Deck 7: The Vitamins

Question 1

The amount of vitamin A a person needs is proportional to:

A) body weight.
B) sex.
C) age.
D) season of the year.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

By definition, a vitamin is all of the following except:

A) an organic compound.
B) indispensable to body function.
C) needed in minute amounts.
D) a non-essential nutrient.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

To obtain an adequate intake of vitamin A, a man needs a daily average of about _____ micrograms of the active form.

A) 700
B) 900
C) 1200
D) 1500

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include:

A) frequent infections.
B) night blindness.
C) joint pain.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 5

A plant lacking a mineral or failing to make a needed vitamin dies before it can bear food for human consumption.

Question 6

Vitamin D deficiency in children can cause bowed legs, an abnormality seen in the disease rickets.

Question 7

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:

A) A.
B) D.
C) C.
D) K.

Question 8

The B vitamins work together with enzymes in the metabolism of energy nutrients and in the making of new cells.
Controversy 7 True/False Items

Question 9

No convincing evidence indicating benefits from antioxidant supplements in well-nourished people exists.

Question 10

True statements concerning the water-soluble vitamins include:

A) They are stored in body tissues to a large extent.
B) They are easily excreted in the urine.
C) They can be leached out of foods by cooking in water.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 11

Healthy people can eat vitamin A-rich foods in large amounts without risking toxicity, with the possible exception of:

A) eggs.
B) cheese.
C) liver.
D) fortified breakfast cereals.

Question 12

The most familiar function of vitamin A is to sustain normal eyesight.

Question 13

A compound in food that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a(an):

A) precursor.
B) antivitamin.
C) coenzyme.
D) enzyme.

Question 14

All of the following foods contain active vitamin A except:

A) liver.
B) fish oils.
C) milk.
D) french fries.

Question 15

Water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood and thus stored more readily in tissues.

Question 16

Population studies suggest that people whose diets lack foods rich in beta-carotene have a higher incidence of:

A) rickets.
B) macular degeneration.
C) anemia.
D) osteomalacia.

Question 17

The active form of vitamin A stored in the liver is:

A) retinol.
B) bright orange.
C) yellow.
D) beta-carotene.

Question 18

Infants are born with adequate vitamin K in their intestinal tracts.

Question 19

Any disease that produces _____ malabsorption can bring about deficiencies of vitamins A, D, E, and K.

A) carbohydrate
B) protein
C) fat
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 20

Vitamin A plays an important role in:

A) maintenance of body linings.
B) blood clotting.
C) reproduction.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 21

Much of the vitamin E people consume comes from

A) vegetable oils and products made from them.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) meats, fish, poultry, and eggs.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 22

Vitamin E serves as:

A) a precursor.
B) a vitamin antagonist.
C) an antioxidant.
D) an antivitamin.

Question 23

As people consume more polyunsaturated oil their need for vitamin _____ rises.

A) A
B) D
C) E
D) K

Question 24

The recommended intake for vitamin D is _____ micrograms per day for adults over 70.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 25

The main function of vitamin K is:

A) to act as an antioxidant in cell membranes.
B) to help activate proteins that help clot the blood.
C) to influence body functions through its regulation of the genes.
D) to help synthesize key bone proteins.

Question 26

Which of the following is the most potentially toxic of all vitamins?

A) A
B) E
C) K
D) D

Question 27

All of the following are significant food sources of vitamin D except:

A) salmon.
B) rolled oats.
C) sardines.
D) fortified milk.

Question 28

Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin D may lead to:

A) low blood pressure.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) gallbladder disease.
D) kidney stones.

Question 29

In the U.S. scurvy is seldom seen today except in:

A) people addicted to alcohol.
B) young women.
C) vegetarians.
D) breastfed infants.

Question 30

Foods rich in beta-carotene include:

A) broccoli.
B) sweet potatoes.
C) beets.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 31

The only animal food source that is rich in vitamin K is:

A) milk.
B) eggs.
C) liver.
D) fish.

Question 32

Someone consuming a diet comprised mostly of processed, fast, deep-fried, and convenience foods should be most concerned about getting an adequate amount of vitamin:

A) B₁₂.
B) D.
C) E.
D) K.

Question 33

Characteristics of water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except:

A) they seldom reach toxic levels.
B) they are easily absorbed and excreted.
C) they dissolve in water.
D) they are stored extensively in tissues.

Question 34

The vitamin D deficiency disease in adults is known as:

A) osteomalacia.
B) pellagra.
C) rickets.
D) macular degeneration.

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the functions of vitamin C?

A) protects and recycles vitamin E
B) produces and maintains collagen
C) promotes the absorption of iron
D) maintains bone density

Question 36

In which of the following situations would a vitamin E deficiency be least likely?

