Deck 14: Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood

Question 1

According to the psychologist Carroll Izard,the most common infant expressions,in order of appearance,are

A)interest,joy,anger,sadness.
B)joy,interest,sadness,anger.
C)joy,sadness,anger,interest.
D)interest,sadness,anger,joy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

By eight to 12 months of age,infants smile more frequently when another person is nearby.This behavior is called a(n)

A)social intention.
B)Moro reflex.
C)social smile.
D)automatic smile.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Inexperienced parents of newborn infants should be advised that

A)their child's affectional needs are at least as important as his or her physical needs.
B)compared to a child's affectional needs,his or her physical needs are much more important.
C)it is imperative that the child bond with only one adult.
D)regardless of whether their affectional needs are met,children will naturally develop their capacity for warm and loving relationships.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Janine shows her newborn son to his sisters for the first time,and her newborn son shows the most common infant expression,which is

A)fear.
B)general excitement.
C)joy.
D)anger.

Question 5

According to Izard and other emotional researchers,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Izard believes that emotions are "hard­wired" by heredity and related to evolution.
B)Smiling is one of a baby's most common reactions.
C)Smiling probably helps babies survive by inviting parents to care for them.
D)Izard believes that infants can express several basic emotions as early as two weeks of age.

Question 6

Emily takes her new baby to the grocery store for the first time,and the baby shows the most common infant expression.According to psychologist Carroll Izard,this expression is

A)fear.
B)happiness.
C)interest.
D)anger.

Question 7

Most researchers who study emotional development believe that the only basic emotion that newborn infants clearly express is

A)sadness.
B)general excitement.
C)joy.
D)anger.

Question 8

According to research by Bridges,all basic human emotions appear before the age of

A)one month.
B)six months.
C)one year.
D)two years.

Question 9

Since even the basic human emotions of anger,fear,and joy appear to be unlearned and take time to develop,early emotional development must follow a pattern closely tied to

A)maturation.
B)habituation.
C)resiliency.
D)scaffolding.

Question 10

Regarding early emotional development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Experts agree that anger is the most common infant expression shown during the first year of life.
B)By the age of eight to 12 months,infants smile more frequently when another person is nearby.
C)Early emotional development follows a pattern closely tied to maturation.
D)When new parents see and hear a crying baby,they feel annoyed,irritated,disturbed,or unhappy.

Question 11

Psychologist Carroll Izard believes that the most common infant emotion is

A)interest.
B)fear.
C)anger.
D)joy.

Question 12

The fact that Maria,who is 10 months old,smiles when her daddy enters the room

A)is purely haphazard.
B)is a reaction Maria exhibits when people are nearby that invites their attention.
C)shows that Maria favors her father over her mother.
D)indicates that Maria will have an easy temperament as a child.

Question 13

Providing affectional needs to infants

A)is not important until infants reach self-awareness.
B)should be done sparingly since parents need to be careful not to "spoil" the infant.
C)will not "spoil" the child because these needs are as important as physical needs.
D)are not necessary until the child can speak and tell you his or her needs.

Question 14

Psychologist Carroll Izard thinks that infants can express several basic emotions as early as age

A)two weeks.
B)six weeks.
C)ten weeks.
D)six months.

Question 15

Regarding smiling,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A baby's first smile soon after birth is haphazard and does not necessarily occur when people are present.
B)The social smile does not appear until around 16 to 24 months of age.
C)The social smile is elicited by social stimuli,such as seeing a parent's face.
D)Babies can use the social smile to communicate interest in an object.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the unlearned basic emotions?

A)anger
B)fear
C)guilt
D)joy

Question 17

The needs for love and affection are known as needs.

A)affectional
B)primacy
C)commitment
D)dependency

Question 18

Regarding the basic human emotions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The basic human emotions appear to be unlearned and follow a pattern closely tied to maturation.
B)Most researchers who study emotional development believe that fear is the only basic emotion that newborn infants clearly express.
C)According to Bridges,all the basic human emotions appear before age two.
D)Bridges found that the first basic split in emotions is between pleasant and unpleasant emotions.

