Deck 27: Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

Question 1

A teenager angry with his parents might dream of accidentally wrecking their car instead of directly attacking them. According to Freud,this could be an example of

A)condensation.
B)displacement.
C)compensation.
D)secondary elaboration.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following would NOT be a preferred method of "catching" and understanding a dream?

A)Keep a paper and pen or recorder next to your bed.
B)Recall your dreams with your eyes open and staring at the ceiling or a fixed object.
C)If possible,arrange to awaken gradually without an alarm.
D)Put your dreams into a permanent dream diary,keep the dreams in chronological order,and review them periodically.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Remembering them and writing them down,looking for messages they contain,and becoming acquainted with one's individual symbol system are all part of understanding

A)sensory restriction imagery.
B)revelations gained from mindfulness meditation.
C)understanding recovered memories from hypnosis.
D)understanding one's dreams.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In order to "catch a dream," upon awakening,one should

A)sit up and begin writing immediately since dreams disappear quickly.
B)sit up and begin talking into a tape recorder immediately since this is faster than writing.
C)lie still and review the dream images with your eyes closed.
D)do none of these since dream analysis requires a therapist who can perform hypnosis.

Question 5

According to Freud,the dream process in which important emotions are redirected toward safe or seemingly unimportant images is

A)secondary elaboration.
B)condensation.
C)displacement.
D)symbolization.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the dream processes described by Freud?

A)condensation
B)illumination
C)displacement
D)symbolization

Question 7

Alcohol,amphetamines,barbiturates,cocaine,marijuana,and opiates tend to

A)increase dreaming by increasing REM sleep.
B)suppress dreaming by interfering with REM sleep.
C)cause narcolepsy and cataplexy in older individuals.
D)cause sleepwalking and sleeptalking in adolescents and young adults.

Question 8

Anna has an argument with her roommate and then dreams that she accidentally put a red towel in with her roommate's white clothes in the washer.According to Freud,this could be an example of

A)condensation.
B)displacement.
C)compensation.
D)secondary elaboration.

Question 9

Drugs that tend to suppress dreaming by interfering with REM sleep include

A)alcohol.
B)cocaine.
C)marijuana.
D)all of these.

Question 10

Eugene is angry at a teacher and that night dreams that the teacher falls down a flight of stairs,rather than dreaming that he hits the teacher.According to Freud,which dream process would explain this dream action substitution?

A)condensation
B)secondary elaboration
C)compensation
D)displacement

Question 11

Sue dreams about a child sitting in her bedroom crying,while Sue runs around trying to console the child.According to Freud,this one child represents all the people in her life that Sue is attempting to care for,including her elderly mother,her husband,her children,and her students.Since this one dream character represents so many aspects of Sue's life,the dream process being utilized is

A)displacement.
B)sublimation.
C)condensation.
D)secondary elaboration.

Question 12

According to Freud,the dream process in which a single character in a dream may represent several people at once is

A)secondary elaboration.
B)condensation.
C)displacement.
D)symbolization.

Question 13

Which of the following theorists identified four dream processes that were believed to disguise the hidden meanings of dream images?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Ernest Hartmann
C)Fritz Perls
D)Otto Loewi

Question 14

According to Freud,the four dream processes include condensation,displacement,secondary elaboration,and

A)symbolization.
B)fixations.
C)ego ideals.
D)self-efficacies.

Question 15

If you have a dream in which one character in the dream looks like your teacher,acts like your father,talks like your mother,and is dressed like your employer,this one character is representing all the authority figures in your life and is an example of the dream process known as

A)displacement.
B)sublimation.
C)condensation.
D)secondary elaboration.

Question 16

Regarding "catching" and understanding dreams,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Natural awakening almost always follows soon after a REM period.
B)Remember that drinking alcohol before going to bed tends to increase REM sleep and dreaming.
C)Opening your eyes will disrupt dream recall.
D)Keep dreams in chronological order and review them periodically to reveal recurrent themes.

Question 17

According to Freud,the mental filters that disguise the meanings of dreams are called

A)dream processes.
B)ego defense mechanisms.
C)fixations.
D)archetypes.

