Deck 8: The Vitamins

Question 1

Overconsumption of the fat-soluble vitamins results in _____.

A) ​accumulation, which aids in the prevention of colds and infections
B) ​a non-observable condition, because they are excreted
C) ​possible toxicity, due to an accumulation in the body
D) ​weight gain due to increased fat intake
E) ​increased excretion of water-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The body makes one unit of retinol from approximately 12 units of beta-carotene.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A dietary deficiency of vitamin A can produce _____.

A) ​rickets
B) ​night blindness
C) ​a prolonged blood-clotting time
D) ​light sensitivity
E) ​beta-carotenosis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Children are most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity because they need less of it and are more sensitive to overdoses.

Question 5

Some vitamins are available from foods as precursors called _____.

A) ​provitamins
B) ​coenzymes
C) ​pre-enzymes
D) ​free radicals
E) ​oxidants

Question 6

Which form of vitamin A is involved in the regulation of gene expression?

A) ​retinoic acid
B) ​retinol
C) ​retinal
D) ​retinol-binding protein
E) ​retinolic acid

Question 7

The active form of vitamin A that functions in vision is _____.

A) ​opsin
B) ​retinol
C) ​retinal
D) ​retinoic acid
E) ​tryptophan

Question 8

It is not absolutely necessary to consume the fat-soluble vitamins every day because they _____.

A) ​would just be excreted from the body
B) ​are only absorbed in limited amounts
C) ​can be stored in the body for future use
D) ​would reach toxic amounts in the body
E) ​are not as important as water-soluble vitamins

Question 9

Generally, fat-soluble vitamins will be found in foods such as _____.

A) ​oranges and strawberries
B) ​whole milk and eggs
C) ​potatoes and carrots
D) ​lettuce and spinach
E) ​root vegetables and rice

Question 10

Sixty milligrams of niacin can be made from one milligram of tryptophan.

Question 11

Which vitamin is not fat-soluble?

A) ​vitamin A
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​vitamin D
D) ​vitamin E
E) ​vitamin K

Question 12

The fat-soluble vitamins _____.

A) ​are less stable than the water-soluble vitamins
B) ​are absorbed like fats
C) ​are usually constituents of coenzymes
D) ​are not essential
E) ​are only found in animal products like meat and eggs

Question 13

Because of their inorganic nature, vitamins can be destroyed during storage and in cooking and must be handled with care.

Question 14

The amount of a vitamin absorbed and used by the body is called _____.

A) ​vitamin efficiency
B) ​bioavailability
C) ​fortification
D) ​vitamin equivalency
E) ​vitamin intake

Question 15

In vegans, a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ may be masked by a high intake of folate.

Question 16

The eight B vitamins must be present in every cell continuously in order for the cells to function properly.

Question 17

In adults, vitamin E deficiency is usually associated with diseases that cause malabsorption of carbohydrates.

Question 18

The cooking method used to prepare a food can affect the bioavailability of vitamins.

Question 19

Potatoes provide about half of the vitamin C consumed by Americans.

Question 20

The only disease a vitamin can cure is the disease caused by a deficiency of that vitamin.

Question 21

Vitamin D can be made in the body with the help of ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​tryptophan
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​sunlight
E) ​selenium

Question 22

Vitamin A plays a role in cell differentiation, which means that it _____.

A) ​helps cells differentiate between the vitamins
B) ​allows cells to specialize and mature so they can perform their intended functions
C) ​promotes the storage of fat-soluble vitamins
D) ​aids in excretion of water-soluble vitamins
E) ​allows cells to undergo apoptosis so they can perform their intended functions

Question 23

Vitamin A toxicity is likely to occur from _____.

A) ​consuming too many dark green vegetables
B) ​overconsumption of whole grains
C) ​consuming large amounts of fortified foods or vitamin A supplements
D) ​drinking too much orange juice
E) ​consuming too many carrots

Question 24

After 30 minutes of sun exposure, which individual people would have synthesized the most vitamin D?

A) ​a light-skinned person
B) ​a dark-skinned person
C) ​a young child
D) ​an older person
E) ​a pregnant woman

Question 25

Beta-carotene prevents _____ from damaging cells.

