Deck 11: Diet and Health

Question 1

Degenerative conditions are also referred to as chronic diseases.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A deficiency or toxicity of even a single nutrient can weaken the body's defenses considerably.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Metabolic syndrome, with its cluster of factors, raises the risk of CVD.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Effects of malnutrition on the body's defense system include:

A) the skin becomes thinner with less connective tissue.
B) antibodies and immune cell numbers are reduced.
C) immune system organs increase in size.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 5

The DASH diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.
Controversy 11 True/False Items

Question 6

Which of the following holds the key to maintaining the best possible immune system support?

A) nutrient supplements
B) herbal remedies
C) phytochemicals
D) adequate nutrition

Question 7

Diet and physical activity do not play a significant role in controlling hypertension.

Question 8

Fraud is a problem in the genetic-testing marketplace today, particularly as it relates to nutrition.

Question 9

Thirty minutes of brisk walking on at least 5 days a week can improve the odds against heart disease.

Question 10

Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers such as colon, breast, endometrial, pancreas, and kidney cancer.

Question 11

Health care providers are now able to tailor a person's treatment to prevent or minimize disease based on their identified genetic profile.

Question 12

Heart disease in women is characterized by:

A) development at a later age than in men.
B) a much lower death rate than other chronic diseases.
C) the same symptoms of heart attack as in men.
D) a better heart muscle recovery than in men.

Question 13

Excess calories from carbohydrates, protein, and fat all raise cancer rates.

Question 14

Which of the following must be given careful attention when feeding the person with AIDS?

A) soft foods
B) small, frequent snacks
C) food safety
D) USDA Food Patterns recommendations

Question 15

Constituents in foods may be cancer causing, cancer promoting, or protective against cancer.

Question 16

Dietary supplements can trigger extra immune power to fend off dangerous infections.

Question 17

CVD is a man's disease.

Question 18

High blood pressure presents no symptoms that you can feel.

Question 19

Chronic diseases are the only type of diseases that afflict people in developed countries.

Question 20

All men and women experience the same types of symptoms when they are having a heart attack.

Question 21

Which of the following is not one of the risk factors for CVD?

A) diabetes
B) hypertension
C) high blood LDL
D) high blood HDL

Question 22

Which of the following appears to help prevent and treat hypertension in certain populations?

A) magnesium
B) potassium
C) folate
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 23

Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of hypertension?

A) age
B) gender
C) genes
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 24

Resting blood pressure should ideally be _____ or lower.

A) 100 over 70
B) 110 over 75
C) 120 over 80
D) 140 over 90

Question 25

Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for CVD?

A) total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL
B) HDL higher than 60 mg/dL
C) LDL 160 mg/dL or higher
D) triglycerides less than 150 mg/dL

Question 26

Which of the following raises HDL concentration?

A) weight loss
B) low cholesterol intake
C) physical activity
D) b and c
E) a and c

Question 27

To lower LDL cholesterol levels you would tell someone to:

A) lose weight.
B) consume a low-fat diet.
C) increase physical activity.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 28

According to recommendations for reducing CVD risk, saturated fat should provide no more than _____ percent of total calories.

A) 7
B) 14
C) 20
D) 25

Question 29

In dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of CVD, trans-fatty acids are classified with _____ fat.

A) saturated
B) polyunsaturated
C) unsaturated
D) monounsaturated

Question 30

Individuals with hypertension being treated with certain diuretics should consume foods rich in:

A) calcium.
B) magnesium.
C) potassium.
D) folate.

Question 31

Laboratory studies suggest that diets high in _____ seem to promote cancer.

A) calories
B) sugar
C) artificial sweeteners
D) calcium

Question 32

Salt-sensitive individuals are likely to include:

A) African Americans.
B) those who are less than 50 years of age.
C) those who have diabetes.
D) a and c
E) b and c

Question 33

Wherever dietary fat consists mostly of _____ fats and fish, fruits, and vegetables are eaten in abundance, blood cholesterol and the rate of death from heart disease are low.

