Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

As a response to both behaviorism and psychodynamic theory,Abraham Maslow (among others)initiated a movement called _____,which emphasized the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential.

A)phrenology
B)humanistic psychology
C)analytical psychology
D)self-actualization

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Dr.Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique.Instead,her research involves studying large groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality.Dr.Mano's research is an example of:

A)the nomothetic approach.
B)the MMPI approach.
C)factor analysis.
D)the idiographic approach.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ancient scholars believed in the theory of humorism,which postulated that personality was controlled by the:

A)date and time of a person's birth.
B)shape and contours of a person's skull.
C)balance of four fluid substances within the body.
D)balance of the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking,interacting,and reacting that is unique to each individual,and remains relatively consistent over time and situations.

A)Personality
B)Idiography
C)A state
D)A trait

Question 5

Daniel's psychiatrist shows him a series of cards with abstract inkblots on them and asks Daniel to describe what he sees.When Daniel asks about the test,his psychologists explains that it is called the _____.

A)Rorschach Inkblot Test
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D)Figure-Drawing Test

Question 6

Cattell used the statistical technique called ____________.

A)factor features
B)t test
C)pf analysis
D)factor analysis

Question 7

Unlike the strict behaviorists' view,Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism:

A)emphasizes the importance of learning.
B)acknowledges that people shape and determine their environments.
C)emphasizes the importance of traits.
D)assumes that traits are not stable over time.

Question 8

Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality research?

A)identifying personality characteristics which are shared by large groups of people
B)designing tests which characterize abnormal personality types
C)performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person
D)using factor analysis to identify personality traits

Question 9

A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is using __________________ approach to studying personality.

A)a trait
B)a factor analysis
C)an idiographic
D)a nomothetic

Question 10

A central principle of the trait perspective to personality is that:

A)an individual's personality traits change from day to day.
B)no two individuals share the same traits.
C)individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them.
D)the idiographic approach is the only correct way to study personality.

Question 11

Creative,fair-minded,and impulsive are examples of ____________.

A)states
B)the Big Five
C)personality traits
D)idiographs

Question 12

Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by:

A)developing case-study analysis.
B)disproving Early Greek theories of personality.
C)devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
D)using factor analysis.

Question 13

In old cartoons,characters were sometimes shown with a devil on one shoulder telling them to do something selfish or immoral,such as stealing or lying.On the other shoulder,the animators would draw an angel,which would tell the character not to listen to the devil and to act morally instead.In Freudian terms,the angel represents which part of the character's psyche?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Id D
D)A defense mechanism

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about personality traits over the life span?

A)The first signs of personality do not appear until a child is approximately 2 years of age.
B)Early temperament is not a useful predictor of adult personality.
C)Young adults tend to experience more negative emotions compared to adolescents.
D)By middle age,adult personality traits show very little change over time.

Question 15

Some psychologists use a(n)_____ approach to studying personality,which is a person-centered method in which researchers focus on individual people and their unique personalities.

A)nomothetic
B)factor-analysis
C)idiographic
D)reciprocal

Question 16

Research into animal personalities suggests that:

A)unlike human personality traits,animal personality traits have no genetic basis.
B)humans are the only animals who have true emotions.
C)the Big Five personality traits can be observed only in primates.
D)the Big Five personality traits occur in many different types of animals.

Question 17

A technique called _____________ reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items.

A)idiography
B)factor analysis
C)MMPI-2
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 18

What do twin studies indicate about the role of genes in personality?

A)Heredity plays an important role in personality.
B)Dizygotic twins are more likely than monozygotic twins to share personality traits.
C)Personality is almost entirely determined by parenting and other environmental factors.
D)Personality appears to be related to two different copies of a serotonin transporter gene.

Question 19

What technique do trait theorists use to identify groups or clusters of related personality traits?

A)idiography
B)factor analysis
C)MMPI-2
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 20

Kwan comes from an Asian country where the importance of family connections is emphasized,and group success is generally considered more important than individual accomplishment.Kwan's culture appears to emphasize which view?