A) ​free radicals
B) ​antioxidants
C) ​blood clots
D) ​vitamin E
E) ​teratogenes

Question 26

Many of the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, such as blindness and an increase in respiratory infections, are related to the role of vitamin A in _____.

A) ​blood clotting
B) ​synthesis of visual pigment
C) ​maintenance of epithelial cells
D) ​synthesis of some hormones
E) ​synthesis of nephrons

Question 27

Which condition is the major cause of preventable childhood blindness in the world?

A) ​vitamin C deficiency
B) ​riboflavin deficiency
C) ​pantothenic acid deficiency
D) ​vitamin A deficiency
E) ​macular degeneration

Question 28

An excess of vitamin _____ can result in hardening of blood vessels due to excess blood calcium.

A) ​A
B) ​B₆
C) ​D
D) ​C
E) ​B₁₂

Question 29

Excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults may result in _____.

A) ​greater bone density
B) ​mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney
C) ​deformity of the leg bones, ribs, and skull
D) ​increased bone calcification
E) ​decreased bone calcification

Question 30

A deficiency of vitamin _____ can cause rickets.

A) ​A
B) ​B₁₂
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​B₆

Question 31

Children with measles or measles-related infections may benefit from _____ supplementation.

A) ​vitamin C
B) ​vitamin A
C) ​iron
D) ​folate
E) ​vitamin B₁₂

Question 32

Which food group is the best source of beta-carotene?

A) ​meat group
B) ​milk group
C) ​vegetable group
D) ​grain group
E) ​fish group

Question 33

The main function of vitamin D in bone growth is to _____.

A) ​synthesize 7-dehydrocholesterol
B) ​assist in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
C) ​mobilize calcium from the bone
D) ​secrete calcitonin
E) ​assist in the absorption of vitamin A

Question 34

Vitamin A plays a role in _____.

A) ​absorbing nutrients in the small intestine
B) ​maintaining healthy stomach tissues
C) ​curing cancer
D) ​maintaining healthy epithelial tissues
E) ​releasing energy from the energy-yielding nutrients

Question 35

The effects of a vitamin D deficiency are most readily observed in the _____.

A) ​nervous system
B) ​skeletal system
C) ​muscular system
D) ​epithelial tissue
E) ​immune system

Question 36

Excessive vitamin A during pregnancy poses a teratogenic risk by _____.

A) ​increasing the risk of birth defects
B) ​building up in the blood and causing calcification of soft tissues
C) ​resulting in a low-birth weight infant
D) ​increasing the risk of infectious disease
E) ​leading to four well-known autoimmune diseases

Question 37

Osteomalacia is mainly due to a deficiency of _____.

A) ​vitamin A
B) ​vitamin D
C) ​parathormone
D) ​calcitonin
E) ​erythrocytes

Question 38

If your eyes have difficulty adjusting to dim light, which of the following foods might improve your vision?

A) ​candied carrots
B) ​a peanut butter sandwich
C) ​brewer's yeast
D) ​pork chops
E) ​lemon wedges

Question 39

The fact that one microgram of retinol and 12 micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are both equal to one retinol activity equivalent indicates that _____.

A) ​retinol has greater activity than beta-carotene
B) ​beta-carotene is not a significant dietary source of vitamin A
C) ​toxicity is more likely to occur with beta-carotene than retinol
D) ​beta-carotene is absorbed and converted less efficiently than retinoids
E) ​most individuals would benefit from retinol supplements

Question 40

Among fruits and vegetables, the best sources of beta-carotene are _____.

A) ​green or yellow, like lettuce and corn
B) ​dark green or deep orange, like broccoli and sweet potatoes
C) ​green, like lettuce, peas, and snap beans
D) ​brightly colored, like tomatoes and lemons
E) ​dark red, like beets

Question 41

Thiamin is involved in _____.

A) ​the formation of red blood cells
B) ​blood coagulation
C) ​collagen formation
D) ​energy metabolism
E) ​stem cell creation

Question 42

The major role of vitamin E in the body is to _____.

A) ​aid in normal blood clotting
B) ​act as an antioxidant
C) ​aid in formation of normal epithelial tissue
D) ​act as a coenzyme in protein metabolism
E) ​aid in formation of new bone

Question 43

The chemical name for vitamin E is _____.