Question 18

According to Freud,condensation,displacement,and secondary elaboration are types of

A)dream processes.
B)ego defense mechanisms.
C)fixations.
D)archetypes.

Question 19

You only vaguely remember your dreams.To remember them better,which of the following should you do?

A)Upon awakening,rise quickly and verbalize parts of the dream out loud.
B)Set an alarm to go off every two hours during the night so you can catch the dreams.
C)Keep a dream diary.
D)Take sleeping pills that suppress REM sleep.

Question 20

Drugs that tend to suppress dreaming by interfering with REM sleep include

A)amphetamines.
B)barbiturates.
C)opiates.
D)all of these.

Question 21

Reviewing and thinking about a problem before you go to sleep

A)will be of little value since problem-solving cannot take place during sleep.
B)will help only imaginative people to solve problems in their dreams.
C)is a way for everyone to tap the creativity of dreams.
D)is a guaranteed method for solving problems during sleep and dreaming.

Question 22

The fresher a dream memory is,the more useful it is likely to be.Nevertheless,the dreamer upon awakening often adds details that make the dream more logical and complete.According to Freud,this dream process is known as

A)displacement.
B)secondary elaboration.
C)condensation.
D)symbolization.

Question 23

If you feel vulnerable in your class,or are unprepared for a test,and dream that you came to class naked,then you are experiencing

A)condensation.
B)displacement.
C)symbolization.
D)secondary elaboration.

Question 24

Dr.Otto Loewi,a winner of a Nobel prize,dreamed the same dream three nights in a row regarding his research. On the third night,he

A)scribbled down on a pad what he had dreamed.
B)went straight to his laboratory and performed the crucial experiment.
C)rejected the experiment in the dream and was able to eventually solve the problem through waking fantasy.
D)used Freud's techniques involving symbolization to forecast the completion of his research and his own death one year later.

Question 25

The overall emotional tone or underlying mood of a dream is a major clue to its meaning,according to

A)Ernest Hartmann.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Stephen LaBerge.

Question 26

Perls believed that dreams are best interpreted as

A)symbolic wishes.
B)a rehash of the occurrences of the day.
C)a message about what is missing in our lives.
D)random brain activity with little meaning.

Question 27

Which of the following was the originator of Gestalt therapy and encouraged people to speak to the characters in their dreams to better understand the dream content?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Ernest Hartmann
C)Stephen LaBerge
D)Fritz Perls

Question 28

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to aid in dream interpretation?

A)Watch for verbal or visual puns and other playful elements in dreams.
B)It is important to describe your dream so that you can relive some of the feelings in the dream.
C)Avoid discussing your dreams with family members or friends since they may add interpretations that will confuse your more personal analysis.
D)Remember that each dream has several possible meanings or levels of meaning with no fixed way to interpret it.

Question 29

In order to conclude or carry a dream on to a more meaningful ending,a person may use an interesting dream exercise

A)called secondary displacement.
B)involving the sublimation of dream imagery.
C)in which one continues the dream as a waking fantasy.
D)in which one dissects the dream and reconstitutes it in as many different forms as possible.

Question 30

Which dream theorist believed that most dreams are special messages about what's missing in our lives,what we avoid doing,or feelings that need to be "re­owned"?

A)Ernest Hartmann
B)Stephen LaBerge
C)Otto Loewi
D)Fritz Perls

Question 31

Which dream theorist suggests that dreams arise as our brains seek to make creative connections and that one should ignore the elements of a dream which merely replay a day's events and focus instead on the unusual dream elements?

A)Ernest Hartmann
B)Fritz Perls
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Stephen LaBerge

Question 32

Regarding the use of your dreams,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Nightmare sufferers can use imagery rehearsal to modify their nightmares.
B)Using dreams is only helpful for imaginative people in solving problems.
C)History is full of cases where dreams have been a pathway to creativity and discovery.
D)If you "set" yourself (intently visualizing and thinking about a problem you wish to solve)before going to bed, you will improve your chances of solving the problem.