A)Individualism
B)Collectivism
C)Martyrism
D)Conformism

Question 21

The MMPI-2 is a personality test that is designed to:

A)measure the Big Five personality traits.
B)discriminate between normal and abnormal characteristics.
C)detect relationships between body types and personality patterns.
D)detect differences in interpretation of ambiguous stimuli.

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age?

A)Personality does not change; it is completely stable throughout the lifespan.
B)Personalities are very stable in childhood and adolescence,but become less stable in later adulthood.
C)The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat,but are very stable by middle age.
D)Personality remains fluid and changes throughout the lifespan.

Question 23

Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?

A)START
B)BEGIN
C)DUNES
D)OCEAN

Question 24

Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people.In fact,he tends to be fairly reclusive in general.If Walter took the NEO PI-R,he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

A)extraversion
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)openness

Question 25

The _______________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious,or conventional and "down-to-earth."

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)openness

Question 26

The _______________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)neuroticism
D)openness

Question 27

Research indicates that ___________ college students are likely to achieve high status in student groups such as fraternities and sororities,but are also more prone to risk taking and substance abuse problems.

A)conscientious
B)extraverted
C)neurotic
D)introverted

Question 28

Marques loves to go to parties,and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone,whether he knows them or not.Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?

A)neuroticism
B)conscientiousness
C)extraversion
D)openness

Question 29

Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile.She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends.If Candice took the NEO Personality Inventory,she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

A)openness
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)agreeableness

Question 30

Gina's therapist suspects that Gina is suffering from a psychological disorder of some kind.To test this,she has Gina complete a personality inventory composed of many true/false questions.The assessment tool that the therapist is using is most likely the __________.

A)MMPI
B)Rorschach test
C)TAT
D)NEO

Question 31

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A)Temperament and personality are the exact same thing.
B)Personality,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C)Temperament,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
D)Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics,while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.

Question 32

Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor Model,also known as the Big Five?

A)McCrae and Costa
B)Cattell and Allport
C)Jung and Horney
D)Erikson and Rogers

Question 33

Rob suffers from occasional bouts of depression,but is otherwise a typical teenager.One of his favorite pastimes is playing an online role-playing game where his character,Roberto the Great,goes on quests with other players.Based on a study discussed in your textbook,which of the following is most likely true about Rob and his alter ego,Roberto the Great?

A)Roberto's qualities are similar to Rob's.
B)Roberto's has more negative qualities than Rob does in reality.
C)Roberto's qualities reflect Rob's idealized version of himself.
D)Roberto's qualities are unrelated to Rob's personality.

Question 34

One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they:

A)place too much emphasis of states and situational factors.
B)do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behavior.
C)are not supported by any empirical data.
D)do not allow for comparisons between individuals.

Question 35

Research indicates that locations,associations,activities,and subjective states are four:

A)categories of personality traits.
B)factors that influence the development of our personality traits.
C)situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behavior.
D)changes in personality that occur over our lifespan.

Question 36

Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people on Facebook tend to present themselves:

A)accurately.
B)as they wished they were,not as they really are.
C)in extreme or exaggerated ways.
D)as being more extraverted than they really are.

Question 37

While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having "personalities," infants do display personality-like attributes called _____________.

A)states
B)moods
C)quasi-personalities
D)temperaments

Question 38

Amir is constantly worrying about things,even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about.He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him.If Walter took the NEO PI-R,he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension.

A)high; neuroticism
B)high; conscientiousness
C)low; neuroticism
D)low; conscientiousness

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?

A)conscientiousness
B)extraversion
C)openness
D)sociableness

Question 40

Nancy is a three month old infant.Compared to other infants her age,she is fussy and cries easily.Nancy's behaviors would most accurately be described as the result of her _____________.

A)state
B)neuroticism
C)personality
D)temperament

Question 41

The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the _____________.

