Deck 16: Krause and Corts

Question 1

According to some research,the average smoker dies ____ years earlier than the average non-smoker.

A)1 to 2
B)4 to 6
C)7 to 14
D)15 to 20

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Unlike in the past,most premature deaths in the Unites States today can be attributed to ____________.

A)lifestyle factors
B)genetic disorders
C)contagious diseases
D)criminal activity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Gretta is in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend.Although leaving her boyfriend is an obvious way to end the abuse,Gretta has been in this situation for so long that she no longer feels she has any control over it.Gretta's situation illustrates the concept of _____.

A)compensatory control
B)learned helplessness
C)resilience
D)post-traumatic growth

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which aspect of Type A personality is most closely correlated with increased risk for heart disease?

A)Competitiveness
B)Anger and hostility
C)Patience
D)Worrying about time

Question 5

The HPa axis involves which three structures?

A)Hippocampus,pituitary gland,adrenal glands
B)Hypothalamus,pineal gland,adenoids
C)Hippocampus,pineal gland,adrenal glands
D)Hypothalamus,pituitary gland,adrenal glands

Question 6

Biofeedback is a therapeutic technique involving:

A)focusing on a specific thought or sensation,such as an image or a repeated sound.
B)attending to all thoughts,sensations,and feelings without attempting to judge or control them.
C)the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily responses.
D)bodily interaction with thinking and emotion.

Question 7

According to National Institutes of Health,what proportion of adult Americans are overweight or obese?

A)1/5
B)1/4
C)1/2
D)2/3

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook as a health consequence of being overweight?

A)osteoporosis
B)diabetes
C)osteoarthritis
D)cancer

Question 9

_____________ psychologists study both positive and negative impacts that humans' behavior and decisions have on their health,survival,and well-being.

A)Physiological
B)Developmental
C)Health
D)Medicinal

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the current research on whether smoking in movies contributes to adolescent smoking?

A)The research clearly indicates that exposure to smoking in movies causes adolescents to smoke more.
B)There is no significant connection between adolescent smoking and watching smoking in movies.
C)Correlational research suggests that adolescent smoking and movies are related,but it has been difficult to establish the nature of this correlation.
D)Smoking causes adolescents to prefer movies in which the protagonist smokes.

Question 11

Health psychologists are primarily interested in how an individual's ____________ affects his or her health.

A)physiology
B)genetics
C)development
D)behavior

Question 12

Which of the following has been the MOST DIFFICULT for health psychologists to demonstrate for adolescents?

A)that smoking is correlated with watching movie stars smoke
B)that watching movie stars smoke causes adolescents to smoke
C)that adolescents who smoke identify with movie stars who smoke
D)that adolescents who smoke are exposed to more smoking in movies

Question 13

While most students have heard of the "freshman 15," in reality,students who gain weight when they enter college put on an average of _____ pounds.

A)1
B)6
C)20
D)25

Question 14

Sheleigh and Henry are two married adults.Statistically speaking,how is their marriage most likely to affect their health?

A)Both likely experience health benefits from being married,but Henry probably benefits more than Sheleigh.
B)Both likely experience health benefits from being married,but Sheleigh probably benefits more than Henry.
C)Henry and Sheleigh are likely to experience equal health benefits from being married.
D)Both Henry and Sheleigh are likely to have worse health outcomes because they are married.

Question 15

The prevalence of smoking in the United States _____ over the 1990s and early 2000s.

A)increased steadily
B)decreased steadily
C)stayed relatively constant
D)increased for men and decreased for women

Question 16

Research suggests that a diet consisting of approximately 60% fewer calories than normal,plus nutritional supplements,has what effect?

A)It increases longevity.
B)It shortens a person's life span by one-third.
C)It severely increases the effects of stress on the body.
D)It leads to moderate to severe cognitive impairment.

Question 17

High rates of heart disease in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities are likely due to a combination of poor diet and which other factor?

A)Stress
B)drug use
C)Lead exposure
D)Education

Question 18

The health benefits of close social relationships,such as marriage,appear to be due in part to a hormone called _____.

A)HPA
B)cortisol
C)oxytocin
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 19

What effect does watching food commercials have on the eating habits of viewers?

