Deck 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change

Question 1

Psychological reactance is the tendency to react

A)against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.
B)favourably toward attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.
C)to emotional stimuli in the environment.
D)to emotional stimuli in therapy.

Answer 1

against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.

Question 2

Process research could focus on

A)facial expressions.
B)change in functioning.
C)symptom improvement.
D)none of the above.

Answer 2

facial expressions.

Question 3

Which of the following client variables has been found to influence treatment outcome?

A)Extraversion.
B)Introversion.
C)Age.
D)Socioeconomic status.

Answer 3

Socioeconomic status.

Question 4

In terms of psychological reactance,low-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment,and high-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment.

A)more; less
B)less; more
C)less; less
D)more; more

Question 5

Psychological ___________ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.

A)recoiling
B)reconsideration
C)oppositional defiance
D)reactance

Question 6

Socio-economic status of the client variable can influence treatment outcome because ____________socio-economic status is related to a greater likelihood of _______________.

A)higher; staying in treatment
B)higher; not staying in treatment
C)lower; engaging with the therapist
D)lower; staying in treatment

Question 7

Which of the following therapist variables influences treatment outcome?

A)Gender.
B)Age.
C)Ethnicity.
D)Emotional well-being.

Question 8

Early treatment gains for individuals in treatment for major depressive disorders have been shown in individuals receiving

A)cognitive therapy.
B)placebo medication.
C)short-term psychodynamic therapy.
D)all of the above.

Question 9

Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy are

A)evidence of a flight into health.
B)short-lived and dissipate quickly.
C)involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
D)only evident in CBT.

Question 10

Research that examines the elements of psychotherapy such as the alliance between therapist and patient)and how these elements are related to the impact of treatment is referred to as:

A)process research.
B)process-outcome research.
C)efficacy research.
D)effectiveness research.

Question 11

Research indicates that differences in therapist effectiveness are most apparent when treating patients

A)without comorbid disorders.
B)with low levels of problem severity.
C)with high levels of problem severity.
D)who are of a different ethnicity than the therapist.

Question 12

One of the difficulties in identifying how client variables influence treatment outcome is that

A)most psychologists believe diagnosis determines treatment outcomes.
B)very few empirical studies have examined this issue.
C)psychologists are much more interested in comparing groups rather than in comparing individuals.
D)it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.

Question 13

A therapist's interpretations are most successful with clients who have

A)good interpersonal skills.
B)poor interpersonal skills.
C)good self-examination skills.
D)poor self-examination skills.

Question 14

___________ research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious,whereas ___________ research ask about how an intervention works.

A)Process; process-outcome
B)Process-outcome; process
C)Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
D)Process and process-outcome; treatment-outcome

Question 15

Starting in the 1950s and 1960s,the development of process-outcome research was influenced by the use of ____________________ as sources of data.

A)recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients' and therapists' experience of the treatment process
B)responses to projective measures following treatment
C)standardized measures of experience of the treatment process reported by therapists and clients
D)recordings of psychotherapy sessions and interviews with family members to assess changes in the client

Question 16

Research that examines what happens within and across psychotherapy sessions is known as:

A)process research.
B)effectiveness research.
C)outcome research.
D)efficacy research.

Question 17

Tang and colleagues demonstrated that if a patient makes sudden gains in therapy,it typically occurs

A)after the first session.
B)relatively early in therapy around sessions 4 through 6).
C)around the mid-point of therapy sessions 8 through 12).
D)near the end of therapy.

Question 18

Research conducted by Lafferty,Beutler,and Crago 1989)found that patients under the care of effective therapists

A)experienced substantially more positive emotional adjustment.
B)reported feeling more understood in treatment.
C)experienced greater success with therapists who did not self-disclose.
D)reported greater success with therapists from some mental health disciplines than from others.

Question 19

With a large body of research,we now have a _______________ understanding of how client variables affect treatment outcome.

A)rudimentary
B)moderate
C)good
D)highly developed

Question 20

To be effective in delivering psychological services,the psychologist must have

A)a large number of clients,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
B)knowledge,technical skills,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
C)knowledge,ability to put others first at all costs,technical skills,and tolerance for distress.
D)a large number of clients,ability to put other first at all costs,interpersonal sensitivity,tolerance for distress.

Question 21

Smith,Glass,and Miller 1980)conducted a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies and found that ________________treatments had the largest effect sizes.

A)cognitive-behavioural
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)vocational counseling

Question 22

Focusing on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who ________,whereas patients who ________ respond best to a focus on symptom alleviation.

A)are undercontrolled; are introspective
B)have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
C)are extroverted; are introverted
D)have an externalizing style ; have an internalizing style

Question 23

Lester Luborsky and colleagues have conducted literature reviews of psychotherapy effectiveness and have concluded that

A)the nature of specific therapeutic effects is clear.
B)there is overwhelming evidence that all therapies are equal.
C)there is overwhelming evidence that all therapies are not equal.
D)many current therapeutic techniques can be harmful to clients.

Question 24

One of the problems in interpreting the research on the alliance-outcome link is the importance of not inferring

A)correlation from causation.
B)significance from correlation.
C)significance from causation.
D)causation from correlation.

Question 25

Lambert and Ogles 2004)categorized the most commonly suggested common factors in psychotherapy into the following main dimensions:

A)psychoeducational,emotional,and cognitive factors.
B)vulnerability,protective,and educational factors.
C)support,learning,and action factors.
D)internalized,externalized,and alliance factors.

Question 26

Which of the hypothesized common factors in psychotherapy has received the most research attention?

