservatives in processed foods along with 2000 milligrams of added salt from the salt shaker on his foods. Is this less than the UL for sodium established by the DRI committee?

A) no, 3000 total milligrams of sodium exceeds the UL
B) yes, 3000 total milligrams of sodium is within the UL
C) no, 1800 total milligrams of sodium exceeds the UL
D) yes, 1800 total milligrams of sodium is within the UL

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true?

A) People develop their peak bone mass during the first four decades of life.
B) The skeleton no longer adds to bone density after 20 years of age.
C) The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake.
D) People do not need calcium throughout life.

Question 68

Which of the following people will likely absorb the least amount of calcium?

A) A 42-year-old man
B) A 3-year-old girl
C) A 4-month-old boy
D) A 21-year-old pregnant women

Question 69

The DASH diet is more effective in reducing blood pressure than just decreasing sodium alone because it includes which of the following guidelines?

A) reduce the intake of dairy products
B) add moderate amounts of salt to prepared foods
C) greatly increase intakes of fruits and vegetables
D) eliminate grain products from the diet

Question 70

Copper is an essential nutrient because of its role in:

A) forming hemoglobin and collagen.
B) increasing free radical activity.
C) regulating zinc absorption.
D) regulating blood glucose.

Question 71

How much sodium is consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt?

A) 400 mg
B) 800 mg
C) 1000 mg
D) 1200 mg

Question 72

When trying to consume adequate dietary iron it is helpful to:

A) eat non-heme iron found only in plants because it is absorbed more efficiently.
B) consider adding supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods.
C) combine vitamin C-rich foods with non-heme iron sources to increase absorption.
D) avoid combining heme-iron foods with non-heme-iron foods in the same meal.

Question 73

You are working with a child in a health clinic who has growth retardation, impaired immunity, and a poor appetite. This child is most likely experiencing _____ deficiency.

A) iron
B) chromium
C) zinc
D) magnesium

Question 74

Phosphorus is critical to the acid-base balance in cells because of its role in:

A) creating buffers to maintain the correct pH.
B) creating phospholipids to carry fats through the blood.
C) binding with calcium in muscle tissues.
D) transporting sodium from the cells.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about selenium levels in the body is accurate?

A) men with high blood levels of selenium from taking supplements have decreased cancer risk
B) selenium works as an antioxidant to protect body chemicals from oxidative damage
C) there is no danger of toxicity when taking selenium supplements
D) it is difficult to obtain enough selenium from foods in the diet

Question 76

What effect does zinc deficiency have on the body?

A) a minor effect because zinc has only a limited role in the body
B) impairs the immune response, leading to increased infections
C) increases metabolism and increases appetite, leading to weight gain
D) reduces iron absorption because iron needs zinc for transport

Question 77

Your best friend complains that she is tired all of the time and has a problem concentrating. In addition, she likes to chew ice. Which of the following is your friend likely to have?

A) potassium deficiency
B) zinc deficiency
C) magnesium deficiency
D) iron deficiency

Question 78

It is critical for body cells to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance by:

A) increasing intake of sodium when a person becomes dehydrated.
B) allowing minerals to slip freely across the cell membranes.
C) attracting water into the cell through increased electrolyte concentrations.
D) keeping the majority of water outside the cells.

Question 79

When a child has a virus that has caused vomiting and diarrhea over several days' time it is critical for her to receive medical care because:

A) her fever will cause her to retain too much extra fluid.
B) she may need help in replacing extreme fluid losses.
C) in the cells, sodium concentration increases, leading to danger of swelling.
D) her kidneys will pump extra fluids into the bloodstream.

Question 80

What would you tell someone who is considering taking chromium supplements? a Chromium supplements help prevent diabetes in people at risk for developing it.
B) Chromium supplements have been shown to increase muscle mass in athletes.
C) No benefit for reducing body fat with chromium supplements has been proven.
D) There is an increased risk of developing cancer with chromium supplementation.