Question 33

Eric is telling his dream to his therapist and describes walking through a forest with bats flying overhead and the moon over his shoulder.Eric's therapist encourages him to speak aloud as each character in his story,the moon,the bats,and the trees.Eric's therapist is using the dream analysis technique of

A)Ernest Hartmann.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Stephen LaBerge.

Question 34

After Perry told his dream to his therapist,his therapist asked,"Did you find the dream comical,threatening,joyous,or depressing? Were you lonely,jealous,frightened,or angry?" Perry's therapist is using whose technique for interpreting dreams?

A)Sigmund Freud's
B)Stephen LaBerge's
C)Fritz Perls'
D)Ernest Hartmann's

Question 35

When a dreamer makes a dream more logical by adding details to the dream after awakening,the dream process being used is

A)displacement.
B)secondary elaboration.
C)condensation.
D)symbolization.

Question 36

According to Ernest Hartmann,the major clue to the meaning of a dream lies in the

A)familiarity of the dream characters.
B)emotional tone of the dream.
C)setting of the dream.
D)actions of the dream characers.

Question 37

To modify their own nightmares,nightmare sufferers can use

A)secondary displacement.
B)imagery rehearsal.
C)dream condensation.
D)dream sublimation.

Question 38

According to your textbook,which of the following is NOT one of the questions that was suggested to ask yourself in probing a dream?

A)Were there humans,animals,or mythical characters in your dreams?
B)Was there striving in the dream and was it successful or not?
C)What were the physical surroundings like and were any physical objects present?
D)How long did the dream seem like it lasted?

Question 39

Marty dreams about a strange man standing behind a door.To interpret his dream,Marty speaks aloud to the man,then answers for him,and even speaks for the door,saying "I am a barrier.I keep you safe,but I also keep you locked inside.The stranger has something to tell you.You must risk opening me to learn it." Marty is using the dream analysis technique of

A)Ernest Hartmann.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Stephen LaBerge.

Question 40

If you were to follow Ernest Hartmann's approach to understanding your dreams,you would focus on

A)how the dream processes of displacement and condensation are being utilized.
B)the characters,their actions,and the setting of the dream.
C)the unusual dream elements and the underlying emotion of the dream.
D)the elements of a dream which replay a day's events in a person's life.

Question 41

One reason for dreams producing more creative solutions to problems is because which of the following occurs?

A)Your expectations set up a self-fulfilling prophecy that will occur while dreaming.
B)Brain waves remain more stable during dreaming than when one is awake.
C)Your inhibitions are reduced during dreaming.
D)Stimulus generalizations are more likely to occur when you are dreaming.

Question 42

If you ask yourself in your sleep,"Could this be a dream?" and answer "Yes," you are probably experiencing

A)somnambulism.
B)imagery rehearsal.
C)lucid dreaming.
D)intense daydreaming.

Question 43

According to Freud,when several people,objects,or events are combined into a single dream image,the dream process of secondary elaboration has taken place.

Question 44

A procedure outlined in your textbook for using dreams in problem-solving involves which of the following?

A)Use stimulus control and sleep restriction to tap into creativity during dreaming.
B)Use prescription medication to increase your likelihood of dreaming.
C)Concentrate on the problem just before going to bed and then use dream catching techniques.
D)Increase your time spent in sleep,thus directly increasing the time for dreams to occur.

Question 45

The prearranged signals that LaBerge's lucid dreamers displayed showed that

A)sleep deprivation causes hypnopompic hallucinations.
B)people do dream in the NREM sleep stages.
C)condensation and displacement disguise dream content.
D)voluntary action in dreams is possible.

Question 46

In LaBerge's sleep study,his subjects were able to use prearranged signals,such as clenching their fists,which
showed that lucid dreamers can partially overcome REM sleep paralysis.

Question 47

A recently divorced woman kept dreaming that she was being swallowed by a giant wave.After awakening,the woman rehearsed in her mind swimming against the wave.She then went back to sleep and was able to swim against the wave in this dream.In so doing,the nightmare lost its terror.More important,her revised dream made her feel that she could cope with life again.This woman was using which of the following to solve a personal problem?

