Deck 25: Consciousness: Sleep and Dreams

Question 1

Sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT for

A)being an innate biological rhythm.
B)being necessary for life in humans.
C)giving way temporarily in times of great danger.
D)being a total loss of consciousness.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

After even a few hours of sleep loss,most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness known as

A)hypersomnia.
B)somnambulism.
C)insomnia.
D)sleep apnea.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Any repeating cycle of biological activity,such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature,is known as a(n)

A)ASC.
B)biological rhythm.
C)condensation.
D)REM rebound.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Randy Gardner at age 17 holds the official world record for sleep deprivation.
B)After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep,he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
C)At various times during this extreme sleep deprivation,Randy's speech was slurred,and he couldn't concentrate,remember clearly,or name common objects.
D)Sleep loss typically causes trembling hands,irritability,staring,and increased pain sensitivity.

Question 5

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

A)are reversed by a single night's rest.
B)require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
C)are irreversible.
D)can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

Question 6

After prolonged sleep deprivation,a person getting his or her first night of sleep will

A)have difficulty sleeping.
B)feel compelled to replace lost sleep by sleeping late for several days.
C)find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night's sleep.
D)still feel badly for at least five days until the effect of sleep loss wears off.

Question 7

Rapid physical changes during puberty have what effect on the adolescent's need for sleep?

A)increases the adolescent's need for sleep
B)slightly decreases the adolescent's need for sleep
C)significantly decreases the adolescent's need for sleep
D)has no effect on the adolescent's need for sleep

Question 8

During the teen years,the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)become more stable.
D)show no change from childhood.

Question 9

Regarding sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A good sleep helps people to remember what they learned the day before.
B)Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep,such as learning a foreign language.
C)You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
D)Humans will spend approximately 25 years of their life asleep.

Question 10

LaMonte had trouble concentrating in class today.His roommate noticed that LaMonte's hands are trembling;his speech is slurred;and he is having trouble even naming common objects.LaMonte is most likely suffering from

A)sleep loss.
B)somnambulism.
C)lucid dreaming.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 11

A rare disease that prevents sleep

A)often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
B)usually occurs in two-week intervals.
C)usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer's disease.
D)always ends with stupor,coma,and death.

Question 12

Regarding the state of sleep in humans,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)We are totally unresponsive while asleep.
B)We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
C)We cannot learn complex skills while asleep.
D)We can respond to familiar sounds and words,such as our names,while asleep.

Question 13

Because 15-year-old Lisa stays up late texting her friends and then gets up early for school,she tends to be very sleepy in class,a condition common to teenagers known as

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)hypersomnia.
D)hypnopompic conditioning.

Question 14

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

A)slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
B)decreased pain sensitivity.
C)inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
D)trembling hands,irritability,and staring.

Question 15

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

A)have gills,like fish do.
B)have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
C)sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
D)inflate their bodies before sleep,which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

Question 16

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of life asleep?

A)five
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 17

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

A)math
B)foreign language
C)touch a switch on cue
D)dream analysis

Question 18

Regarding teenagers and sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Rapid physical changes during puberty decrease the adolescent's need for sleep.
B)The quality of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.
C)Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common problem in adolescents.
D)The quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.

Question 19

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as

A)hypersomnia.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep deprivation.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 20

Regarding sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Humans are unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep since sleep involves a complete loss of consciousness.
B)Not all animals sleep.
C)Dolphins are able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of the brain at a time.
D)Sleep is an innate biological rhythm.

Question 21

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds.This shift in your brain activity is called

A)a sleep spindle.
B)a microsleep.
C)somnambulism.
D)a sensory deprivation.

Question 22

Under pressure to meet a deadline,a truck driver has just gone three days without sleep.In the last twelve hours,he has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects.He apparently has

A)damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
B)undergone a change in muscle tension affecting his kinesthetic sense.
C)reached the first stages of sleep-deprivation psychosis.
D)upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

Question 23

The rhythms of sleep and waking

A)coincide with cycles of the moon.
B)are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
C)are a little over 24 hours long.
D)average around 36 hours.

Question 24

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need,then you

A)are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
B)have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
C)are building a sleep debt.
D)most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

Question 25

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row,and you haven't slept in the last two days.You will probably

A)have trouble paying attention and have drooping eyelids.
B)have trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
C)have increased pain tolerance.
D)exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 26

Microsleeps would most likely occur

A)during Stage 3 sleep.
B)just before one awakens in the morning.
C)during sensory restriction treatment.
D)due to sleep deprivation.

Question 27

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation,which of the following would most likely occur?

A)hallucinations and delusions
B)loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
C)loss of ability to do interesting and complex mental tasks
D)decreased pain sensitivity

Question 28

Regarding the function of sleep and the effects of sleep loss,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most people who have not slept for a day or two can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
B)If a task is monotonous,such as factory work or air traffic control,no amount of sleep loss is safe.
C)Brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep are called sleep apneas.
D)Coffee can help sleepiness,but if one is struggling to stay awake while driving,it is best to stop and take a short nap.

