Deck 10: Prevention

Question 1

Secondary prevention is most similar to

A)universal preventive programs.
B)selective preventive programs.
C)indicated preventive programs.
D)Both B and C.

Answer 1

Both B and C.

Question 2

In examining poverty among Canadian children and Canadian older adults,the Luxembourg Income Study 2000)found that

A)approximately the same proportion of each group lived in poverty.
B)the proportion of children living in poverty was higher than among older adults.
C)the proportion of older adults living in poverty was higher than among children.
D)none of the above The Luxembourg Income study only looked at children).

Answer 2

the proportion of children living in poverty was higher than among older adults.

Question 3

What type of preventive intervention targets people who do not necessarily meet the criteria for a disorder,but have elevated risk or show subclinical signs of the disorder?

A)Specialized
B)Selective
C)Pre-emptive
D)Indicated

Answer 3

Indicated

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the involvement of clinical psychologists and community psychologists in prevention activities?

A)Both have a long history of being involved in prevention activities.
B)Until recently neither has been involved in prevention activities.
C)Until recently clinical psychologists had very limited involvement in prevention activities.
D)Until recently community psychologists had very limited involvement in prevention activities.

Question 5

Primary intervention

A)occurs before a disorder has developed.
B)occurs immediately after a disorder is identified.
C)is the main intervention used to manage mental disorders.
D)is only successful when combined with other types of intervention.

Question 6

Which type of prevention is similar to the concept of health promotion?

A)Primary prevention
B)Secondary prevention
C)Follow-up prevention
D)Both A and B

Question 7

Health promotion refers to programs that are designed to increase

A)an individual's awareness of factors that contribute to his/her physical health problems.
B)the integration of community-wide health-provider services.
C)activities that are beneficial to many aspects of physical health.
D)the impact of school-based education programs centring on health.

Question 8

Tertiary intervention

A)is utilized when previous intervention attempts are unsuccessful.
B)involves intervention,at the individual,family,and community level.
C)occurs with respect to a chronic disorder and focuses on rehabilitation and long-term adaptation.
D)occurs as soon as a disorder is evident,in order to prevent further deterioration.

Question 9

The most effective interventions to prevent negative outcomes for disadvantaged children are

A)short-term and not intensive.
B)long-term and not intensive.
C)short-term and intensive.
D)long-term and intensive.

Question 10

Experts agree that the only sustainable way to reduce the societal burden of mental disorders is through

A)evidence-based assessment.
B)prevention.
C)evidence-based treatment via the internet.
D)training more psychologists.

Question 11

Meta-analytic data indicates that the positive effects of intensive preschool interventions for disadvantaged children are evident

A)only in the short-term.
B)in the short-term and medium-term,but not long-term.
C)in the short-term,medium-term,and long-term.
D)none of the above.

Question 12

Media campaigns to increase physical exercise are an example of an)_________ preventive intervention.

A)selective
B)universal
C)indicated
D)secondary

Question 13

Because children living in poverty are challenged across numerous life areas,prevention efforts must

A)disentangle the effects of each life area's stressful events and treat each area of stress individually.
B)take into account the effects of a pile-up of stressors.
C)prioritize teaching skills to cope with the most chronic of the stressors.
D)focus on the most currently severe area of stress.

Question 14

The World Economic Forum reported that in 2010,the global cost of mental disorders were

A)impossible to estimate.
B)equal to the GDP of some countries.
C)highest in developing countries.
D)approximately $2.5 trillion.

Question 15

Child poverty rates in Canada

A)have decreased dramatically in recent years.
B)are comparable to rates in the USA.
C)are much lower than rates of poverty in older adults.
D)have not changed significantly since the 1990s.

Question 16

Research has found that the likelihood of drop out from parenting programs is higher among

A)parents who argue a lot.
B)depressed parents
C)isolated parents.
D)all of the above.

Question 17

Universal prevention interventions

A)have been demonstrated to be effective by research studies.
B)have rarely been found to be effective
C)are applied to everyone within a specific subgroup of the population.
D)administered to everyone who is at elevated risk for a particular disorder.

