Deck 11: Water and Major Minerals

Question 1

Renin is secreted from the kidneys in response to ________.

A)low blood volume and falling blood pressure
B)low blood volume and high blood pressure
C)high blood volume and falling blood pressure
D)high blood volume and high blood pressure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Kevin is a healthy 30-year-old male.  According to the adequate intake (AI)for total water,Kevin should consume approximately ________ cups of water daily.

A)15.5
B)13
C)11
D)9)5

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Liyah is a 22-year-old healthy female.  According to the adequate intake (AI)for total water,Liyah should consume approximately ________ cups of water daily.

A)11
B)9
C)7
D)13

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients.One of the minerals in her formula has a Recommended Dietary Allowance of 130 mg/day.How should she classify this particular mineral?

A)Trace mineral
B)Major mineral
C)Possible essential mineral 
D)Nonessential mineral 

Question 5

Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?

A)Safflower oil
B)Peach
C)Whole-wheat bread
D)Saltine crackers

Question 6

Aldosterone ________.

A)signals the kidneys to conserve sodium
B)increases water excretion in the urine
C)is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland
D)is secreted in response to water intoxication

Question 7

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.

A)osmosis
B)water permeability
C)facilitated diffusion
D)hydrolysis

Question 8

In the human body,water is involved in ________.

A)providing energy for physical activities
B)protecting DNA from oxidizing agents
C)regulating body temperature
D)making mineral nutrients

Question 9

In the human body,water is involved in ________.

A)transporting substances
B)providing energy to fuel cellular activity
C)protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from free radical damage
D)alcohol digestion

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Most of the water that enters the digestive tract is excreted in feces.
B)Water and beverages comprise 100% of a person's total water intake.
C)Cells produce water as a by-product of metabolism.
D)In general,fruits and vegetables are less than 25% water by weight.

Question 11

Maintenance of normal extracellular fluid volume depends largely on the extracellular concentration of ________ ions.

A)hydride and bromide 
B)nitrogen and potassium 
C)sodium and chloride 
D)iodide and sulfide 

Question 12

After experiencing considerable pain and having blood in his urine,Solomon visited his physician and was diagnosed with kidney stones.  Kidney stones occur as a result of ________.

A)minerals and waste products collecting and forming a hard mass
B)the lining of the kidneys becoming inflammed and causing cellular overgrowth
C)ammonia not being converted into urea efficiently in the liver
D)glucose and protein forming a ball-like complex

Question 13

Dehydration can cause ________.

A)death
B)diabetes
C)hypoglycemia
D)cirrhosis

Question 14

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone act to increase urinary ________.

A)water excretion
B)water conservation
C)sodium elimination
D)iron metabolism

Question 15

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients.She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral,one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day.How should she classify this particular mineral?

A)Trace mineral
B)Major mineral
C)Possible essential mineral 
D)Nonessential mineral 

Question 16

Approximately ________ of the average adult male's body weight is water.

A)60
B)45
C)75
D)90

Question 17

Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance? 

A)Lungs 
B)Kidneys
C)Skin
D)Thyroid gland

Question 18

Yesterday,Jenny ran in a marathon race.While she ran,she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course.At the end of the race,she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line.She was confused,and she complained of having a headache and feeling dizzy.Based on this information,Jenny was probably suffering from ________.

A)brain cancer
B)water intoxication
C)heat cramps
D)kidney failure

Question 19

Maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely on the intracellular concentration of ________ ions.

A)hydride and iodide
B)potassium and phosphate 
C)oxide and nitride 
D)sulfide and bromide 

Question 20

Hyponatremia ________.

A)All of the choices are correct.
B)occurs as a result of low blood sodium
C)can cause drowsiness,confusion,and nausea
D)can result in death

Question 21

Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain animal foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract.

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone ________.

A)increases the body's rate of potassium excretion
B)signals osteoblasts to release calcium from bones
C)enables glucose to enter cells
D)enhances the body's ability to retain calcium

Question 23

Copper and magnesium are cofactors that certain enzymes need to function.

Question 24

Which of the following minerals is important as part of an antioxidant defense system?

