Deck 28: Conditioning and Learning: Types of Learning

Question 1

Psychologists define learning as

A)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
B)a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state.
C)behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
D)the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The two types of associative learning are

A)classical conditioning and observational learning.
B)vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C)classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D)operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning

Answer 3

A

Question 4

For early psychologists,such as Ivan Pavlov,John Watson,and Edward Thorndike,which type of learning was a fairly mechanical process of "stamping in" connections between objective stimuli and objective responses with no subjective "thinking" believed to be required?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)cognitive learning
D)vicarious learning

Question 5

At the beginning of Module 27,Larry's story about how he learned to fear rats was presented.Although Larry tried to use abstract "book learning" to conquer his fear of rats,he eventually went to a therapist who used a method based on which of the following types of learning to help Larry overcome his irrational fear of rats?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)operant conditioning
D)cognitive learning

Question 6

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would be a type of learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 7

At the beginning of Module 27,Larry's story about how he developed a fear of rats was presented.As an adult,Larry tried to conquer this irrational fear by understanding how phobias develop.However,when he tried to pet a rat at the pet store,his fear of rats resurfaced.Larry had discovered that all his abstract "book learning" was powerless to protect him in the presence of a rat.This abstract "book learning" that Larry attempted to use to conquer his fear would be considered a form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)vicarious classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)cognitive learning.

Question 8

In the introduction to Module 27,Larry's story about how he developed a fear of rats was told.It seems that Larry learned to fear rats when as a child he heard his mother tearfully describe how,as a little girl,she was terrified by a rat scampering out of a wood pile.Thus,Larry's fear of rats developed through a form of associative learning called

A)classical conditioning.
B)vicarious classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)insight learning.

Question 9

Forming a connection between the stimulus of seeing a particular food and the response of feeling nauseous would be a type of learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 10

Cognitive learning involves

A)responding to reinforcers and punishers.
B)learning through the consequences of responding.
C)forming simple associations between various stimuli and responses.
D)making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

Question 11

Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various

A)motives and drives.
B)reinforcements and punishments.
C)stimuli and responses.
D)expectancies and types of feedback.

Question 12

Which of the following types of learning consists of understanding,knowing,anticipating,and making use of information-rich higher mental processes?

A)classical conditioning
B)respondent learning
C)cognitive learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 13

Learning is best defined as

A)any change in behavior.
B)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
C)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
D)any change in behavior caused by motivation.

Question 14

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 15

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)associative learning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 16

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

A)reinforcement.
B)introspection.
C)motivation.
D)learning.

Question 17

Regarding learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most human behavior is learned.
B)Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C)Learning includes temporary changes as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue.
D)There are different types of learning,including associative learning and cognitive learning.

Question 18

If you are making use of information-rich higher mental processes,such as organizing various research articles in writing your term paper,you are engaged in a complex form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)cognitive learning.
C)respondent learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 19

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

A)motivation.
B)maturation.
C)experience.
D)fatigue.

Question 20

Regarding associative and cognitive learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
B)Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
C)Associative learning requires relatively little awareness or thought.
D)Humans share the important capacity for associative learning with many other species.

Question 21

Classical conditioning is based on

A)the consequences of making a response.
B)what happens before we respond.
C)punishments the organism receives.
D)the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.

Question 22

Regarding associative learning,which of the following discovered what is now called operant conditioning?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Albert Bandura
C)Edward Thorndike
D)John B.Watson

Question 23

Regarding antecedents,consequences,and associative learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B)Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C)Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 24

Events that occur just after a response are called

A)antecedents.
B)precursors.
C)stimuli.
D)consequences.

Question 25

In North America,Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called conditioning.

A)vicarious
B)operant
C)classical
D)cognitive

Question 26

An automatic,unlearned response is called a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)reflex.
C)consequence.
D)reinforcer.

Question 27

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)cognitive learning
D)vicarious learning

Question 28

In which type of learning is an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response linked with a stimulus that does produce the response?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)instrumental learning

Question 29

Unlocking the secrets of associative learning begins with noting

A)the level of motivation displayed by the respondent.
B)the level of maturation of the respondent.
C)whether vicarious learning has already occurred.
D)what happens before and after a particular behavior.