A)behaviorists
B)humanists
C)social-cognitive theorists
D)trait theorists

Question 42

Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality?

A)examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
B)interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique
C)administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people
D)documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of psychiatric patients

Question 43

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

A)feedback loops
B)learned responses
C)reciprocal determinism
D)external expectancies

Question 44

One method for measuring personalities is to observe an individual in a situation and to use his or her behavior to create a personality profile.This technique is known as _________________.

A)projective testing
B)the MMPI
C)thematic apperception testing
D)behavioral assessment

Question 45

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are:

A)only found in WEIRD societies.
B)only found in non-WEIRD societies.
C)fairly consistent across many cultures.
D)different in every culture.

Question 46

A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic of those from ________ cultures.

A)collectivistic
B)individualistic
C)narcissistic
D)selfish

Question 47

Which personality trait have evolutionary psychologists speculated may be adaptive in some situations because it correlates with jealousy protecting one's mate?

A)neuroticism
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)introversion

Question 48

Allana is generally an outgoing person.A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behavior by her parents,teachers,or other people she interacted with in the past.

A)behaviorist
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)social-cognitive

Question 49

According to research discussed in your textbook,inheriting short copies of the ______________ transporter gene predisposes people to anxiety,shyness,and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations.

A)acetylcholine
B)NMDA
C)dopamine
D)serotonin

Question 50

Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality?

A)comparing identical twins who were reared apart
B)comparing children adopted into another family with their siblings who remained with their birth parents
C)comparing fraternal twins
D)comparing identical twins who were raised in the same household

Question 51

Identical twins reared apart will often have:

A)no more in common than same sex fraternal twins reared apart.
B)dissimilar personalities.
C)similar personalities.
D)no more in common than nontwins.

Question 52

According to your textbook,one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting ______________.

A)cellular division
B)life expectancy
C)brain chemicals
D)the probability of having twins

Question 53

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality?

A)There is no relationship between culture and personality.
B)Most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors.
C)Only individuals from Western cultures share the same Big Five personality factors.
D)While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors,the prevalence of each trait often differs.

Question 54

Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family.Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures,he is most likely from _____________.

A)Canada
B)China
C)The United States
D)Great Britain

Question 55

In the context of social psychology,the acronym WEIRD stands for

A)Willful,Egocentric,Immature,Rigid,and Depressed
B)Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic
C)Witness,Engage,Interact,React,and Depart
D)Willpower,Ego,Id,Repression,and Denial

Question 56

The behavioral theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________.

A)unconscious desires
B)learning
C)genetics
D)self-actualization

Question 57

The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors.

A))10
B))50
C))80
D))99

Question 58

Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent,adult personality?

A)Behaviorist
B)Humanistic
C)Psychodynamic
D)Social-Cognitive

Question 59

A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to __________.

A)WEIRD people
B)non-WEIRD people
C)women
D)men

Question 60

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research?

A)The Big Five are only found in Western cultures.
B)Researchers in other countries would not understand what the "Big Five" refer to.
C)The research may miss other personality factors,not found in Western cultures.
D) Answering questions about personality violates social norms in most non-Western cultures.

Question 61

According to Eysenck,people who have decreased reactivity the limbic system (the emotional circuits),reticular activating system,and cortex are more likely to be ______________.

A)extraverts
B)neurotic
C)intorverts
D)conscientious

Question 62

Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country,where most people have access to health care and education.Which of the following is most likely true about personality gender differences in Levi's country compared to countries with fewer social and economic resources?

A)Gender differences are more pronounced.
B)Gender differences are less pronounced.
C)Gender differences are about the same.
D)Gender differences do not exist in either type of country.

Question 63

Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals?

A)Personality has only been observed in one species of bird,the Parus major.
B)The Big Five personality traits have been found in many different species.
C)Only primates have true personalities.
D)Humans are the only animal with personalities.