A) someone who eats a diet high in fat
B) someone who is born prematurely
C) someone who consumes a low-fat diet composed largely of convenience foods
D) someone with a disease condition that causes malabsorption of fat

Question 37

A non-food source of vitamin K is:

A) sunlight.
B) intestinal bacteria.
C) antibiotics.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 38

What is one symptom of a beta-carotene toxicity?

A) bright yellow skin
B) night blindness
C) rough, dry skin
D) hardening of the macula in the eye

Question 39

Important roles of vitamin D include all of the following except:

A) cell growth and specialization.
B) influence over hair follicles.
C) influence over reproductive system cells.
D) health of the retina in the eye.

Question 40

Fortified plant sources of vitamin D available in the United States include:

A) tuna.
B) margarine.
C) cereals.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 41

The best way to select foods that are vitamin rich is to:

A) read the food labels on processed foods to see the listed vitamins.
B) memorize the recommended values of the vitamins to be eaten daily.
C) select a wide variety of whole foods to get a balance of vitamins.
D) make sure that each food selected is the richest source of a particular vitamin you need.
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 42

The DRI recommendation for vitamin C for women is _____ milligrams per day.

A) 45
B) 60
C) 75
D) 90

Question 43

You would tell a person who did not meet his recommended intakes for the fat-soluble vitamins on one day to:

A) increase his consumption of foods rich in fat-soluble vitamins.
B) supplement his diet with a vitamin-mineral supplement.
C) not be concerned as long as his diet as a whole provides average amounts that approximate the recommended intakes.
D) try to consume more fats and oils to get the needed nutrients.

Question 44

Pellagra is a _____ deficiency disease.

A) vitamin C
B) niacin
C) thiamin
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin C is true?

A) It helps to produce carnitine.
B) It helps in iron absorption.
C) It prevents the common cold.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 46

The B vitamins act as part of:

A) anticoagulants.
B) antibodies.
C) coenzymes.
D) intrinsic factors.

Question 47

Which of the following should avoid vitamin C supplements?

A) people with kidney disorders
B) people with too much iron in their blood
C) people with colds
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 48

The best natural sources of folate include:

A) cereals.
B) raw spinach.
C) cooked strawberries.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 49

To obtain the maximum amount of vitamin C from vegetables you would:

A) cut them into small pieces.
B) cook them for short periods of time.
C) consume them promptly after purchasing.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 50

Which vitamin aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin?

A) vitamin B₆
B) vitamin C
C) folate
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 51

The main reason for fortifying enriched grain products with folic acid is to:

A) reduce the incidence of birth defects called neural tube defects.
B) help lower serum folate concentrations during pregnancy.
C) make up for the lack of prenatal care.
D) prevent mental retardation from developing late in the pregnancy.

Question 52

Vitamin toxicity is more of a concern with which type of vitamins?

A) fat-soluble vitamins because they are stored more readily in body tissues
B) water-soluble vitamins because they are readily absorbed and circulate in the blood
C) water-soluble vitamins because they are the main type found in vitamin supplements
D) fat-soluble vitamins because they are found in higher amounts in foods

Question 53

All of the following statements are true about choline except:

A) it is considered to be a conditionally essential nutrient.
B) it is commonly found in foods.
C) there are no DRI recommendations.
D) it plays important roles in fetal development.

Question 54

The thiamin deficiency disease is known as:

A) pellagra.
B) osteomalacia.
C) scurvy.
D) beriberi.

Question 55

Which of the following B vitamins is especially important for women of childbearing age to prevent neural tube defects?

A) vitamin B₆
B) biotin
C) folate
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 56

All of the following are good food sources of vitamin C except:

A) citrus fruits.
B) strawberries.
C) milk.
D) broccoli.

Question 57

An uninformed strict vegetarian is at special risk for _____ deficiency.

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) folate
C) vitamin B₆
D) niacin

Question 58

What is true about the absorption and storage of fat-soluble versus water-soluble vitamins in the body?

A) Water-soluble vitamins can build to toxic levels because they circulate in the bloodstream.
B) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body needs them.
C) The body can survive for weeks without replacing water-soluble vitamins.
D) Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

Question 59

You advise your grandmother against using mineral oil as a laxative because:

A) the body cannot absorb it.
B) it may result in loss of the fat-soluble vitamins through excretion.
C) it may lead to toxic levels of the fat-soluble vitamins.
D) it is not an effective laxative.

Question 60

The amount of _____ people need is proportional to protein intake.

A) niacin
B) vitamin B₆
C) folacin
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 61

You eat frequently at fast-food restaurants. In order to improve the nutritional quality and vitamin A content of a typical fast-food meal you would:

A) order a salad with cheese and carrots.
B) order a large serving of fries.
C) drink apple or orange juice.
D) order a cheeseburger.