A) unsaturated
B) saturated
C) trans
D) omega-6

Question 34

All of the following dietary factors are protective against CVD except:

A) omega-3 fatty acids.
B) a low-carbohydrate diet.
C) legumes.
D) fish oils.

Question 35

In men, aging becomes a significant risk factor for heart disease at age:

A) 30.
B) 35.
C) 40.
D) 45.

Question 36

An atherogenic diet is characterized as one that is:

A) high in saturated fats.
B) high in trans fats.
C) high in polyunsaturated fats.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 37

To help prevent hypertension healthy Caucasians less than 51 years old should limit their sodium intake to _____ mg per day.

A) 2000
B) 2200
C) 2300
D) 2600

Question 38

The metabolic syndrome greatly increases a person's risk of developing:

A) hypertension.
B) cancer.
C) CVD.
D) AIDS.

Question 39

For CVD prevention, trans fat in the diet should account for less than _____ percent of calories.

A) 5
B) 1
C) 20
D) 7

Question 40

Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of CVD?

A) high HDL
B) high total cholesterol
C) high LDL
D) high triglycerides

Question 41

To help control blood cholesterol you would:

A) consume oats, barley, and legumes.
B) limit foods with trans fatty acids.
C) eliminate eggs from your diet.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 42

A college student who is on a high-protein weight-loss diet that restricts fruits and vegetables has just become ill from a viral infection in her intestines. What might have made her more susceptible than her roommate who is eating regular meals in the cafeteria?

A) protein deficiency, which has affected immune system cells
B) vitamin C deficiency from no fruits and vegetables, which has affected white blood cell protection
C) too much saturated fat from meat, which has increased blood cholesterol levels
D) dehydration, which has affected the health of intestinal cells

Question 43

A main difference between a person contracting an infectious disease and a chronic disease is:

A) infectious diseases are not related to the nutritional status of a person.
B) some infectious diseases can be cured with medications but chronic diseases cannot.
C) special immune-strengthening foods can prevent infectious diseases.
D) people in developed countries will not get infectious diseases because of existing safeguards.

Question 44

Examples of cruciferous vegetables include:

A) turnips.
B) broccoli.
C) green onions.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 45

Which of the following nutrients plays a special role with respect to esophageal and colon cancer?

A) vitamin E
B) folate
C) beta-carotene
D) vitamin C

Question 46

When trying to reduce the risk of heart disease, the most important risk factor to modify first is:

A) high LDL cholesterol because of its role in plaque formation.
B) low HDL cholesterol because of its protective effect.
C) obesity because of its effect on cholesterol levels.
D) physical inactivity because of its effect on weight.

Question 47

Joe's doctor tells him his CVD risk is low when tests reveal Joe's:

A) LDL cholesterol is 150 mg/dL.
B) diastolic blood pressure is 80 mm Hg.
C) HDL cholesterol is 25 mg/dL.
D) blood cholesterol is 240 mg/dL.

Question 48

The best action to take to decrease your risk of cancer is to:

A) limit foods that are grilled, smoked, and charbroiled.
B) consume a diet moderate in fat.
C) take vitamin supplements.
D) eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day.

Question 49

You have a friend with AIDS and are trying to maintain his nutrition status. Which of the following would you do?

A) offer large, frequent meals
B) encourage consumption of megadoses of nutrient supplements
C) cook foods thoroughly and practice cleanliness
D) cook a lot of food in advance and leave it out for your friend

Question 50

The CDC, American Heart Association, and other groups have collaborated to create a program that encourages people to:

A) consume enough whole grains.
B) eat more fish.
C) switch from cow's milk to soy milk.
D) fill half their plate with vegetables and fruits.
Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

Question 51

A 58-year-old woman with hypertension and elevated LDL blood levels is complaining that she suddenly is feeling very tired, dizzy, and weak. What would you advise her to do?