Question 64

Kosuke believes that a woman should not be President of the United States because women are biologically predisposed to have "unpresidential" personalities.Which of the following should you tell him?

A)Gender differences in personality do not exist.
B)The female personality is actually much more presidential than the typical male personality.
C)Gender differences in personality exist,but are quite small and not necessarily biological.
D)You are correct; females are biologically predisposed to lack the traits that make for effective presidents.

Question 65

Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different personalities?

A)Gender differences in personality do not exist.
B)Men and women have fundamentally different personalities.
C)Gender differences in personality exist,but are small.
D)Hormonal differences between men and women cause moderate differences in personality.

Question 66

Sandra is a fairly quiet and conscientious person who enjoys foreign films.The people she chooses to associate with and interact with on a daily basis would most likely:

A)be much more outgoing than she is.
B)have similar interests and personalities.
C)ridicule her and make her feel uncomfortable.
D)have similar interests,but dissimilar personalities.

Question 67

As part of a research study,Imani has the activity in both her prefrontal cortex measured.After the study,the researchers tell her that her left prefrontal cortex is more active than her right prefrontal cortex.While this certianly is not enough information to draw any firm conclusions from,it might suggest that Imani is more likely to experience _____________.

A)anxiety
B)seizures
C)positive emotions
D)depression

Question 68

A commonly held belief when it comes to romance is that "opposites attract." Which of the following is true about this folk wisdom?

A)It is generally incorrect; humans pair up with those who are most like us.
B)It is generally incorrect; there is no relationship between personality and romantic pairing.
C)It is generally correct; humans pair up with those who dissimilar,but complimentary personalities.
D)It is generally correct; humans pair up with those who have conflicting personalities.

Question 69

Compared to men,women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion,conscientiousness,agreeableness,and neuroticism.

A)higher
B)lower
C)similar
D)more variable

Question 70

According to Eysenck,who would have the LEAST reactive reticular activating system?

A)Grace,who likes to read
B)Tucker,who likes to fish
C)Lily,who likes to talk
D)Ben,who likes to surf

Question 71

Of the following,which is the oldest theory of personality?

A)phrenology
B)behaviorism
C)the psychodynamic approach
D)humorism

Question 72

Research suggests that activity in the _______________ is associated with responding to threats and unfamiliar stimuli.

A)right occipital lobe
B)right prefrontal cortex
C)left prefrontal cortex
D)left occipital lobe

Question 73

Research suggests that the left prefrontal cortex is more associated with ________________,while the right prefrontal cortex is more associated with ________________.

A)extraversion; introversion
B)introversion; extraversion
C)negative emotions; positive emotions
D)positive emotions; negative emotions

Question 74

Your textbook argues that personality differences between men and women may be due to ___________ factors.

A)genetic
B)hormonal
C)political
D)economic

Question 75

Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality?

A)the MMPI
B)the Rorschach test
C)examining the skull
D)MRI brainscan

Question 76

An Ancient Roman physician would be most likely to diagnosis a patient with a melancholy (depressed)personality as:

A)having experienced some psychological trauma as a child.
B)an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humors.
C)caused by physical trauma to the head.
D)having inherited the trait from his or her parents.

Question 77

Assortative mating is a phenomenon in which humans and animals:

A)mate with more than one partner to mask the paternity of the offspring.
B)mate randomly with others to increase genetic variation.
C)choose sexual partners based on their social status.
D)choose sexual partners who are similar to the individual doing the searching.

Question 78

Blood,phlegm,black bile,and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ____________.

A)mood fluids
B)humors
C)secretions
D)life forces

Question 79

In a research study discussed in your textbook,researchers found that ratings of the Big Five personality factors corresponded to the _____________ specific brain regions.

A)electrical activity in
B)neurotransmitters in
C)size of
D)location of

Question 80

According to Eysenck,the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and emotional experiences is that they:

A)require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
B)have low baseline adrenaline levels.
C)require relatively low levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
D)have high baseline adrenaline levels.