A)Food commercials generally have little to no effect on eating habits.
B)People are more likely to eat the specific product being advertised in the commercial,but not other unrelated foods.
C)Snacking in general is more likely after viewers watch a food commercial.
D)The eating habits of adults are influenced more by food commercials than are the eating habits of children.

Question 20

_________ is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States.

A)Asbestos exposure
B)Drug use
C)Alcohol use
D)Smoking

Question 21

Jennet drives her car to and from work each morning.She sits at a desk in front of a computer most of the day,and then watches television and plays videogames when she gets home.Jennet's lifestyle can be described as:

A)having a negative energy balance.
B)having a low set point.
C)socially contagious.
D)sedentary.

Question 22

According to your textbook,why do some researchers question the role of a physiological set point in making it difficult for people to lose excess weight?

A)The body's metabolic rate is fixed and does not change.
B)The difficulty in losing excess weight is greatly exaggerated.
C)Lower activity levels associated with weight gain appears to explain the difficulty of weight loss better than set point theory.
D)Set point theory assumes that a person's set point cannot change.

Question 23

The fact that people who are overweight and obese have higher health care costs has led some people to suggest that they should pay higher taxes.Some researchers,however,point out that:

A)the shortened life expectancy for the overweight and obese offsets the additional medical costs.
B)the economic benefit associated with treating overweight and obese people offsets the cost.
C)people who are overweight or obese are already paid less than equivalent employees who are not overweight.
D)relatively few people are classified as overweight or obese.

Question 24

Which two ethnic groups have the highest rates of obesity on average?

A)White and Hispanic
B)Black and White
C)Hispanic and Black
D)White and Black

Question 25

Which of the following is true about the relationship between adult obesity rates and socioeconomic status in the United States?

A)The recent increase in obesity rates is seen only in low-income groups.
B)The recent increase in obesity rates is seen only in high-income groups.
C)High-income males are more likely to be obese than men who earn low incomes.
D)There is no relationship between obesity rates and socioeconomic status.

Question 26

The increase in the number of children living sedentary lifestyles is likely due in part to ___________.

A)video games
B)increased time spent in school
C)stress
D)television advertising

Question 27

Patrice decided to lose weight by dieting.He found that it was relatively easy to lose the first 18 or so pounds,but after that,he felt his body was fighting his effort to lose more weight.Patrice's experience is consistent with the concept of _______________.

A)positive energy balance
B)the general adaptation syndrome
C)extinction
D)a set point

Question 28

According to your textbook,people who __________ have less brain tissue and older-looking brains than is typical for their age.

A)are obese
B)smoke
C)are lean
D)play videogames

Question 29

What do twin and adoption studies indicate about the role of genes in body weight?

A)Genes account for between 50% and 90% of the variation in body weight.
B)Genes account for a moderate 15-20 % of the variation in body weight.
C)Genes only account for 5-10 % of the variation in body weight.
D)Body weight is not influenced by genes.

Question 30

The body mass index allows people to:

A)calculate how many calories they should eat each day.
B)calculate a healthy body weight for their height.
C)determine whether they have a positive or negative energy balance.
D)determine where there set point is.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the increase in sedentary lifestyles?

A)food advertisements
B)home entertainment
C)office jobs
D)modern conveniences,such as cars

Question 32

Children who grow up in ____________ families have higher rates of overweight and obesity than children on average.

A)low-income
B)high-income
C)small
D)large

Question 33

For __________,lower income is associated with higher obesity rates,while the opposite is true for ___________.

A)adults; children
B)children; adults
C)men; women
D)women; men

Question 34

Which statistic is commonly used to screen people for weight categories that indicate whether they are considered normal weight,underweight,overweight,or obese?

A)set point
B)positive energy balance
C)body mass index
D)obesity rate

Question 35

Kendra goes to the doctor's office for a physical.After measuring Kendra's weight and height,the doctor enters the data into a mathematical formula and then tells Kendra that she is overweight.The doctor most likely used the formula to calculate Kendra's ________________.

A)body mass index
B)positive energy balance
C)set point
D)obesity rate

Question 36

Some researchers believe that the body has mechanisms to keep your body weight within a small range.For example,if you began eating more calories than usual,your body may increase its energy expenditure to keep your weight within the range.This range is referred to as the body's ___________.

A)mass index
B)set point
C)energy balance
D)resistance point

Question 37

Research discussed in your textbook indicated that television advertisements can have a significant impact on ____________.