Question 30

Regarding associative learning,which of the following discovered classical conditioning?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Edward Thorndike
D)Albert Bandura

Question 31

In Russia,Ivan Pavlov discovered conditioning.

A)vicarious
B)operant
C)classical
D)cognitive

Question 32

In classical conditioning,learning is evident when a

A)stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B)stimulus,which did not initially produce a response,now elicits that response.
C)spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D)subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 33

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway,it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

A)respondent stimulus.
B)consequence.
C)antecedent.
D)prologue.

Question 34

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)insight learning

Question 35

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times,you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus,blinking to the horn illustrates

A)an automatic,non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 36

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)reflex.
C)precursor.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 37

When she hears her father at the door,three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door,where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)precursor.
C)responding stimulus.
D)consequence.

Question 38

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door,she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

A)strengthens it
B)classically conditions it
C)vicariously conditions it
D)extinguishes it

Question 39

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

A)observational learning
B)latent learning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 40

Events that occur just before a response are called

A)respondent stimuli.
B)consequences.
C)antecedents.
D)prologues.

Question 41

Operant conditioning is based on

A)the consequences of making a response.
B)what happens before we respond.
C)an association between two reflexes.
D)an association between stimuli.

Question 42

Learning by consequences occurs during

A)respondent conditioning.
B)insight learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 43

In a classic experiment,two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze,while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.But later,when the "uneducated" rats were given food,they ran the maze as quickly as the rewarded group.The unrewarded animals had nevertheless learned their way around the maze because

A)just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
B)the rats were classically conditioned to the food reward.
C)the second group of rats had learned vicariously from the first group of rats.
D)just social reinforcement can be enough to encourage learning in all mammals.

Question 44

In a classic experiment,two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze,while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.Later,when the second group was rewarded with food at the end of the maze,this second group of "uneducated" rats

A)only then began to learn the maze.
B)learned the maze but always showed a much slower completion time as compared to the first group.
C)ran the maze as quickly as the first group.
D)never learned the maze until numerous feeding trials were utilized.

Question 45

In a classic experiment,two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze,while the second group wandered the maze but were unrewarded and showed no signs of learning.But later,when the "uneducated" rats were given food,they ran the maze as quickly as the rewarded group.The unrewarded animals had nevertheless learned their way around the maze,which demonstrated a type of learning referred to as

A)classical conditioning.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)latent learning.
D)instrumental learning.

Question 46

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)instrumental learning

Question 47

Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates

A)the effect of reinforcement.
B)the effect of punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 48

In operant conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A)antecedents.
B)consequences.
C)latent reflexes.
D)punishers.

Question 49

In classical conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A)antecedents.
B)consequences.
C)latent reflexes.
D)punishers.

Question 50

Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates

A)the effect of reinforcement.
B)the effect of punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 51

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious

A)reinforcement.
B)practice.
C)response expectancies.
D)cognitive shaping.

Question 52

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called

A)latent learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 53

A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence,or reinforcer,such as food;or by a negative consequence,or punisher,such as a slap;or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again.The type of learning just described is

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)respondent conditioning.
D)insight learning.

Question 54

A core assumption of early theories of associative learning was that learning did not require any thinking,or cognition.Animals,it was widely assumed,did not have "minds" and certainly could not "think" in anyway like humans do.A classic series of studies conducted in the 1930s at the University of California at Berkeley,began to challenge this assumption.These experiments that involved rats finding their way through mazes and which demonstrated latent learning were conducted by psychologist

A)Edward Tolman.
B)B.F.Skinner.
C)John B.Watson.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 55

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie,you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

A)an automatic,non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 56

Regarding latent learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
B)Latent learning remains hidden until reinforcement is provided.
C)Latent learning is directly associated with respondent conditioning.
D)In humans,latent learning is related to higher-level abilities,such as anticipating future reward.