Question 19

Regarding the affectional needs of infants,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In part to meet their affectional needs,infants rapidly begin to form emotional attachments,or close emotional bonds,with their primary caregivers.
B)As infants form their first emotional bond with an adult,usually a parent,they also begin to develop self- awareness and to become aware of others.
C)An infant's early social development lays the foundation for subsequent relationships with parents,siblings,friends,and relatives.
D)A baby's affectional needs are not important or necessary to meet until an infant becomes self­aware.

Question 20

Bridges found that emotions appear in a consistent order,and he believed that the first basic split is between

A)fear and rage.
B)joy and happiness.
C)guilt and pride.
D)pleasant and unpleasant emotions.

Question 21

A child will usually first display separation anxiety around the ages of

A)four to six months.
B)eight to 12 months.
C)15 to 30 months.
D)36 months to four years.

Question 22

Which of the following may underlie the tendency of children to become attached to inanimate objects,such as blankets or stuffed toys?

A)imprinting
B)conditions of worth
C)contact comfort
D)egocentrism

Question 23

In the attachment study with baby monkeys and surrogate mothers,one made of wire and one made of terry cloth,the baby monkeys spent most of their time with

A)the wire surrogate mother.
B)the terry cloth surrogate mother.
C)whichever surrogate mother was the source of food.
D)neither of the two surrogates

Question 24

To investigate mother-infant relationships,Harry Harlow

A)observed how rats care for their young in crowded environments.
B)used the stranger situation with human mothers and their infants.
C)observed whether mothers could coax their infants to crawl across the visual cliff.
D)separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and replaced them with wire and terry cloth surrogate mothers.

Question 25

Eric's father is in the military and has been away from home for over nine months without leave and has not seen his son since Eric was two months old.Eric's father comes home and is anxious to spend time with his wife and son.However,during the first few hours of his return,Eric cries and screams when he is alone with his father (without his mother being present).Eric is exhibiting

A)infantile amnesia.
B)motherese.
C)egocentrism.
D)separation anxiety.

Question 26

A close emotional bond that infants form with parents,caregivers,or others is called

A)separation anxiety.
B)social referencing.
C)emotional attachment.
D)imprinting.

Question 27

Harlow's finding that baby monkeys preferred the terry cloth surrogate mother to a wire mother demonstrated the importance of which of the following in the formation of emotional attachments?

A)imprinting within critical periods
B)contact comfort
C)attention and acceptance
D)food

Question 28

Regarding emotional attachment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A mother usually does not feel attached to her baby until the baby is around two months old.
B)For the first couple of months,babies respond more or less equally to everyone.
C)By two or three months,most babies prefer their mothers to strangers.
D)By around seven months,babies generally become truly attached to their mothers,crawling after her if they can.

Question 29

When the infant monkeys in the attachment study were frightened by rubber snakes,they

A)ran to the surrogate mother that was the source of food.
B)ran to the wire surrogate mother for security.
C)ran to the terry cloth surrogate mother for security.
D)cowered in the corner of the cage in a disturbed manner.

Question 30

Distress displayed by infants separated from their parents or caregivers is called

A)separation anxiety.
B)social referencing.
C)imprinting.
D)insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 31

Contact comfort refers to the

A)instinctual bonding that occurs during the early stages of imprinting.
B)surrogate bonding that takes place between any adult and a child.
C)attention and support that one receives as part of the conditions of worth.
D)pleasant,reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm,especially their mother.

Question 32

To investigate mother-infant relationships,which of the following researchers separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and replaced them with wire and terry cloth surrogate (substitute)mothers?

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Harry Harlow
C)Jerome Kagan
D)Jean Piaget

Question 33

The development of self-awareness,attachment to parents and caregivers,and relationships with other children and adults is referred to as development.

A)social
B)personality
C)reciprocal
D)transactional

Question 34

Crying and signs of fear displayed by infants when they are left alone or with a stranger is referred to as

A)separation anxiety.
B)social referencing.
C)imprinting.
D)insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 35

At what age do babies generally become truly attached to their mothers,crawling after her if they can,with attachments to other people occurring shortly thereafter?