A)the choice to smoke
B)snacking
C)stress levels
D)activity level

Question 38

In a study described in your textbook,psychologists studied students who lived in poorly designed and crowded dormitories.By comparing these students to others who had better accommodations,the psychologists determined that the stressful living conditions caused the students to:

A)become emotionally closer to the other students sharing the same space.
B)focus their anger onto one or two "scapegoats."
C)develop emotional coping strategies.
D)lose their sense of control and feel helpless.

Question 39

According to set point theory,which of the following could cause a person's set point to change?

A)exposure to food advertising
B)stress
C)deciding to lose weight
D)gaining a large amount of weight

Question 40

According to set point theory,the set point is initially set by _______________,but can be modified by ______________.

A)genetic factors; environmental factors
B)environmental factors; genetic factors
C)exercise; caloric intake
D)caloric intake exercise.

Question 41

Which of the following would most likely be an acute stressor?

A)discrimination
B)long-term unemployment
C)having a fight
D)having a relative with mental illness

Question 42

Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made _________________.

A)a primary appraisal only
B)both a primary and a secondary appraisal
C)a stress-related decision
D)a hassle-related decision

Question 43

Stress,poor diet,and discrimination collectively place children growing up in ___________at greater risk for developing health problems.

A)single parent households
B)poverty
C)rural areas
D)boarding schools

Question 44

The unintentional spreading of a behavior as a result of social interactions is referred to as _____________.

A)meme propagation
B)social contagion
C)the HPA axis
D)peer mimicking

Question 45

Which of the following is true about discrimination?

A)Experiencing discrimination has short-,but not long-term effects on health.
B)Discrimination has a long-term effect on mental health,but not physical health.
C)Discrimination has a long-term effect on physical health,but not mental health.
D)Discrimination has a long-term effect on both physical and mental health.

Question 46

Dr.Benno leaves his practice in a wealthy suburb and begins seeing patients in a clinic in a poor urban are a.What can he expect will be the difference between his new patients and his former ones?

A)The new patients will be generally in worse health.
B)The new patients will have less stress because many are unemployed.
C)The new patients will have more stress but lower mortality rates.
D)The new patients will be less likely to suffer from diseases associated with high-pressure lives,like heart disease.

Question 47

Overtime,groups of people who interact regularly can become increasingly similar in terms of body weight,smoking habits,and even happiness.This increased similarity is likely due to ____________.

A)genetic factors
B)social contagion
C)set point changes
D)coincidence

Question 48

In addition to poor access to healthcare,which of the following is another factor associated with poverty that puts people with low socioeconomic status at the greatest risk for health problems?

A)genetics
B)crime
C)use of public transportation
D)stress

Question 49

Events which cause people to experience stress are called ___________.

A)stress stimuli
B)negative reinforcers
C)traumas
D)stressors

Question 50

Which of the following may explain why the health benefit of heterosexual marriage is different for men versus women?

A)Women tend to recognize and support the health of others more than men do.
B)Men tend to be more protective of their spouse than women.
C)Women experience more stress in a marriage than men do.
D)Women are more likely to engage in risky behavior if they are married.

Question 51

People with low socioeconomic statuses tend to have worse health than do those with high status.One reason for this is ________________.

A)malingering (pretending to be ill)
B)cultural reinforcers
C)environmental stressors
D)heredity

Question 52

When Wally decided to quit smoking,several of his friends began smoking less.Overtime,most of Wally's friends eventually stopped smoking as well.This is an example of social _____________.

A)contagion
B)discrimination
C)coercion
D)desensitization

Question 53

________ occurs when the demands of a situation exceed our ability to cope effectively.

A)Stress
B)Anxiety
C)Trauma
D)Stimuli

Question 54

_____________is as great a mortality risk as smoking,obesity,and high blood pressure.

A)Poor job satisfaction
B)Chronic social isolation
C)Being married
D)Experiencing an episode of discrimination

Question 55

Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip,where she must travel through an area with many mountains,will pose a danger for her.As such,this example illustrates _______________.

A)a stress reaction
B)coping
C)primary appraisal
D)secondary appraisal

Question 56

High stress levels and poor nutrition put children who grow up in low socioeconomic status communities at a greater risk of developing ___________ as adults.

A)schizophrenia
B)heart disease
C)post-traumatic growth
D)social contagion

Question 57

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor,we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor.This process is called ______________.

