Deck 4: Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now

Question 1

Which of the following theorists used introspection as a scientific technique for investigating consciousness?

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)John Watson
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who was the American scholar,who broadened psychology to include animal behavior,religious experience,and abnormal behavior and helped to establish psychology as a separate discipline with his first book,Principles of Psychology?

A)John Watson
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Edward Titchener
D)William James

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding the process of introspection is FALSE?

A)People often disagreed regarding the perceptions they obtained during introspection.
B)Introspection was the main technique utilized by the behaviorists.
C)Wundt first used the method of introspection in his lab to probe his reactions to various stimuli.
D)Introspection is still used today as one source of insight in studies of hypnosis,meditation,problem solving,and moods.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Edward Titchener called Wundt's ideas structuralism because he tried to analyze the structure of mental life into

A)archetypes.
B)behavioral principles.
C)five stages of "psychosexual" development.
D)basic "elements" or "building blocks."

Question 5

Wundt's ideas were carried to the United States by Edward Titchener with these ideas forming the school of thought known as

A)structuralism.
B)functionalism.
C)humanism.
D)behaviorism.

Question 6

In their attempts to analyze consciousness into its elements,the structuralists used a method called

A)conditioning.
B)Gestalt synthesis.
C)natural selection.
D)introspection.

Question 7

Wundt observed stimuli of various kinds and then tried to "look inward" to probe his reactions to these stimuli through a process known as

A)analytical logic.
B)reduction division.
C)transduction.
D)introspection.

Question 8

The concept of natural selection was adapted to the study of human behavior by the followers of which school of thought in psychology?

A)humanism
B)Gestaltism
C)structuralism
D)functionalism

Question 9

Wundt systematically observed and measured sensations that consisted of physical energy that affects people and evokes a response called a(n)

A)archetype.
B)metacomponent.
C)stimulus.
D)precipitant.

Question 10

Psychology's history as a science began in

A)1848 at Harvard University.
B)1879 in Leipzig,Germany.
C)1895 in Vienna,Austria.
D)1905 in Paris,France.

Question 11

The structuralist school of psychology

A)used introspection to analyze conscious experience.
B)relied heavily on the concept of natural selection.
C)was concerned with experiences as wholes.
D)used dream analysis to reveal the unconscious.

Question 12

The American scholar known as the founder of functionalism was

A)William James.
B)B.F.Skinner.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Erik Erikson.

Question 13

Wundt's ideas were carried to the United States by

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Edward Titchener.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Fritz Perls.

Question 14

William James founded the school of thought in psychology known as

A)structuralism.
B)functionalism.
C)behaviorism.
D)humanism.

Question 15

As Wundt studied vision,hearing,taste,touch,memory,and time perception in the first psychological lab,he helped make psychology a true science because he insisted on the use of measurement and

A)systematic observation.
B)intuitive analysis.
C)commonsense reasoning.
D)comparative phrenology.

Question 16

Edward Titchener is known for

A)developing psychoanalysis.
B)working with animals using behavioral principles.
C)bringing structuralism to America.
D)developing the Gestalt principles of perception.

Question 17

The father of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was

A)Wilhelm Wundt.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)John B.Watson.
D)B.F.Skinner.

Question 18

Psychology became a science in 1879 when psychologists began to

A)avoid deductive thinking.
B)understand the relationship between humans and animals.
C)use machines to record the behaviors of organisms.
D)make observations,perform experiments,and seek information.

Question 19

The first psychological laboratory in Leipzig,Germany was set up in order to

A)break down conscious experiences,such as sensations.
B)study how the use of reinforcement and punishment alter behaviors.
C)understand the unconscious conflicts individuals experience.
D)understand how language and intelligence develop.

Question 20

Any physical energy that affects people and evokes a response is called a(n)

A)archetype.
B)metacomponent.
C)stimulus.
D)precipitant.

Question 21

Which psychologist realized that he could study the overt behavior of animals by simply observing the relationship between stimuli and an animal's responses?

A)John B.Watson
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 22

Which school of thought in psychology emphasizes the study of overt,observable behavior?