A)three months
B)seven months
C)11 months
D)16 months

Question 36

Harlow's studies of surrogate monkey mothers showed that

A)infant monkeys preferred the terry cloth surrogate only when it was the source of food.
B)the wire surrogate was preferred because of its association with food.
C)when frightened,the infant monkeys ran to the terry cloth surrogates for security and comfort.
D)the attachment shown to the wire feeding mothers was identical to that displayed toward real monkey mothers.

Question 37

The pleasant,reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm,especially their mother,is referred to as

A)contact comfort.
B)surrogate bonding.
C)imprinting.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 38

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the existence of emotional attachment in humans?

A)separation anxiety
B)learning to walk
C)imprinting
D)language development

Question 39

A mother usually begins to feel attached to her baby

A)before birth.
B)about one month after the baby's birth.
C)when the baby is three to four months of age.
D)when the baby is around seven months of age.

Question 40

The sensitive period during which emotional attachment must occur for optimal development is the

A)first few hours after birth.
B)first two weeks of life.
C)first four months of life.
D)first year of life.

Question 41

Regarding the emotional attachment of infants,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Creating a bond of trust and affection between the infant and at least one other person is a key event during the first year of life.
B)A baby's later capacity to experience warm and loving relationships as an adult may depend on the baby's emotional attachment during infancy.
C)Giving the child too much attention during the first year or two of life can result in the child becoming "spoiled" and dependent on the parents and should be avoided.
D)Infants who were securely attached during infancy later showed resiliency,curiosity,problem-solving ability,and social skills in preschool.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the attachment styles described by Mary Ainsworth?

A)securely attached
B)insecure-agitated
C)insecure-avoidant
D)insecure-ambivalent

Question 43

Baby Rafael cries when his mother leaves him with a new babysitter.This is indicative of

A)separation anxiety.
B)social referencing.
C)insecure-avoidant attachment.
D)the need to find a new primary caregiver.

Question 44

Which of the following psychologists described the three attachment styles of securely attached,insecure-avoidant,and insecure-ambivalent?

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)Diana Baumrind
C)Erik Erikson
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 45

After the death of her grandmother,six-year-old Janie was reluctant to get out of the car when her mother dropped her off at school,refused to go over to her best friend's house to play,and tended to cling to her parents after school and on the weekends.Janie appears to be showing signs of

A)inappropriate social referencing.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment.
C)separation anxiety disorder.
D)abnormal imprinting.

Question 46

Regarding the emotional attachment of infants,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)For the first year or two it is nearly impossible to "spoil" a baby with too much attention.
B)Our first attachments continue to affect us as adults by influencing how we relate to friends and lovers.
C)Creating a bond of trust and affection between the infant and at least one other person is a key event during the first year of life.
D)Infants who are securely attached during infancy later show a lack of curiosity,dependency on their preschool teachers,and poor social skills.

Question 47

You go to a movie and leave your child with the babysitter.When you return,your child gets near you but angrily resists being touched.Your child's behavior is suggestive of which type of attachment?

A)securely attached
B)secure-disorganized
C)insecure-avoidant
D)insecure-ambivalent

Question 48

The bedtime distress that occurs when babies are left alone at night can sometimes be eased with the presence of a stuffed animal or favorite blanket,which are known as

A)imaginary playmates.
B)security objects.
C)scaffolding objects.
D)transformational distractions.

Question 49

According to Mary Ainsworth,the quality of attachment is revealed by

A)the goodness-of-fit between a baby's temperament and their parents' temperaments.
B)a baby's vocalization toward their parents and their use of social referencing.
C)how babies act when their mothers leave them alone and then return a short time later.
D)how much the child clings to the parent when they are in need of comfort.

Question 50

In the United States,what percentage of children from middle-class families exhibit an insecure-avoidant attachment?