A)sane hallucinations
B)displacement
C)condensation
D)lucid dreaming

Question 48

In order for you to be able to periodically review your past dreams,it is recommended that you record your dreams in chronological order within a permanent dream .

Question 49

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real,and they occur

A)during NREM sleep.
B)during REM sleep.
C)only when people are sleep deprived and are experiencing REM rebound.
D)most often in children and adolescents,but rarely in adults.

Question 50

Regarding lucid dreaming,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Lucid dreaming tends to increase REM sleep paralysis.
B)People who have lucid dreams tend to feel a sense of emotional well-being.
C)Lucid dreaming is a way to voluntarily enter altered states of consciousness without the risks of taking mind- altering drugs.
D)A person can revise nightmares during lucid dreaming to make them less fearful or to solve problems.

Question 51

Inhibitions tend to increase during REM sleep,which makes dreaming less useful for problem solving.

Question 52

In order to unlock the meaning of a dream,Ernest Hartmann believes that you should pay close attention to the
elements of a dream that involve a replay of the day's events and ignore the unusual dream elements.

Question 53

Your accuracy in recalling lucid dreams and their usefulness in problem-solving is improved by

A)deliberately rehearsing your intention of becoming aware that you are dreaming.
B)engaging in strenuous physical exercise just before going to bed.
C)asking someone to wake you frequently during the night.
D)taking careful notes during your dream experience.

Question 54

Jared has awakened spontaneously from a dream.He takes a few minutes to try to memorize the dream.Next,he engages in 10 to 15 minutes of reading that requires his full wakefulness.Then,while lying in bed and returning to sleep,he says to himself,"Next time I'm dreaming,I want to remember I'm dreaming." Finally,he visualizes himself lying in bed asleep while in the dream he just rehearsed.At the same time,he pictures himself realizing that he is dreaming.Jared is trying to learn how to use

A)the paradoxical intention.
B)secondary elaboration.
C)lucid dreaming.
D)the basic suggestion effect.

Question 55

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that lucid dreamers are able to

A)partially overcome REM sleep paralysis.
B)increase the length of any NREM or REM sleep stage.
C)talk (mumble)to the researchers while asleep.
D)create hypnopompic hallucinations during REM sleep.

Question 56

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that lucid dreamers were able to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)utilize prearranged signals when they became aware they were dreaming.
B)be able to look up abruptly in a dream,causing a distinct upward eye movement.
C)verbally mumble "awake."
D)clench their right and left fists in a prearranged pattern.

Question 57

Which of the following dream researchers is best known for his work with lucid dreaming?

A)Ernest Hartmann
B)Stephen LaBerge
C)Robert McCarley
D)Fritz Perls

Question 58

While sleeping,you begin to feel as if you are awake during the dream and capable of normal thought.You are experiencing

A)somnambulism.
B)imagery rehearsal.
C)lucid dreaming.
D)daydreaming.

Question 59

Alcohol and amphetamines both suppress dreaming by interfering with REM sleep.

Question 60

Regarding the use of dreams,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The ability to take advantage of dreams for problem solving is improved if you "set" yourself before retiring.
B)Your inhibitions tend to increase when you are dreaming.
C)Even unimaginative people can use dreams to produce creative solutions.
D)During a lucid dream,a person feels as if she or he is fully awake within the dream world and capable of normal thought and action.

Question 61

A dreamer wakes within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action during the state known as
__________ dreaming.

Question 62

According to Freud,the mental filters that disguise the meanings of dreams are called .

Question 63

The Gestalt psychologist,who proposed that most dreams are special messages about what's missing in our lives,what we tend to avoid doing,or feelings that need to be "re­owned," was .

Question 64

Explain how collecting and interpreting one's dreams can promote self­awareness,and describe the procedure
outlined in your textbook for "catching a dream."

Question 65

Jana has an argument with her husband and then dreams that she accidentally backs into his motorcycle,damaging it slightly.Of Freud's four mental filters that disguise dreams,this would be an example of .

Question 66

Describe Sigmund Freud's four dream processes and give an example of each.