A)Gestalt psychology
B)behaviorism
C)structuralism
D)functionalism

Question 23

According to John B.Watson,introspection was

A)a valid method of research.
B)unscientific.
C)the cornerstone of behaviorism.
D)too objective.

Question 24

To explain most behavior,John B.Watson adopted the concept of conditioning developed by

A)Max Wertheimer.
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)Ivan Pavlov.
D)Edward Titchener.

Question 25

A learned reaction to a particular stimulus is called a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)self-observation.
C)conscious experience.
D)unconscious motivation.

Question 26

The functionalists were interested in how thoughts,feelings,perceptions,and habits help people and animals

A)form meaningful Gestalts.
B)introspect and experience the phi phenomenon.
C)adapt to their environment.
D)form connections between stimuli and responses.

Question 27

Learning makes us more adaptable,so the functionalists tried to find ways to improve education and promoted the study of learning,teaching,classroom dynamics,and related topics called psychology.

A)community
B)forensic
C)comparative
D)educational

Question 28

Stimuli,responses,conditioning,and learning are key concepts in the thinking of

A)behaviorists.
B)Gestalt psychologists.
C)structuralists.
D)psychoanalysts.

Question 29

The ideas of which psychologist were most similar to those of Charles Darwin?

A)Edward Titchener
B)William James
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 30

William James regarded consciousness as

A)connections between stimuli and responses.
B)an ever-changing flow of images and sensations.
C)being overshadowed by the unconscious mind.
D)a set of building blocks to be analyzed through introspection.

Question 31

Which psychologist said,"Give me a dozen healthy infants ...and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select ..."?

A)William James
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Sigmund Freud
D)John Watson

Question 32

The functionalists primarily followed the principles of

A)economics and the law of supply and demand.
B)physics and the laws of gravity.
C)biology and natural selection.
D)chemistry and the table of elements.

Question 33

With its emphasis on stimuli and responses,which school of thought helped make psychology a natural science,rather than a branch of philosophy?

A)behaviorism
B)Gestalt psychology
C)humanistic psychology
D)psychoanalysis

Question 34

The idea that a behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments is most closely associated with

A)Abraham Maslow.
B)B.F.Skinner.
C)Wilhelm Wundt.
D)William James.

Question 35

Which psychologist advanced the theory that a "designed culture" based on positive reinforcement could encourage desirable behavior?

A)William James
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Max Wertheimer
D)Carl Rogers

Question 36

Which school of thought in psychology is known for developing the proper use of reward,punishment,and conditioning to change problems?

A)behaviorism
B)Gestalt psychology
C)humanistic psychology
D)psychoanalysis

Question 37

Functionalism promoted the study of people at work,which is called psychology.

A)industrial-organizational
B)forensic
C)comparative
D)humanistic

Question 38

Pavlov's contribution to behaviorism lies in his discovery of

A)the conditioned response.
B)self-observation.
C)conscious experience.
D)unconscious motivation.

Question 39

Which school of thought brought the study of animals to psychology and also promoted educational psychology and industrial psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)humanistic psychology
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 40

Skinner's contribution to behaviorism lies in his insistence that

A)one's actions are controlled by rewards and punishments.
B)behavior is only partially conscious.
C)the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
D)self-actualization is the primary determinant of behavior.

Question 41

The use of learning principles to change problems,such as overeating,unrealistic fears,or temper tantrums,is called

A)psychoanalysis.
B)Gestalt psychotherapy.
C)self-actualized humanism.
D)behavior therapy.

Question 42

Psychologists in which school of thought believed that thinking,learning,and perception should be studied in whole units rather than analyzing these experiences into smaller parts?

A)behaviorism
B)psychoanalytic psychology
C)structuralism
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 43

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Gestalt Psychology?

A)Gestalt Psychology's motto is "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
B)Gestalt Psychology was founded by Max Wertheimer.
C)Gestalt Psychology has influenced studies of perception and personality and inspired a type of psychotherapy.
D)Gestalt Psychology explains behavior in terms of stimuli and responses.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about B.F.Skinner is FALSE?