A)Empathy.
B)Sense of mastery in the client.
C)Therapeutic alliance.
D)Confronting problems in therapy.

Question 27

Bruce Wampold has been a vocal proponent

A)of the psychotherapy equivalence position.
B)against the psychotherapy equivalence position.
C)against psychotherapy.
D)both B and C.

Question 28

Which of the following therapeutic elements would be considered a common factor to several psychotherapeutic approaches?

A)Therapist disclosure.
B)Therapeutic alliance.
C)Corrective emotional experience.
D)Homework.

Question 29

What was Rosenzweig's 1936)assertion regarding the various types of therapies that were available to clinicians at the time?

A)Some therapies are very effective and others are not effective.
B)Most therapies are not effective.
C)Little is known about the effectiveness of therapy.
D)All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.

Question 30

Smith et al.1980)conducted analyses on data from 56 comparative outcome studies of the behavioural and verbal classes of treatment and found that

A)there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.
B)verbal classes of treatment were more effective.
C)behavioural and verbal classes of treatment were equally effective.
D)neither class of treatment was effective.

Question 31

Studies that have controlled for the effects of early improvement have found that early therapeutic alliance

A)no longer significantly predicts treatment outcome.
B)still significantly predicts treatment outcome.
C)only predicts treatment outcome for low reactant clients.
D)only predicts treatment outcome for high reactant clients.

Question 32

Weinberger's 1995)review of the literature on common factors found that

A)there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.
B)all therapeutic success could be explained by these factors.
C)most proponents of the common factors theory had been misinformed.
D)there was very good agreement on particular common factors.

Question 33

A design in which the differential impacts of at least two treatments are compared,and a no-treatment control group may or may not be included is known as an)

A)higher-order treatment outcome study.
B)comparative treatment study.
C)mixed design.
D)effectiveness trial.

Question 34

Rosenzweig's 1936)hypothesis was named after a character from which story?

A)Peter Pan
B)The Wizard of Oz
C)Pinocchio
D)Alice in Wonderland

Question 35

Meta-analyses of the child and adolescent treatment literature have found

A)no differences between treatments.
B)cognitive-behavioural treatments to be more efficacious than other treatments.
C)psychodynamic treatments to be more effective than other treatments.
D)humanistic play therapy)treatments to be more effective than other treatments.

Question 36

Rosenzweig's 1936)hypothesis that all psychotherapies must be equivalent in their effects is referred to as the

A)Tropical bird effect.
B)Dodo bird verdict.
C)Chameleon result.
D)Common factors approach.

Question 37

Which researcher has consistently maintained over the years that there is no substantial evidence of differential treatment effects?

A)Luborsky
B)Beutler
C)Norcross
D)Castonguay

Question 38

The development of integrative treatment models for psychotherapy has been greatly influenced by

A)process-outcome research.
B)the common factors approach.
C)interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 39

Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?

A)Saul Rosenzweig.
B)Lester Luborsky.
C)John Norcross.
D)Jerome Frank.

Question 40

Research suggests that patient compliance in completing homework acts as a moderator of the relation between positive treatment expectations and

A)therapist characteristics,such as empathy.
B)relapse prevention following termination of therapy.
C)initial improvement in functioning.
D)increased therapeutic alliance.

Question 41

The APA Psychotherapy Division established a task force in 1999 to examine empirically supported therapy relationships.The task force recommended that empirically supported therapy relationships ________________ empirically supported treatments tailored to the patient's disorder and characteristics.

A)take precedence over
B)be considered after
C)be used concurrently with
D)none of the above

Question 42

Who developed an initiative to identify empirically based principles of therapeutic change?

A)Castonguay and Beutler
B)Orlinksy and Luborsky
C)Orlinsky and Castonguay
D)Luborsky and Wampold

Question 43

Group cohesion refers to

A)the relationship between the clients and the therapist.
B)the relationship among the clients in the group.
C)the extent of personality integration.
D)both A & B

Question 44

Empirically supported principles of therapeutic change commonly targets:

A)client self-exploration.
B)intrapersonal issues.
C)interpersonal issues related to the client's clinical problems.
D)all of the above.

Question 45

According to the APA Psychotherapy division task force,________ is a demonstrably effective element of the therapeutic relationship.

A)the number of sessions.
B)years of training.
C)empathy.
D)gender of the client.

Question 46

The average effect size difference between therapies shown to be effective is approximately

A)d = 0.
B)d = .2.
C)d = .4.
D)d = .6

Question 47

Among the empirically based principles of therapeutic change,greater pre-treatment impairment is an)

A)client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
B)client variable hypothesized to increase likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
C)intervention target hypothesized to lead to therapeutic change.
D)client variable that does not systematically impact degree of change.

Question 48

Aspects of the therapeutic relationship that research has found to be associated with successful treatment are known as

A)common factors of psychotherapy.
B)integrated treatment.
C)evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
D)therapeutic alliance.

Question 49

The APA Psychotherapy Division established a task force in 1999 to examine empirically supported therapy relationships.The task force encouraged clinicians to

A)routinely monitor their treatment services.
B)strive to integrate aspects of evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
C)strive to integrate aspects of evidence-based treatments.
D)all of the above.

Question 50

A meta-analysis conducted by Siev and Chambless 2007)examining treatments for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder,found that

A)relaxation and CBT are both equally effective for both disorders.
B)CBT is more effective only for panic disorder.
C)CBT is more effective only for generalized anxiety disorder.
D)CBT is more effective for both disorders.