A)five percent
B)10 percent
C)22 percent
D)63 percent

Question 51

Regarding separation anxiety disorder,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Only about one out of 100 children suffer from separation anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.
B)Many children with separation anxiety disorder cling to and follow their parents,often refusing to go to school.
C)Most children with separation anxiety disorder tend to grow out of it.
D)If separation anxiety is intense or lasts more than a month,parents should seek professional help for the child.

Question 52

In which style of attachment do infants tend to turn away from the mother when she returns to the room?

A)securely attached
B)secure-distractable
C)insecure-avoidant
D)insecure-ambivalent

Question 53

After moving to a new city,seven-year-old Marta tended to cling to her mother whenever they went to the playground,never venturing more than a few feet away.When school started,Marta would beg her mother to walk the two blocks with her every morning and afternoon rather than walking with the older daughter of a neighbor.Marta told her mother that she was afraid the older child would get her lost and then she would never see her parents again.Marta appears to be showing signs of

A)inappropriate social referencing.
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment.
C)separation anxiety disorder.
D)abnormal imprinting.

Question 54

The storm of crying,or bedtime distress,that sometimes occurs when babies are left alone at night can be considered a mild form of

A)separation anxiety.
B)social referencing.
C)egocentrism.
D)insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 55

When her mother leaves,Linda cries.When her mother returns,Linda crawls into her lap.According to Mary Ainsworth,Linda's attachment would be described as

A)securely attached.
B)secure-avoidant.
C)insecure-avoidant.
D)insecure-ambivalent.

Question 56

You leave your child with a babysitter.When you return,your child ignores you.Your child's behavior indicates which type of attachment?

A)securely attached
B)secure-distractable
C)insecure-avoidant
D)insecure-ambivalent

Question 57

In the United States,what percentage of children from middle-class families exhibit a secure attachment?

A)10 percent
B)22 percent
C)63 percent
D)82 percent

Question 58

Abby's mother leaves the room.When her mother returns,Abby runs to greet her mother.However,when her mother reaches to pick her up,Abby pulls away and screams out "no." According to Mary Ainsworth's research,Abby is exhibiting a(n)

A)secure attachment.
B)insecure-ambivalent attachment.
C)insecure-avoidant attachment.
D)separation anxiety disorder.

Question 59

In the United States,about two thirds of all children from middle-class families show a(n)attachment.

A)secure
B)insecure-avoidant
C)insecure-ambivalent
D)insecure-disorganized

Question 60

Lee Ann is visibly upset when her mother leaves the room.When her mother returns after a few minutes of absence,Lee Ann rushes to greet her mother and hugs her mother's legs.According to Mary Ainsworth's research,Lee Ann is exhibiting which type of attachment?

A)securely attached
B)insecure-avoidant
C)insecure-ambivalent
D)disorganized-disoriented

Question 61

Regarding attachment behaviors,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Fathers of securely attached infants tend to be outgoing,agreeable,and happy in their marriage.
B)Poor attachment occurs when a mother's actions are inadequate,inappropriate,intrusive,or rejecting.
C)The link between sensitive caregiving and secure attachment appears to apply to all cultures.
D)The main aspect of a secure attachment involves parents who provide an overstimulating environment that holds the child's attention and interest.

Question 62

Sarah believes that most people are well intentioned.She is comfortable relying on her husband and friends and having them depend on her.Sarah does not worry about being abandoned by her husband.According to the research on adult attachment style,Sarah would be described as having a(n)attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)dependent

Question 63

According to research on attachment,infants who were securely attached during infancy

A)showed more fearfulness in preschool.
B)were overly dependent on their teachers in preschool.
C)showed more curiosity and problem-solving ability in preschool.
D)exhibited poor peer relations in preschool.

Question 64

Carmen has often felt misunderstood and unappreciated in her relationships and even believes her boyfriend and friends to be somewhat unreliable.She would love to feel closer to them but cannot bring herself to trust them.According to the research on adult attachment style,Carmen would be described as having a(n)attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)independent

Question 65

Many researchers believe that our first attachments to our parents

A)influence how we relate to our friends and lovers.
B)occur during the first hours of life during a critical period.
C)are influenced by an evolutionary pattern that cannot be altered.
D)have little influence on our social behaviors as adults.