A)Skinner believed that it is important to consider mental events,such as thinking,in explaining why a certain behavior occurs.
B)Skinner developed an operant conditioning chamber that bears his name.
C)Skinner believed that misguided rewards and punishment can lead to destructive actions that create problems,such as overpopulation,pollution,and war.
D)Skinner disliked the use of punishment because it does not teach correct responses.

Question 45

Freud believed that mental life is like an iceberg with only a small part being exposed to view.He called the area of the mind that is not exposed and which lies outside of personal awareness the

A)unconscious.
B)conscious.
C)superego.
D)frame of reference.

Question 46

Strict,or radical,behaviorists were criticized for overlooking the role that which of the following plays in our lives?

A)rewards
B)thinking
C)punishments
D)stimuli

Question 47

Skinner's view of psychology has led to some criticism of his tendency to

A)believe mental events,such as thinking,are not needed to explain behavior.
B)rely too heavily on introspection.
C)favor punishment over reinforcement as a means of controlling behavior.
D)disregard the use of lower animals in studying human behavior.

Question 48

As used by Freud,the unconscious refers to

A)those things we choose to forget.
B)the area of the mind that lies outside of personal awareness.
C)the tip,or smallest area,of the iceberg.
D)all of these.

Question 49

Which of the following theorists is associated with Gestalt psychology?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Max Wertheimer
D)John Watson

Question 50

Patrick borrows his mother's car keys and tries to start the car as he has seen his parents do so often.Their neighbor,who is a psychologist,explained that Patrick modeled his parents' driving behavior because he had the expectation of being rewarded with the fun of driving.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?

A)psychobehaviorism
B)Gestalt psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)cognitive behaviorism

Question 51

To solve problems in your life,a Gestalt psychologist might

A)recommend the use of rewards and punishments.
B)suggest that you explore patterns in your behavior as a whole rather than analyzing each individual action.
C)suggest that you analyze the psychological events in your life into pieces,or "elements."
D)recommend that you examine the unconscious conflicts in your life through a free association exercise.

Question 52

In shaping our personalities,Freud stressed the role of

A)self-actualization.
B)conditioned responses.
C)rewards and punishments.
D)unconscious conflicts.

Question 53

The "whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is the slogan of the

A)Gestalt psychologists.
B)behaviorists.
C)structuralists.
D)psychoanalysts.

Question 54

The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Wilhelm Wundt.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)William James.

Question 55

If you heard only the individual notes of your favorite song played one per hour,you would not recognize it.However,when these notes are played together in the correct order and close in time as a melody,your favorite song is easily recognizable.The importance of being able to hear a melody rather than individual notes illustrates which school of thought in psychology?

A)Gestalt psychology
B)structuralism
C)behaviorism
D)psychodynamic psychology

Question 56

When we see a painting by George Seurat,the famous French impressionist,we tend to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series of separate,differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed.This phenomenon illustrates which school of thought in psychology?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)psychodynamic psychology

Question 57

You frequently visit a particular website because it offers free streaming videos.Your psychology professor explains that you are not only rewarded by the pleasure of watching interesting videos each time you go to the site,but you also expect to find free videos at the site.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?

A)humanistic psychology
B)Gestalt psychology
C)cognitive behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 58

The psychological view that combines thinking (and the expectation of the reward)with learning theory is known as

A)psychobehaviorism.
B)cognitive behaviorism.
C)cognitive functionalism.
D)Gestalt psychology.

Question 59

Max Wertheimer is associated with which one of the following schools of thought?

A)Gestalt psychology
B)behaviorism
C)psychoanalysis
D)functionalism

Question 60

Which theorist believed that our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts,impulses,and desires,especially those concerning sex and aggression?

A)John Watson
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)William James

Question 61

The first fully developed psychotherapy or "talking cure" was

A)transactional analysis.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)logotherapy.
D)client-centered therapy.

Question 62

When Freud stated that a person's thoughts were "repressed," he meant that

A)these thoughts were unimportant to the person.
B)these thoughts were being held out of awareness because they were threatening.
C)older thoughts were often forgotten.
D)thoughts,emotions,or actions occur randomly rather than being predetermined.