Question 62

Which of the following would provide the highest amount of vitamin E?

A) whole milk
B) a pork chop
C) a fried chicken leg
D) wheat germ oil

Question 63

Which of the following preparation or storage techniques for fruits and vegetables will preserve the most vitamins?

A) placing milk in glass bottles on the grocery cooler shelves
B) serving containers of cut salad fruits and vegetables open in a chilled buffet server
C) placing whole fresh garden vegetables on a table at a sunny farmer's market
D) stir-frying vegetables in a wok for an oriental dish for dinner

Question 64

Which of the following people would be able to make sufficient amounts of vitamin D without having to eat foods containing the vitamin?

A) someone who always wears sunscreen when outdoors in the daytime
B) someone who works in an office in a northern urban area
C) someone with light skin who wears light-weight clothing and walks outdoors daily
D) someone with dark skin who takes a 15-minute walk each day

Question 65

You have mixed a container of juice from its concentrate form and placed the open pitcher in the refrigerator to drink from over several days. Which vitamin in the juice is most at risk from the exposure to the air in the refrigerator?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) riboflavin
D) vitamin B₆

Question 66

All of the following might contribute to cases of rickets in the U.S. except:

A) increased time spent indoors.
B) increased physical activity in organized sports.
C) dark skin pigmentation.
D) a preference for soft drinks and punches over milk among adolescents.

Question 67

A young woman on a vegetarian diet has decided to increase her intake of raw bright-colored vegetables and has recently noticed that her skin is turning a bright yellow color. This is most likely a result of over-consumption of:

A) vitamin C.
B) folate.
C) beta-carotene.
D) biotin.

Question 68

All of the following statements about vitamin A supplements and fortified foods are true except:

A) rates of blindness and death have declined in countries where children receive vitamin A supplementation.
B) excesses of vitamin A may lead to weakened bones and hip fractures later in life.
C) although some foods have been fortified with vitamin A, the amounts are not high enough to be a toxicity concern.
D) excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy can lead to birth defects.

Question 69

You have a friend who eats a lot of highly processed foods, fast foods, and convenience foods, but does drink fortified milk. You tell your friend that she is at risk for developing _____ deficiency.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin D

Question 70

The statement, "Eat carrots because they are good for your eyes," is correct because:

A) protein in carrots is important for the development of keratin, which forms the retina.
B) the vitamin A precursor in carrots becomes activated to form rhodopsin in the eye.
C) retinol in carrots will be transported to the eyes to prevent infections.
D) beta-carotene is stored in the eyes to be used for night vision.

Question 71

Who would be at the greatest risk of developing osteomalacia?

A) obese men who are institutionalized
B) children breastfed for an exceptionally long time
C) children with little exposure to the sun
D) men with low calcium intakes

Question 72

A girl has stopped growing in height prematurely because her bones are not going through the remodeling process necessary for growth. This most likely results from a deficiency of which vitamin?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin K

Question 73

Tobacco use introduces into the body oxidants that can potentially harm body tissues. What antioxidant plays an important role in protecting sensitive blood constituents from being damaged, and so is needed in much higher amounts in people exposed to tobacco products and smoke?

A) beta-carotene
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin K

Question 74

An individual has developed heart disease and high blood lipid values and refuses to take lipid-lowering prescription medications. Which vitamin might be suggested by his physicians as an alternative for lowering blood lipids?

A) vitamin A
B) niacin
C) vitamin C
D) thiamin

Question 75

A person who has taken antibiotics for several months because of a severe bacterial infection may develop a deficiency of:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin K.

Question 76

A person who lives in a city with high air pollution levels may be exposed to increased oxidative damage in the lungs from breathing the contaminated air. Which antioxidant vitamin is needed to protect the cells from damage?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin K

Question 77

A woman who is on a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss may have difficulty maintaining an adequate level of the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. What characteristic of her diet would cause this?

A) exclusion of grain foods and cereals
B) exclusion of fruits
C) exclusion of dairy products
D) exclusion of starchy vegetables

Question 78

Which of the following groups would not be at risk for developing a thiamin deficiency?

A) people who are addicted to alcohol
B) people who consume polished rice as a food staple
C) people who consume enough calories from whole foods
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 79

Foods fortified with vitamin D are important because:

A) very few foods have a naturally high vitamin D content.
B) not everyone will be able to obtain adequate exposure to the sun.
C) it is unsafe for older people to take vitamin D supplements.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 80

You have a friend who has very little exposure to the sun and she consumes very few dairy foods. In addition, she has a 2-year-old child and 3-month-old twins. Your friend is at very high risk for developing:

A) pellagra.
B) rickets.
C) beriberi.
D) osteomalacia.