Question 66

Margo and Robert pick up their baby Bobby from the daycare.Even though Bobby is now sleepy,they begin to play with him.However,the next morning when Bobby is actively cooing,smiling,and kicking his feet to get their attention,they ignore Bobby's overtures as they rush around to get ready for work.These parents are exhibiting a lack of

A)egocentrism.
B)parentese.
C)sensitive caregiving.
D)transformation.

Question 67

According to research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,children in high-quality day care were found to exhibit all of the following EXCEPT

A)better cognitive and language skills.
B)behavior problems that did not exist beforehand.
C)better relationships with their mothers.
D)improved social skills.

Question 68

Chandra must return to work six weeks after her baby is born,so she is exploring her child care options while pregnant.Which of the following characteristics would NOT be desirable?

A)having trained personnel
B)overall group size of 30 children
C)minimal staff turnover
D)small number of children per caretaker

Question 69

The key to secure attachment involves parents

A)providing their child with as much stimulation as possible.
B)earning the respect of their child through a structured discipline style.
C)accepting and being sensitive to their child's signals and rhythms.
D)encouraging their child to be as independent as possible.

Question 70

Regarding the effects of day care,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Even poor quality day cares have been shown to increase a child's language and social skills.
B)Low­quality day care may weaken children's attachment with their parents.
C)Children in high-quality day care tend to have better relationships with their mothers and fewer behavior problems.
D)High­quality day care can actually improve children's social and mental skills.

Question 71

Regarding the effects of day care,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Poor quality day cares can create behavior problems that did not exist beforehand.
B)High quality day cares can improve children's cognitive,social,and language skills.
C)Quality day care consists of such things as a small number of children per caregiver,small overall group size, and stability of the child's day care experience.
D)Children in high-quality day cares tend to have poorer relationships with their mothers.

Question 72

In the United States,what percentage of children from middle-class families exhibit an insecure-ambivalent attachment?

A)five percent
B)10 percent
C)22 percent
D)63 percent

Question 73

After being adopted,the children who were raised in severely overcrowded orphanages where they got little attention,showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

A)wanting to be constantly held by their adoptive parents.
B)wandering off with strangers.
C)being poorly attached to their adoptive parents.
D)avoiding eye contact with others.

Question 74

Most adults have an attachment to friends and lovers that is marked by caring,supportiveness,and understanding and is referred to as a(n)attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)democratic

Question 75

Children who were raised in severely overcrowded orphanages and got almost no attention from adults for the first year or two of their lives

A)were able to readily establish secure attachments once adopted.
B)craved constant attention and wanted to be held a great deal of the time.
C)were more fearful of strangers once they established an attachment with their adoptive families.
D)were anxious and remote and would not make eye contact with others.

Question 76

In looking for a quality day care,you should AVOID a daycare that

A)offers a great deal of verbal and cognitive stimulation.
B)has trained caregivers and minimal staff turnover.
C)has the words zoo,menagerie,or stockade in its name.
D)has a total size of 12 to 15 children.

Question 77

A style of attachment that is marked by mixed feelings about love and friendship is referred to as a(n) attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)independent

Question 78

Sam has difficulty trusting the women he has dated in recent years.They have all seemed too eager to seek commitment from him.So,when the relationship gets too close,he pulls back,and the relationship breaks up.According to the research on adult attachment style,Sam would be described as having a(n)attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)independent

Question 79

Martha is planning on enrolling her young son in "The Wee Care Learning Center" day care in town,which has been owned and staffed for the last six years by five former elementary teachers.According to research discussed in the textbook,which of the following can Martha expect concerning the effects of the day care on her son?

A)The day care experience will weaken her son's attachment to her.
B)Her son will begin to exhibit behavior problems that he did not previously have.
C)Her son will experience increases in social and cognitive skills.
D)Her son's language skills will decrease.

Question 80

A person who has a tendency to resist intimacy and commitment to others has a(n)attachment style.

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)independent