A) lie down and rest for a short time until she feels better
B) eat a light snack to help relieve her nausea
C) see her doctor as soon as she is able to get an appointment to have her lungs checked
D) go with you to the emergency room because she may be having a heart attack

Question 52

In general, studies of populations have suggested that low cancer rates correlate with:

A) high vegetable intakes.
B) high whole grain intakes.
C) high fat intakes.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 53

Which is the best meal to help reduce LDL cholesterol levels in the blood?

A) grilled salmon, wild rice, steamed broccoli, whole-wheat roll
B) roast chicken, sweet potatoes, green peas, biscuit
C) pinto beans and ham, corn on the cob with margarine, cornbread
D) roast beef, mashed potatoes, tossed salad with ranch dressing, sourdough bread

Question 54

To minimize risks of CVD you would:

A) choose more fruits and whole grains.
B) stir-fry all of your vegetables.
C) consume 1 or 2 servings of fatty fish each week.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 55

Jack's physician has placed him on a diet recommended to control his blood cholesterol. In order to follow this plan Jack would:

A) consume ≤300 mg cholesterol per day.
B) consume less than 7% of calories as saturated fat.
C) consume 30% of calories as monounsaturated fats.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 56

Which of the following would be a good suggestion for making small changes in your diet for better health?

A) Spread margarine instead of butter on your toast for breakfast.
B) Instead of a snack of potato chips and sour cream dip eat carrot sticks and hummus.
C) Purchase only foods labeled "no trans fats" to be guaranteed they are low in fat.
D) Select chicken nuggets instead of a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant.

Question 57

A 45-year-old man who is overweight and has several family members with heart disease is concerned about developing it. Which risk factor does he have the ability to improve or change?

A) gender
B) family history
C) weight
D) age

Question 58

Alcohol intake in nonsmokers is associated with cancers of the:

A) mouth.
B) head and neck.
C) breast.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 59

What is the role of plaque formation in the arteries during heart disease development?

A) It attracts macrophages, which will clear blood clots away from artery walls.
B) It has a protective effect on areas of damage in the artery wall.
C) It can narrow passages in arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart.
D) It binds with LDL to prevent it from circulating in the blood and causing damage.

Question 60

Which of the following may offer a protective effect against colon cancer?

A) calcium
B) potassium
C) magnesium
D) phosphorus

Question 61

A man is at risk of developing colon cancer because his grandfather and father died of it. Adding which of the following foods to his diet might reduce his risk?

A) steamed broccoli
B) grilled chicken
C) boiled potatoes
D) fruit drink

Question 62

A woman frequently has a dinner meal of grilled steak, baked potato with margarine, green peas, and a white dinner roll. Which food should be eaten less often to reduce her risk of breast cancer?

A) baked potato with margarine
B) white dinner roll
C) grilled steak
D) green peas

Question 63

You are interested in controlling your risk of developing CVD. Which of the following would you do?

A) consume high levels of complex carbohydrates and fiber
B) substitute fish for red meat twice a week
C) use margarine in the place of olive oil
D) a and c
E) a and b

Question 64

Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for developing hypertension?

A) Susie, a 30-year-old female who is slightly overweight
B) Jack, a 40-year-old African American male whose parents had hypertension
C) Jill, a 50-year-old female of Asian descent who consumes a diet relatively high in sodium
D) Bill, a 45-year-old male of European descent who is a vegetarian

Question 65

All of the following are descriptive of events in the formation of cancer except:

A) all carcinogens damage or change the cell's genetic material to cause cancer.
B) promoters cause the cell to multiply out of control, forming a tumor.
C) cancer cells can spread through the blood and lymph.
D) food contaminants may be powerful carcinogens.

Question 66

Jeff is a 54-year-old male who is 5' 6" tall, weighs 165 pounds, and has hypertension. The single most effective dietary measure Jeff can take is to:

A) consume less sodium.
B) reduce his weight.
C) increase his intake of potassium.
D) consume adequate calcium.

Question 67

To reduce your risks of developing cancer you would:

A) reduce your intake of omega-3 fats.
B) eat lots of fruits and vegetables.
C) consume whole grains and other fiber-rich foods.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 68

Which of the following would be the best way to add more fruits and vegetables to your diet?