A) ​beta-carotene
B) ​cholecalciferol
C) ​ascorbic acid
D) ​tocopherol
E) ​tryptophan

Question 44

From the list below, choose the most reliable food source of vitamin D for children.

A) ​whole grains
B) ​fortified milk
C) ​yogurt
D) ​orange juice
E) ​soda

Question 45

Vitamin D deficiency is most likely observed among _____.

A) ​dark-skinned people who live in the south
B) ​fair-skinned people who live in the south
C) ​dark-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight
D) ​fair-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight
E) ​dark-skinned people who spend a lot of time outside

Question 46

Which vitamin can be used as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of high cholesterol?

A) ​thiamin
B) ​vitamin E
C) ​niacin
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​vitamin K

Question 47

Overconsumption of the water-soluble vitamins will likely result in _____.

A) ​a reserve supply, which will aid in the prevention of colds and infections
B) ​no apparent change, because they are stored in the adipose tissues
C) ​no apparent change, because they are excreted
D) ​toxic accumulation in the liver
E) ​kidney stones

Question 48

Which food contains the least vitamin E?

A) ​margarine
B) ​salad dressing
C) ​wheat germ oil
D) ​butter
E) ​green leafy vegetables

Question 49

Abuse of alcohol may lead to a severe form of thiamin deficiency called _____.

A) ​beriberi
B) ​Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
C) ​pellagra
D) ​rickets
E) ​fortification

Question 50

Vitamin E deficiencies are rarely observed in humans because _____.

A) ​the vitamin is so widespread in foods
B) ​it can be synthesized by the body
C) ​most people take vitamin E supplements
D) ​it is not essential
E) ​we do not require large amounts

Question 51

The most well-known role of vitamin B₆ is in relation to _____.

A) ​carbohydrate and lactose metabolism
B) ​fat metabolism
C) ​amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
D) ​mineral metabolism
E) ​water absorption

Question 52

Which statement describes niacin?

A) ​It can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan.
B) ​It can be used successfully to cure schizophrenia.
C) ​It is water soluble and therefore safe to administer in large doses.
D) ​It is an antioxidant.
E) ​It is a fat-soluble vitamin.

Question 53

Which vitamin is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A) ​vitamin A
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​vitamin K
D) ​vitamin E
E) ​vitamin B₁₂

Question 54

Vitamin E deficiency causes _____.

A) ​xerophthalmia
B) ​rickets
C) ​erythrocyte hemolysis
D) ​osteomalacia
E) ​night blindness

Question 55

Regarding vitamin E supplementation, scientists have concluded that _____.

A) ​there is not enough evidence to recommend taking supplements to prevent heart disease
B) ​sufficient evidence exists to recommend that everyone over 40 should take a supplement
C) ​large doses are more beneficial than low doses
D) ​all people who have had a heart attack should take a supplement
E) ​Vitamin E, in conjunction with fish oils, will prevent most cancers

Question 56

Riboflavin is used by the body to _____.

A) ​facilitate energy metabolism
B) ​prevent the disease pellagra
C) ​provide raw materials for red blood cells
D) ​maintain epithelial tissue​
E) ​form hyaline cartilage

Question 57

Which food would make the greatest contribution to a person's intake of riboflavin?

A) ​oatmeal
B) ​milk
C) ​oranges
D) ​yellow squash
E) ​eggs

Question 58

Vitamin K has long been known for _____.

A) ​being responsible for energy metabolism
B) ​promoting healthy epithelial tissue
C) ​being involved with blood clotting
D) ​enhancing calcium utilization
E) ​regulating blood sugar levels

Question 59

One factor that might limit sun exposure and, therefore, vitamin D synthesis is _____.

A) ​water intake
B) ​veganism
C) ​alcohol consumption
D) ​sunscreen use
E) ​tanning bed use

Question 60

Vitamin E _____.

A) ​functions as an effective anti-sterility agent in humans
B) ​protects vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation
C) ​is needed by humans as a dietary supplement because of the variety of functions it has in the body
D) ​slows down the aging process
E) ​protects the stomach lining from high acid levels

Question 61

Which vitamin is most vulnerable to interactions with alcohol and other drugs?

A) ​vitamin C
B) ​vitamin E
C) ​folate
D) ​biotin
E) ​riboflavin

Question 62

Absorption of _____ requires the presence of intrinsic factor.