A)Selenium
B)Calcium
C)Phosphorus
D)Potassium

Question 25

Foster consumes about 350 g of protein daily,mostly in the form of meat and amino acid supplements.He does not use vitamin/mineral supplements,and he eats very few fruits,vegetables,and grains.Based on this information,Foster's diet lacks ________.

A)sodium
B)calcium
C)phosphorus
D)potassium

Question 26

________ is classified as a major mineral.

A)Sodium
B)Zinc
C)Iron
D)Fluoride

Question 27

Which of the following factors enhances calcium absorption?

A)Adequate amounts of calcitriol
B)Reduced stomach acid secretion
C)High fiber intake
D)Phytic acid consumption

Question 28

Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?

A)Aluminum
B)Cesium
C)Selenium
D)Calcium

Question 29

Osteoporosis is characterized by ________.

A)defective collagen production
B)keratinization and death of epithelial cells
C)loss of bone mass and structure
D)immature red blood cells that lack hemoglobin

Question 30

Which of the following minerals may have a physiological role,but more research is necessary to determine whether it is essential?

A)Selenium
B)Magnesium
C)Zinc
D)Lithium

Question 31

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans,which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern?

A)Calcium
B)Manganese
C)Selenium
D)Copper

Question 32

All of the following minerals play a role in bone health EXCEPT ________.

A)zinc
B)sodium
C)magnesium
D)iron

Question 33

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?

A)Being physically inactive
B)Growing older
C)Having a small,thin-boned body frame
D)Having white or Asian ancestry

Question 34

Osteclast cells are a type of bone cell that break down bone tissue.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

A)Iron
B)Calcium
C)Potassium
D)Sulfur

Question 36

Iron is the only mineral added to processed grain products during enrichment.

Question 37

Calcitonin ________.

A)is secreted when blood levels of calcium are too high
B)is secreted from the parathyroid glands
C)stimulates vitamin D activity
D)increases calcium retention in the kidneys

Question 38

Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium?

A)Fat-free yogurt
B)Fried chicken
C)Canned sardines
D)Raw kale

Question 39

Consuming too much rhubarb,which contains ________,can inhibit absorption of calcium in the GI tract.

A)oxalic acid
B)phytic acid
C)ascorbic acid
D)calcium reductase

Question 40

Calcium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)blood clotting
B)transmission of nerve impulses
C)cellular metabolism
D)fluid balance

Question 41

Phosphorus is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)regulation of acid-base balance
B)transmission of nerve impulses
C)activation of enzymes and hormones necessary for energy metabolism
D)synthesis of DNA and RNA

Question 42

For adults under the age of 51 years,the adequate intake for sodium is ________ daily.

A)1500 mg
B)2300 mg
C)1000 mg
D)2800 mg

Question 43

Which of the following foods has the lowest phosphorus content per serving?

A)Canned tuna
B)Chicken breast
C)Cottage cheese
D)Sunflower seeds

Question 44

Children who are deficient in phosphorus experience symptoms of marasmus.

Question 45

Lola doesn't like to cook,so she eats fast food at least three times a week.When she doesn't eat fast food,she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich.For snacks,she prefers processed cheese cubes,potato chips,and pretzels.Based on this information,her diet is very high in ________.

A)potassium
B)vitamin D
C)beta-carotene
D)sodium

Question 46

Hyperphosphatemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease due to the formation of calcium-phosphorus deposits in blood vessels.

Question 47

When participating in an event,endurance athletes often use which of the following foods or beverages to avoid sodium depletion?

A)Sports drinks
B)Fat-free milk
C)Dill pickles
D)Bottled water

Question 48

Thirty-year-old Laney is concerned about her risk for osteoporosis as both her grandmother and mother have experienced broken bones as a result of osteoporosis.  To reduce her risk for osteoporosis,Laney should ________.

A)All of the choices are correct.
B)eat a diet rich in both calcium and vitamin D
C)exercise regularly
D)limit her consumption of alcohol

Question 49

________ is not one of the major signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.

A)Muscle weakness
B)Bone pain
C)Hypertension
D)A weakened immune system

Question 50

Which of the following foods is the best source of phosphorus per serving?