A) use ketchup on your french fries instead of salt
B) have fruit roll-ups for a snack
C) have a glass of orange drink for breakfast every day
D) keep a bag of baby carrots in the refrigerator for snacking

Question 69

Which of the following is a true statement about blood pressure?

A) When the pressure is at the right level, cells receive nutrients and oxygen and release their wastes.
B) When heart rate and blood volume increase, blood pressure drops.
C) The kidneys can lower blood pressure by retaining water and salt in the body.
D) Constriction of the smaller peripheral arteries will decrease blood pressure.

Question 70

The epigenome on the DNA strand:

A) regulates the expression of genes by turning them on or off.
B) makes the gene expression more permanent and difficult to change.
C) changes the DNA for different functions.
D) is active for only one generation.

Question 71

Your friend's parents both have heart disease. She is considering having genetic testing done so she can see what changes she might be able to make to reduce her risk of developing it as well. What would you tell her?

A) Genetic testing is an inexpensive way to understand your medical profile.
B) Ethical concerns are minor when the information is released.
C) You can make lifestyle changes known to reduce your risk without genetic testing.
D) There are fully defined links between specific gene variations and chronic disease.

Question 72

A man with pre-hypertension is trying to keep his blood pressure from going higher. Which of the following dietary changes might help?

A) have at least two glasses of wine a day with dinner
B) choose low-sodium canned soups and beans
C) eliminate high-potassium foods like potatoes and broccoli
D) add vitamin and mineral supplements to make up deficiencies

Question 73

Dietary guidelines for cancer prevention include:

A) controlling energy intake.
B) increasing intake of salt-cured products.
C) increasing intake of fruits and vegetables.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 74

Major actions in the arteries that lead to heart attack and stroke include:

A) formation of plaques leading to inflammation from a diet high in saturated fat.
B) response to arterial damage by formation of blood clots that can break loose.
C) formation of an embolus from eating too high a level of eicosanoids found in fatty fish.
D) a and b
E) a and c
Controversy 11 Multiple-Choice Items

Question 75

The technique that allows identification of inherited disease tendencies by comparing patterns of gene expression is known as:

A) nutritional genomics.
B) epigenetics.
C) DNA microarray technology.
D) genetic information nondiscrimination.

Question 76

Arguments against genetic testing include all of the following except:

A) lifestyle changes to match gene profiles have not yet been defined.
B) there is no evidence that information about genetic coding can be used to make lifestyle changes.
C) regulation loopholes exist, making information available to others who have no right to the information.
D) ethical concerns include employers screening job applicants for certain traits that may lead to future sick time expenses.

Question 77

At what weight can a 165-lb. woman with hypertension who plans to lose weight first expect to see a significantly lower blood pressure value?

A) 125 pounds
B) 135 pounds
C) 145 pounds
D) 155 pounds

Question 78

Your uncle is considering taking an herbal medicine to control his hypertension after seeing an add for a product on the Internet. What would you tell him?

A) Because herbal medicines have been used for many years, they are safe.
B) Buy herbal products with content labels on the bottle because they are the most reliable.
C) Herbal products are made from natural ingredients so they don't contain any contaminants.
D) Check to see if the herbs in the product have interactions with any drugs you are taking.

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of the effect of certain nutrients or foods on gene expression and disease development?

A) A phytochemical found in broccoli and broccoli sprouts has been shown to reverse uncontrolled cancer cell division in laboratory studies.
B) Supplementation of folate and vitamin B₁₂ during pregnancy has been shown to turn off the "yellow and fat" gene in pups born to laboratory mice.
C) Genomics testing laboratories have shown the benefits of supplements that are matched to an individual's personal genetic prescription.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 80

The role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis includes:

A) damage to the cells lining the arteries by factors such as high HDL cholesterol.
B) white blood cells being sent to the site by the immune system to try to repair the damage.
C) production of foam cells that help to capture and remove LDL from the artery wall.
D) proliferation of muscle cells of the artery wall, which repair the site.