A) ​vitamin B₆
B) ​vitamin D
C) ​vitamin B₁₂
D) ​vitamin A
E) ​vitamin K

Question 63

Which meal is lacking in vitamin C?

A) ​hotdog, cabbage, french fries, and milk
B) ​roast beef, cheese sauce, noodles, and tea
C) ​roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee
D) ​spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatballs, garlic bread, and cantaloupe
E) ​French toast, eggs, sausage, and cabbage slaw

Question 64

The formation of collagen requires an adequate intake of _____.

A) ​vitamin K
B) ​vitamin E
C) ​vitamin C
D) ​folate
E) ​triglycerides

Question 65

Vitamin B₆ differs from the other water-soluble vitamins in that it _____.

A) ​does not play a role in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients
B) ​can be stored in muscle tissue
C) ​is absorbed like the fat-soluble vitamins
D) ​is only found in animal foods
E) ​is never found in vegetables

Question 66

Studies suggest that a diet rich in carotenoids may be associated with a lower risk of _____.

A) ​diabetes
B) ​arthritis
C) ​heart disease
D) ​osteoporosis
E) ​Alzheimer's disease

Question 67

Excess intake of vitamin C may lead to_____.

A) ​iron overload
B) ​scurvy
C) ​gout
D) ​gallstones
E) ​kidney stones

Question 68

Which statement is representative of functional foods?

A) ​Shrimp is considered a functional food, because it was once a moving, functioning animal.
B) ​Vegetables, fruits, and other whole foods are not examples of functional foods.
C) ​Calcium-fortified orange juice is not a functional food.
D) ​Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition by altering one or more body processes.
E) ​The health benefits of functional foods are listed on the food label.

Question 69

The most important role of vitamin B₁₂ is to assist folate in _____.

A) ​cell division
B) conversion of tryptophan to niacin
C) ​release of energy from food
D) ​regulation of the body's use of calcium and phosphorus
E) ​conversion of niacin to tryptophan

Question 70

Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as dry scaly skin and failure of wounds to heal, are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of _____.

A) ​calcium and iron
B) ​thyroxin
C) ​collagen
D) ​adrenal hormones
E) ​elastin

Question 71

Ascorbic acid is another name for _____.

A) ​niacin
B) ​thiamin
C) ​vitamin C
D) ​vitamin B₆
E) ​vitamin D

Question 72

The first signs of vitamin C deficiency appear in the _____.

A) ​blood vessels
B) ​bones
C) ​hair
D) ​fingernails
E) ​irises

Question 73

The replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells depends most heavily on _____.

A) ​thiamin
B) ​riboflavin
C) ​niacin
D) ​folate
E) ​biotin

Question 74

The best way to reap the benefits of phytochemicals is by _____.

A) ​eating a variety of plant foods
B) ​taking a variety of supplements
C) ​increasing your consumption of animal foods
D) ​frequently consuming manufactured functional foods
E) ​eating only plants that grow from the ground, not from trees

Question 75

Which group of people needs an intake of vitamin C in excess of the RDA?

A) ​smokers
B) ​professional athletes
C) ​the elderly
D) ​growing children
E) ​newborns

Question 76

Research concerning the effectiveness of manufactured functional foods _____.

A) ​is inconclusive at this time
B) ​shows definite benefits to consuming such foods
C) ​suggests that they may be substituted for prescription drugs
D) ​is supported by the FDA
E) ​is definitive, requiring no further study

Question 77

The absorption of iron from iron-containing foods can double or triple when eaten at the same meal with foods containing _____.

A) ​folate
B) ​protein
C) ​vitamin C
D) ​calcium
E) ​vitamin D

Question 78

Phytochemicals _____.

A) ​are essential nutrients
B) ​are bioactive compounds found in foods
C) ​have no biological activity in the body
D) ​are nonessential nutrients
E) ​are only found in animal tissue

Question 79

The best food sources for the water-soluble vitamins are ______.

A) ​butter and vegetable oils
B) ​oranges and cereals
C) ​sugar and cornstarch
D) ​egg yolks and apples
E) ​fish and seaweed

Question 80

Which group of people is most at risk for a primary deficiency of vitamin B₁₂?

A) ​the elderly
B) ​infants
C) ​athletes
D) ​vegans
E) ​pregnant women