A)primary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal
C)tertiary appraisal
D)distress-eustress dichotomy

Question 58

Larry and Kim just got married.Although every marriage is different,how is their marriage most likely to affect their health?

A)Larry's health with benefit from the marriage while Kim's health with suffer.
B)Kim's health with benefit from the marriage while Larry's health with suffer.
C)Both Larry and Kim will benefit,but Larry will benefit more.
D)Both Larry and Kim will benefit,but Kim will benefit more.

Question 59

According to Lazarus and Folkman,our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to determine whether it is a challenge or threat.This evaluation is referred to as _____________.

A)primary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal
C)stress-related decision
D)hassle-related decision

Question 60

Which of the following is true about health effects of a man and women marrying?

A)Both the man and women typically benefit equally from the marriage.
B)While both the man and woman benefit from the marriage,the man typically has the greater health benefits.
C)While both the man and woman benefit from the marriage,the woman typically has the greater health benefits.
D)The man is more likely to benefit,while the woman is more likely to have a small decrease in health as a result of marrying.

Question 61

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure change due to ________________.

A)natural disasters
B)major life events
C)social difficulties
D)negative life events

Question 62

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress,which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 63

According to Hans Selye,resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)collapse

Question 64

According to its developers,a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have ___________ in the near future.

A)more frequent changes of job
B)a divorce
C)commission of a crime
D)a higher chance of becoming ill

Question 65

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of "stress units"?

A)Divorce
B)Marriage
C)Death of a spouse
D)Damage to the home

Question 66

Generally speaking,low levels of arousal facilitate ______________,while higher levels of arousal facilitate ______________.

A)studying; test taking
B)test taking; studying
C)solving complex tasks; solving simple tasks
D)solving simple tasks; solving complex tasks

Question 67

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?

A)Hans Selye
B)Berkowitz
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Lazarus

Question 68

The term "fight-or-flight response" was dubbed by American psychologist ______________.

A)William James
B)Walter Cannon
C)Francis Sumner
D)Mary Carver

Question 69

When a person is under stress,the hypothalamus activates the __________ system,producing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the body.

A)somatic nervous
B)reticular activating
C)parasympathetic nervous
D)sympathetic nervous

Question 70

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome might explain why college students tend to experience a higher rate of absenteeism from class around midterm and final exam time each semester?

A)Resistance
B)Exhaustion
C)Alarm
D)Surrender

Question 71

According to Cannon,the "fight-or-flight response" is:

A)a general response to many different types of stressors.
B)a response to physical stressors,but not other types of stressors such as social or cognitive stressors.
C)an extreme form of the stress response that only occurs in life-threatening emergences.
D)a coping strategy.

Question 72

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)resistance,alarm,exhaustion
B)exhaustion,resistance,alarm
C)alarm,exhaustion,resistance
D)alarm,resistance,exhaustion

Question 73

______________ measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life changes.

A)Secondary appraisal
B)Primary appraisal
C)The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D)Type A Personality Scale

Question 74

Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye,she is in the _______________.

A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase

Question 75

Which of the following is true about stress?

A)Any amount of stress is detrimental and should be avoided.
B)High levels of stress generally improve performance.
C)Stress facilitates performing complex tasks more than it does simple tasks.
D)Low levels of stress can be motivating.

Question 76

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures stress related to _____________.

A)positive and negative life events
B)only negative life events
C)only positive life events
D)internal stressors

Question 77

For the past six months,Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful,but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition.Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes.According to Hans Selye,Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 78

When you are under stress,the _______________ sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways.

A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 79

Kenya is experiencing absolutely no stress while taking a test.What effect is this most likely to have on her performance and why?

A)It will improve her grade because she will experience less distraction.
B)It will improve her grade because she will be able to recall information more easily.
C)It will lower her grade because her arousal level will be low.
D)It will lower her grade because suppressing stress taxes cognitive resources.

Question 80

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stress and major life events?

A)Research has shown that the stress caused by positive life events is nearly non-existent when compared to the stress caused by negative or bad life events.
B)Major life events can cause significant stress,even if they are good or positive life events.
C)Research has demonstrated that getting married,having a child,and losing a job are,in that order,the top three stressors reported by most adults.
D)Major life events can be more easily described as daily hassles.