A)Plain,low-fat yogurt
B)Raw,firm tofu
C)Hummus
D)Smooth peanut butter

Question 51

Pickled foods,canned soups,soy sauce,and deli (luncheon)meats contain high amounts of ________.

A)magnesium
B)potassium
C)selenium
D)sodium

Question 52

Phosphorus is necessary for the body to synthesize phospholipids and ATP.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about calcium is false?

A)A person's calcium intake early in life can affect his or her bone density later.
B)Adolescents should consume adequate calcium to build strong bones.
C)After bones are formed early in life,the body has no need for calcium.
D)The calcium in dairy products is well absorbed by the body.

Question 54

In adults,hyponatremia occurs rapidly after a bout of mild diarrhea or vomiting.

Question 55

Use of calcium supplements has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 56

Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest risk of hypertension?

A)African Americans
B)Non-Hispanic white Americans
C)Native Americans
D)Asian Americans

Question 57

Sodium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)regulation of fluid balance
B)transmission of nerve impulses
C)muscle contraction and relaxation
D)energy metabolism

Question 58

Rebecca has hypertension.To help lower her blood pressure,she should ________.

A)follow a high-glycemic diet
B)consume more foods that contain iron and zinc
C)follow the DASH diet
D)reduce her potassium intake

Question 59

Zane had his blood pressure measured at a health fair.  The blood pressure reading was 116/76.  This is considered ________.

A)normal
B)high
C)low

Question 60

In the human body,sodium is necessary for transporting glucose and amino acids into cells.

Question 61

Which of the following foods contains the most magnesium?

A)Spinach,boiled,drained,1 cup
B)Brown rice,long grain,cooked,1 cup
C)Sweet potato,baked,1 cup
D)Soy milk,1 cup

Question 62

Magnesium is a critical component of hemoglobin,the green pigment in plants.

Question 63

Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?

A)Potassium
B)Iron
C)Fluoride
D)Copper

Question 64

Which of the following groups of people has the highest risk of magnesium deficiency?

A)Teenage boys
B)Alcoholic men
C)Female athletes
D)Vegetarians

Question 65

Which mineral is the primary positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid?

A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Chloride
D)Zinc

Question 66

Potassium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)contraction and relaxation of muscles
B)transmission of nerve impulses
C)cellular metabolism
D)fluid balance

Question 67

Hyperkalemia can cause a person's heart to stop beating.

Question 68

The body needs magnesium to maintain a healthy immune system.

Question 69

Which of the following foods is not a good source of magnesium?

A)Beans
B)Leafy greens
C)Chocolate
D)White bread

Question 70

________ is the primary anion found in extracellular fluid.

A)Chloride
B)Sodium
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium

Question 71

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with hypokalemia?

A)Loss of appetite
B)Muscle cramps
C)Constipation
D)Bone pain

Question 72

Hypermagnesemia is associated with all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)use of antacids
B)diarrhea
C)taking dietary supplements
D)eating too much spinach

Question 73

Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for hypertension?

A)Consuming too little sodium
B)Being overweight or obese
C)Physical inactivity
D)Type 2 diabetes

Question 74

Consuming a diet rich in potassium has been associated with ________ blood pressure.

A)a reduction in
B)an increase in
C)no effect on

Question 75

Which of the following foods contains the most potassium per serving and is low in fat and sodium?

A)Papaya
B)Ground beef 
C)Canned tomato soup
D)Corn oil

Question 76

Chloride is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)regulation of fluid balance
B)transmission of nerve impulses
C)production of stomach acid
D)energy metabolism

Question 77

In general,fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of ________.

A)zinc
B)calcium
C)potassium
D)iron

Question 78

Chloride is involved in the immune-fighting response of red blood cells.

Question 79

Magnesium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

A)regulation of blood glucose levels
B)formation of red blood cells
C)contraction and relaxation of muscles
D)synthesis of DNA and protein

Question 80

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans,which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern?

A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Magnesium
D)Copper