Question 18

What type of intervention most accurately describes psychological treatment?

A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Tertiary
D)Multidisciplinary

Question 19

During an outbreak of a contagious disease all individuals who enter a hospital are required to wear a mask.This is an example of an)

A)universal preventive program.
B)selective preventive program.
C)indicated preventive program.
D)tertiary preventive program.

Question 20

According to the World Health Organization,mental health promotion activitiesare designed to increase

A)awareness of mental health issues within the population and decrease stigma associated with mental health disorders.
B)one's understanding of his/her own mental health issues.
C)well-being and resilience.
D)the integration of community-wide mental health services.

Question 21

The efficacy of the Incredible Years training program has been

A)questioned by many clinical psychologists.
B)demonstrated for multi-ethnic families,but not for families that are disadvantaged socio-economically.
C)demonstrated for both multi-ethnic and socio-economically disadvantaged families.
D)questioned by many researchers.

Question 22

The "number needed to treat" refers to the number of

A)districts needed for target in a given municipal area for the program to be effective at the population level.
B)health care providers needed to treat the targeted disorder in a given area.
C)individuals needed to receive the intervention in order to prevent one individual from developing the disorder.
D)individuals needed to receive the intervention in order to determine effectiveness at a statistical level.

Question 23

The risk of child abuse by poor,single teenage mothers who participated in a home visiting prevention program was _________ comparison mothers who did not participate.

A)equal to
B)25% less than
C)half that of
D)100% less than

Question 24

There is strong evidence that children's functioning is challenged by

A)poor parenting.
B)conflict in the family.
C)parental psychopathology.
D)all of the above.

Question 25

The Incredible Years training program was developed to help

A)children who had been identified as having conduct problems.
B)youth who had been identified as having internalizing problems.
C)elderly individuals who had been identified as having mental health issues.
D)all of the above.

Question 26

One reason why researchers rarely examine whether prevention programs reduce incidence rates is that

A)there are no tools for measuring outcome.
B)it is necessary to have a very large sample to detect a difference.
C)it is unnecessary to conduct this type of research as long as high-risk samples are targeted.
D)all of the above.

Question 27

The characteristics of the individual or the environment that render a person more vulnerable to the development of a problem or a disorder are referred to as

A)predictive factors.
B)protective factors.
C)risk factors.
D)relapse factors.

Question 28

The number of new cases of a specific problem is referred to as the

A)incidence rate.
B)prevalence rate.
C)number needed to treat.
D)effectiveness rate.

Question 29

Positive characteristics that are associated with decreasing the chances that an individual will develop a problem or disorder are referred to as

A)positive factors.
B)protective factors.
C)effective factors.
D)risk factors.

Question 30

Research strategies used to examine the effect of prevention programs can

A)target high-risk samples.
B)offer the program at high intensity.
C)rely on accumulating samples from various studies.
D)all of the above.

Question 31

The long-term effects of home-visiting programs,where nurses visit at-risk parents,include

A)improving parental care.
B)reducing child abuse and neglect.
C)reducing the number of arrests of the children when they reached adolescence.
D)all of the above.

Question 32

The Triple P Positive Parenting Program is designed with the goal of:

A)enhancing parents' knowledge,skills,and confidence.
B)promoting safe environments for young people.
C)promoting children's competence through positive parenting practices.
D)all of the above.

Question 33

The extent to which a prevention program achieves desired outcomes when used in an applied setting rather than in the original research conditions is known as

A)the number needed to treat.
B)effectiveness.
C)the reduction of risk.
D)efficacy.

Question 34

Incidence rate is defined most accurately as the number of

A)new cases of a specific problem.
B)cases of a specific problem.
C)cases not experiencing a specific problem.
D)new cases not experiencing a specific problem.