Question 29

Which of the following is an external marker that helps us set up 24-hour sleep rhythms?

A)hunger
B)physical activity
C)light and darkness
D)lunar patterns

Question 30

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours),one would expect

A)irreversible psychological damage.
B)to experience hallucinations,delusions,and disorientation.
C)difficulty in getting to sleep.
D)minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

Question 31

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

A)meridian rhythms.
B)sleep patterns.
C)REM cycles.
D)sleep stages.

Question 32

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
B)If you go without sleep for 32 hours,it usually only takes one good night of sleep (8 to 14 hours)to erase the effects.
C)Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
D)Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

Question 33

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

A)sudden,irresistible,daytime sleep attacks.
B)hallucinations,delusions,and disorientation.
C)episodes of sleepwalking and sleeptalking.
D)narcolepsy and/or cataplexy.

Question 34

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning characterized by hallucinations,delusions,and confusion called temporary

A)sleep apnea.
B)chronic insomnia.
C)sleep deprivation psychosis.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 35

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)If a task is monotonous,no amount of sleep loss is safe from the occurrence of microsleeps.
B)More than 15 percent of fatal crashes every year are caused by sleepiness.
C)Even if your eyes are open,you can fall asleep for a few seconds.
D)Lower animals,such as dogs,cats,and rats do not experience microsleeps,only humans do.

Question 36

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep is called

A)REM sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)a microsleep.
D)a waking sleep.

Question 37

Our sleep rhythms tend to follow an exact 24-hour day because

A)the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
B)they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
C)they have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century.
D)everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night.

Question 38

One's natural sleep need

A)changes with one's mood and physical activity.
B)is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
C)is really nine hours for all adults.
D)is really six hours for all adults.

Question 39

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

A)REM rebounds.
B)non-REM sleep spindles.
C)microsleeps.
D)sleep spindles.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a common reaction to a sleep loss of two days?

A)trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
B)trouble doing simple or boring routines
C)increased pain sensitivity
D)more susceptible to microsleeps

Question 41

Taking a midafternoon nap

A)is indicative of a person with hypersomnia.
B)is not really restful.
C)can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.
D)are only beneficial to the very young and the very old.

Question 42

For a newborn infant,one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

A)24 hours.
B)20 hours.
C)12 hours.
D)eight hours.

Question 43

Throughout the lifespan,total sleep time

A)decreases as we get older.
B)increases as we get older.
C)decreases then increases after age 50
D)remains the same throughout life.

Question 44

Most studies of sleep patterns show

A)a consistent ratio of three to one between time awake and time asleep.
B)that it is unhealthy for anyone to sleep less than six hours a day.
C)that midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the wake-sleep cycle.
D)that these sleep patterns are innate and unchangeable.

Question 45

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

A)five hours
B)seven to eight hours
C)10 hours
D)12 hours

Question 46

Frenchman Michel Siffre has spent months at a time living in caves deep underground without the usual external markers of night and day.He found that without these markers,his sleep cycles tended to

A)stay exactly the same as his sleep cycle at home.
B)get longer with one stay settling into a 48-hour sleep-waking cycle.
C)get shorter with most stays settling into a 20-hour sleep-waking cycle.
D)become erratic with his sleep-waking cycles ranging from a short 20 hours to a longer 36-hour cycle.

Question 47

Midafternoon sleepiness

A)is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
B)should not occur after infancy.
C)is only common among the elderly.
D)indicates that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night.

Question 48

Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life,according to the theory of sleep.

A)activation-synthesis
B)repair/restorative
C)sensory gating
D)neurocognitive

Question 49

Infants sleep

A)in six to eight-hour cycles.
B)12 hours a day.
C)in two to four-hour cycles.
D)in totally irregular patterns.

Question 50

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles?

A)They are innate so they cannot be modified.
B)They are innate but can be modified somewhat.
C)They are entirely learned,but once set are difficult to modify.
D)They are entirely learned and therefore easily modified.

Question 51

When people are shut off from the world,such that they cannot tell what time it is by light or dark for several days,their sleep-waking cycles will most likely

A)stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
B)shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
C)lengthen to more than 24 hours.
D)become completely disrupted and erratic.

Question 52

Making the sleep-waking cycles shorter is not recommended because sleep

A)cycles cannot be altered by external factors.
B)is an innate biological rhythm.
C)is set by a number of unchanging external markers.
D)must match a three to one ratio of time awake and time asleep.

Question 53

A person on a cycle of three hours of sleep to six hours awake

A)is exhibiting the natural sleep pattern.
B)has adapted to a longer-than-normal sleep pattern.
C)will have difficulty getting to sleep when the cycle calls for it.
D)would be characterized by all of these.