Question 57

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments,you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

A)an automatic,non-learned response.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 58

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at,you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

A)an automatic,nonlearned response.
B)learning by an association of stimuli.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 59

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains hidden until reinforcement is provided is known as

A)instrumental learning.
B)latent learning.
C)covert conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 60

In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)insight learning
D)respondent learning

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

A)knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater even though you have never used them
B)becoming emotional in the presence of bees after you receive a bee sting
C)Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell
D)a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens

Question 62

Elizabeth no longer has a difficult time finding her way around the new mall because after several visits she has developed which of the following to help her navigate the mall?

A)a cognitive map
B)a behavioral contract
C)adaptive processing
D)projective assessment

Question 63

A key component of cognitive learning is

A)feedback.
B)reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 64

Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the following regarding this video game?

A)a cognitive map
B)a behavioral contract
C)automatic adaptation
D)projective assessment

Question 65

An English teacher encourages her students to write the main aspects of the short story the class is reading into ovals and then draw lines connecting the various themes and concepts.Thus,for this short story,this teacher is encouraging her students to make a(n)

A)ablation.
B)behavioral contract.
C)cognitive map.
D)projective assessment.

Question 66

Barry is making a decision concerning which job he will accept.He remembers how it was in similar jobs in the past and anticipates potential rewards and problems on each of these jobs.Like all humans,Barry's decision making is greatly affected by information,expectations,and his perceptions and demonstrates the impact of

A)operant conditioning.
B)vicarious classical conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)instrumental learning.

Question 67

Information about the effects of a particular response is called

A)cognitive branching.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)primary reinforcement.
D)feedback.

Question 68

Even though you do not plan to be a teacher,you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day.These mental notes you are making illustrate

A)instrumental learning.
B)latent learning.
C)covert conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 69

"After visiting Chattanooga,Tennessee last summer,I can imagine the layout of the city in my mind." This is an example of

A)imprinting.
B)a cognitive map.
C)automatic adaptation.
D)stimulus control.

Question 70

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze,city,campus,etc. )that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)

A)cognitive map.
B)cognitive antecedent.
C)eidetic image.
D)non-operant response.

Question 71

Which of the following types of learning extends beyond basic conditioning into the realms of memory,thinking,problem solving,and language?

A)operant learning
B)instrumental learning
C)cognitive learning
D)Pavlovian cognition

Question 72

Memory,thinking,problem-solving,and the use of concepts,language,and feedback are all involved in

A)operant learning.
B)instrumental conditioning.
C)response-dependent learning.
D)cognitive learning.

Question 73

You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if there is a traffic jam.Psychologists call this a(n)

A)intuitive map.
B)cognitive map.
C)latent map.
D)discovery map.

Question 74

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home,you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house,even if a date is only a remote future possibility.This illustrates

A)classical conditioning.
B)shaping.
C)latent learning.
D)discovery learning.

Question 75

It has been found that in humans,latent learning often occurs because of

A)indirect reinforcement.
B)immediate gratification.
C)operant conditioning.
D)the anticipation of future reward.

Question 76

Every time a video game player moves,the game instantly provides sounds,animated actions,and a higher or lower score.This situation illustrates the use of

A)primary reinforcers.
B)feedback.
C)training trials.
D)motivational skill-building.

Question 77

Cindy has watched her mother cook for several months.However,today her mother is ill so Cindy offers to cook. Cindy has never had to cook before,but she does an excellent job without any assistance.This demonstrates

A)insight.
B)latent learning.
C)vicarious classical conditioning.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 78

The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned longer route indicates that rats

A)learn a series of responses only.
B)learn what turns to take in a maze to get to a reward.
C)are smarter than monkeys when it comes to finding food.
D)learn the location of the reward.

Question 79

An internal representation of relationships that acts as a guide is referred to as a(n)

A)cognitive map.
B)cognitive antecedent.
C)eidetic image.
D)non-operant response.

Question 80

Feedback is the key component of

A)associative learning.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)classical conditioning.