Question 35

Parents' use of physical punishment in both Canada and the United States is

A)against the law.
B)permitted only if the parent does not inflict physical harm.
C)permitted only if the physical harm is justified by the seriousness of the misbehaviour.
D)entirely at the parent's discretion.

Question 36

The Triple P Positive Parenting Program is a __________ level system that provides interventions of _________________ intensity.

A)single; increasing
B)multi; decreasing
C)single; decreasing
D)multi; increasing

Question 37

The risk reduction model is an approach to prevention that

A)promotes resilience factors.
B)identifies and reduces risk factors.
C)relies heavily on research to guide preventions.
D)All of the above.

Question 38

The Incredible Years parenting program uses various techniques that promote adult-child interactions to facilitate children's

A)development of academic abilities.
B)development of social competence.
C)emotional awareness.
D)ability to be identify and cope with symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Question 39

The first level in the Triple P Positive Parenting program suite of programs is a universal prevention program that provides parents with

A)individualized services by phone or face to face to address specific concerns.
B)evidence-based information about parenting strategies.
C)a group program to parents of children with mild to moderate problems.
D)a group program to parents of children with more severe problems.

Question 40

What is the primary reason that relatively few studies have examined whether various prevention programs are effective in reducing incidence rates?

A)Insufficient statistical power due to small sample sizes.
B)Measurement issues.
C)Sample representativeness issues.
D)Accumulating samples from different studies has inadequate support as a methodology.

Question 41

Tobler and colleagues 2000)found substance abuse prevention programs were most effective when they were

A)non-interactive.
B)lecture-based.
C)interactive.
D)taught by psychologists rather than by teachers.

Question 42

Meta-analytic research examining depression prevention programs across the life-span indicate that preventive interventions reduce the incidence of depressive disorders by

A)less than 5%.
B)almost a quarter.
C)half.
D)75%.

Question 43

Results of the meta-analysis conducted by Tobler and colleagues 2000)on the effectiveness of prevention programs for substance abuse indicate that

A)interactive programs were less effective than non-interactive programs.
B)interactive programs were more effective than non-interactive programs.
C)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally effective.
D)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally non-effective.

Question 44

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing has been found to

A)be very helpful to individuals experiencing or witnessing traumatic events.
B)reduce the incidence of subsequent PTSD.
C)be helpful for men but not for women
D)sometimes be harmful.

Question 45

Research has found that the risk of physical abuse can be modified by:

A)home visiting programs.
B)behavioural parent training programs.
C)multi-modal programs.
D)all of the above.

Question 46

Meta-analyses of the effects of school-based bullying prevention program revealed that:

A)these programs can eliminate bullying.
B)these programs have no effect on bullying.
C)most effective programs involve both teachers and parents.
D)programs are most effective in reducing bullying by boys.

Question 47

Meta-analytic research indicates that anxiety prevention programs result in ________ effects in reduction of both anxiety symptoms and diagnoses,and are most effective when using _________ intervention programs.

A)large; indicated/selected
B)small but significant; universal
C)small but significant; indicated/selected
D)large; universal

Question 48

Ennett and colleagues 2003)surveyed a national sample of schools in the United States about programs they used to prevent substance abuse,and found that

A)nearly all programs used an interactive style.
B)approximately 75% of programs used an interactive style.
C)about half of the programs used an interactive style.
D)less than 25% of the programs used an interactive style.

Question 49

Research indicates that,at the community level,implementation of parenting programs is associated with a reduced number of:

A)substantiated cases of child maltreatment.
B)out-of-home placement for children due to maltreatment.
C)child-maltreatment injuries requiring hospitalization.
D)all of the above.

Question 50

Children and youth are most commonly referred to mental health clinics for

A)attention or concentration issues.
B)internalizing problems,such as with depression or anxiety.
C)externalizing problems,such as aggressive or non-compliant behaviour.
D)bed-wetting.

Question 51

Research has shown that _______________ can be effective for children exposed to traumatic events.

A)psychodynamic therapy
B)cognitive-behaviour therapy
C)play therapy
D)psychological debriefing