Question 63

Sigmund Freud's approach to psychotherapy is known as

A)Gestalt therapy.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)behavior modification.
D)client-centered therapy.

Question 64

Psychologists from which school of thought would be most likely to explain that threatening thoughts are sometimes repressed?

A)structuralism
B)psychoanalytic psychology
C)humanistic psychology
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 65

Dr.Malloy explains to his patient that a person's threatening thoughts are often repressed so that he or she will be unaware of them.However,these repressed thoughts might "surface" in dreams,expressed emotions,or "slips of the tongue." Dr.Malloy has just explained the ideas of which school of thought in psychology?

A)structuralism
B)psychoanalytic psychology
C)humanistic psychology
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 66

Which of the following would NOT be considered a neo-Freudian?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Otto Rank
C)Erik Erikson
D)Anna Freud

Question 67

Which of the following would NOT be considered a neo-Freudian?

A)William James
B)Karen Horney
C)Carl Jung
D)Alfred Adler

Question 68

You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed.The psychologist talks to you about your past and attempts to link your present situation with unconscious patterns developed in your childhood as you interacted with your parents.The psychologist would probably belong to which school of psychology?

A)humanistic psychology
B)behaviorism
C)psychoanalytic psychology
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 69

Freud's legacy is evident in various psychodynamic theories,which emphasize

A)internal motives,conflicts,and unconscious forces.
B)free will and self-determination.
C)that the whole of one's personality is greater than the sum of its parts.
D)the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.

Question 70

Which of the following would be considered a neo-Freudian?

A)Max Wertheimer
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Edward Titchener
D)Carl Jung

Question 71

Alfred Adler,Karen Horney,Carl Jung,Otto Rank,and Erik Erikson would be considered

A)Gestalt psychologists.
B)neo-Freudians.
C)cognitive behaviorists.
D)functionalists.

Question 72

Like behaviorism,Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized that all thoughts,emotions,and actions are

A)random and accidental.
B)caused by external stimuli.
C)chosen through free will.
D)determined.

Question 73

Regarding Freud's contributions to psychology,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud is known for creating the first fully developed psychotherapy,or "talking cure."
B)Freud was among the first to appreciate that childhood affects adult personality.
C)When Freud's students broke away from his theories in order to modify and change them,they were called cognitive behaviorists.
D)Freud's ideas have been altered so much that few strictly psychoanalytic psychologists are left,although his legacy is still evident in various psychodynamic theories.

Question 74

Any theory of behavior the emphasizes internal conflicts,motives,and unconscious forces is a theory.

A)humanistic
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)Gestalt

Question 75

After your traumatic breakup with your girlfriend,you are having trouble remembering her phone number,her birthday,and other bits of information concerning your two-year relationship.A friend tells you that you are experiencing repression and these bits of information have been pushed into your unconscious mind.Your friend is interpreting your situation based on the theories of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Max Wertheimer.
D)Abraham Maslow.

Question 76

According to Freud,unconscious thoughts are often revealed by

A)dreams,emotions,and slips of the tongue.
B)self-actualization and peak experiences.
C)stimulus-response connections.
D)behaviors conditioned through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 77

Which of the following statements concerning psychodynamic psychology is FALSE?

A)Freud's ideas have been altered so much that few strictly psychoanalytic psychologists are left.
B)Like Freud's theory,psychodynamic theories continue to emphasize internal motives,conflicts,and unconscious forces.
C)Neo­Freudians revised parts of Freud's theory,often placing less emphasis on sex and aggression and more on social motives and relationships.
D)Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were two well-known neo-Freudians.

Question 78

When Freud's students broke away from his theories in order to modify and change them,they were called

A)neo-Freudians.
B)functionalists.
C)humanists.
D)cognitive behaviorists.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a part of Freud's theory?

A)The insistence that all thoughts,desires,and actions are determined.
B)The importance of childhood experiences in personality development.
C)The cause of behavior can be attributed to external stimuli.
D)The creation of the first fully developed psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis.

Question 80

Humanistic psychologists rejected psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism because they deemed both of these viewpoints to be

A)unscientific.
B)too subjective.
C)too deterministic.
D)characterized by all of these.