Question 54

Regarding sleep patterns,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night,while long sleepers sleep nine hours or more.
B)A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
C)Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping,usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
D)Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

Question 55

If external time markers,such as clocks or light and darkness,are removed,the human sleep-wake cycle will

A)become slightly shorter.
B)become slightly longer.
C)remain exactly the same.
D)be unpredictable.

Question 56

When you were in high school,you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends.If you did this every night,you would be appropriately called a(n)

A)lucid sleeper
B)insomniac.
C)short sleeper.
D)long sleeper.

Question 57

Regarding sleep patterns,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)One study showed that 28­hour "days" work for some people.
B)Astronauts continue to sleep on their normal earth schedule while in space.
C)The natural sleep pattern has a ratio of two to one between time awake and time asleep.
D)Adapting to shorter-than-normal days is more promising than adapting to longer-than-normal days.

Question 58

How many hours of sleep do adults over the age of 50 average?

A)four
B)six
C)eight
D)ten

Question 59

What is the natural sleep pattern ratio regarding time awake to time asleep?

A)one to one
B)two to one
C)three to one
D)undetermined

Question 60

A middle-aged man tells his physician that he has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with him.He should be

A)urged to reduce his sleep time to six hours,which is normal for adults.
B)urged to reduce his sleep time to eight hours,which is normal for adults.
C)assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable,normal limits.
D)given medication to improve the quality of his sleep and thus reduce the amount of time he spends in sleep.

Question 61

EEG records indicate that during sleep the brain

A)increases its activity.
B)changes its pattern of activity.
C)shows only slow-wave activity.
D)shuts down.

Question 62

You have gotten into bed,and your muscles begin to relax when you "jump" in this light sleep and awaken.You have most likely experienced

A)cataplexy.
B)a hypnogogic image episode.
C)somnambulism.
D)a hypnic jerk.

Question 63

Regarding the benefits of sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Sleep helps keep the body and brain healthy by regulating its temperature and immune system.
B)Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.
C)The activation-synthesis hypothesis explains how brain activity and metabolism are lowered during sleep.
D)Sleep helps "calm" the brain and store important memories.

Question 64

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 65

Relaxation exercises,recommended for stress management,produce a very relaxed,though still awake state,characterized by __________ waves.

A)omega
B)beta
C)delta
D)alpha

Question 66

Whether you are awake or asleep right now depends on

A)the number of hours since one's last intake of food.
B)sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream.
C)external markers for sleep and wakefulness.
D)the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.

Question 67

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes are referred to as

A)sleep stages.
B)sleep rhythms.
C)semi-conscious patterns.
D)ASCs.

Question 68

Which of the following may prevent the sleeping brain from being aroused by external stimuli,thus,marking the true boundary of sleep?

A)alpha waves
B)beta waves
C)sleep spindles
D)a hypnic jerk

Question 69

Which of the following is the most important in the physiological control of sleep?

A)brain circuits and brain chemicals
B)the somatic nervous system
C)external markers for sleep and wakefulness
D)sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream

Question 70

Carla's sleep is being monitored in a research lab.The assistant notices that Carla's EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles.It can be concluded that Carla is in

A)REM.
B)Stage 1 of NREM.
C)Stage 2 of NREM.
D)Stage 3 of NREM.

Question 71

As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep,the reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called

A)an autonomic cramp.
B)a hypnic jerk.
C)the restless leg syndrome.
D)the hypnogogic image syndrome.

Question 72

John's EEG pattern as he reads his textbook indicates that he's alert and awake.This means that his brain is generating __________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 73

The drowsiness one feels immediately before sleep would be characterized by somewhat larger and slower waves than when one is awake and alert.These slower waves are called waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)spindle

Question 74

Sleep spindles are short bursts of brain activity generated by the

A)amygdala.
B)thalamus.
C)reticular formation.
D)corpus callosum.

Question 75

In sleep labs,changes in tiny electrical signals generated by the brain are usually amplified and recorded with

A)electroencephalography.
B)magnetic resonance imaging.
C)positron emission tomography.
D)computed tomographic scanning.

Question 76

Sleep spindles usually first appear in NREM Stage sleep.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 77

Regarding sleep,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Sleep is caused by the accumulation of chemicals in the blood.
B)Whether one is awake or asleep depends on the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.
C)The brain tends to "shut down" during sleep,with brain activity decreasing dramatically.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 78

While you are watching TV,your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy.You know the television is on,but you cannot distinguish which program is on.Then,your friend says,"You're asleep." You quickly state,"No,I'm not," but you really were.The sleep stage described would be

A)REM sleep.
B)Stage 1 of NREM sleep.
C)Stage 2 of NREM sleep.
D)Stage 3 of NREM sleep.

Question 79

During Stage 3 NREM,

A)delta waves first begin to appear.
B)sleep spindles occur.
C)people tend to experience hypnic jerks.
D)people tend to experience nightmares.

Question 80

Which of the following is a correct match?

A)Stage 1 - delta waves
B)Stage 2 - sleep spindles
C)Stage 3 - beta waves
D)Stage 4 - alpha waves