Deck 35: Memory: Exceptional Memory and Improving Memory

Question 1

In an experiment,participants first memorized a sort of treasure map and were asked to picture a black dot moving from one object to another on this map,such as moving to one of the trees or to the hut at the top of the island.The time it took to "move" the dot was directly related to the actual distances on the map,which illustrates that

A)memories do exist as eidetic imagery.
B)memories do exist as mental images.
C)iconic memory lasts longer than once suspected.
D)flashbulb memories are easily formed when requested.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following involve visual images which are clear enough to be "scanned" for at least 30 seconds,are "projected" out in front of a person,and can best be "seen" on a blank surface?

A)eidetic images
B)mental images
C)flashbulb memories
D)mnemonic images

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The term photographic memory is most often used to describe a memory ability called

A)explicit memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)flashbulb memories.
D)eidetic imagery.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following are somewhat like the after-images you might have after looking at a flashbulb or a brightly- lit neon sign?

A)eidetic images
B)mental images
C)implicit memories
D)mnemonic images

Question 5

When Wilding and Valentine presented the participants in their study with memory tasks that prevented the use of learned strategies and techniques,

A)all of the participants were able to excel on these tasks at the same level as when they were able to use the learned strategies.
B)all of the participants were able to memorize the task but at a lower level than when they were able to use the learned strategies.
C)several of the participants were able to excel on these tasks.
D)none of the participants were able to excel on these tasks.

Question 6

Actors can remember large amounts of complex information for many months,even when learning new roles in between.During testing,they remember their lines best when they

A)do not look at the other actors.
B)look at the other actors or an audience.
C)are allowed to wear a part of the costume that will be worn in the play.
D)are allowed to move and gesture as they would when performing.

Question 7

You are asked how many windows are in your home.You are able to shut your eyes and "walk" through your home counting the windows along the way.This illustrates the use of

A)eidetic imagery.
B)mental images.
C)iconic memory.
D)flashbulb memories.

Question 8

According to Wilding and Valentine,individuals with exceptional memories have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

A)using learned memory strategies.
B)having specialized interests and knowledge that make certain information easier to encode.
C)having naturally superior memory abilities,such as vivid mental images.
D)having superior intellectual abilities or differently structured brains.

Question 9

Regarding Wilding and Valentine's research on exceptional memory,which of the following was NOT a finding of their research?

A)Many of the contestants actively used memory strategies,including mnemonics.
B)Specialized interests or knowledge helped participants on some memory tasks.
C)On tasks in which the use of learned strategies was prevented,no participant was able to excel on these memory tasks.
D)Wilding and Valentine concluded that exceptional memory may be based on either natural ability or learned strategies,but usually required both.

Question 10

In an experiment,participants first memorized a sort of treasure map and were asked to picture a black dot moving from one object to another on this map,such as moving to one of the trees or to the hut at the top of the island.The time it took to "move" the dot

A)was instantaneous.
B)required significantly less time than the actual distances on the map.
C)was directly related to the actual distances on the map.
D)required significantly more time than the actual distances on the map.

Question 11

Eidetic imagery is more common in

A)adolescents than in children.
B)children than in adolescents or adults.
C)women than in men.
D)men than in women.

Question 12

A child is shown a picture,the picture is taken away,and the child is asked questions about minute details within the picture.The child is able to answer these questions because he tells you that he can look down at the white table and still see the picture.This child is probably using

A)mental images.
B)eidetic images.
C)flashbulb memories.
D)mnemonic images.

Question 13

Two chess experts carry on a chess game in their heads without a board or any pieces;they simply call out their moves to one another.Obviously,they are good at using

A)sensory memory.
B)redintegration.
C)mental images.
D)implicit memory.

Question 14

According to Wilding and Valentine,individuals with exceptional memories

A)have superior intellectual abilities.
B)use learned memory strategies.
C)have differently structured brains.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 15

Regarding eidetic imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Eidetic images are best "seen" with the eyes closed.
B)Eidetic memory is more common in childhood and becomes rare by adulthood.
C)Eidetic imagery is informally referred to as photographic memory.
D)Eidetic images are somewhat like the afterimages one might have after looking at a flashbulb or a brightly lit neon sign.

Question 16

Representations in one's memory that are typically viewed with the eyes closed are called images.

A)mental
B)implicit
C)eidetic
D)redintegrative

Question 17

Most individuals with exceptional memory use

A)no particular strategy.
B)intensive maintenance rehearsal.
C)tape recorders with numerous play backs of the information.
D)memory strategies,such as mnemonics and chunking.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people with photographic memories?

A)seeing a date and immediately remembering where they were and what they were doing
B)seeing a date and knowing what day of the week this date fell on
C)being a rare ability in childhood and more common in adulthood
D)feeling like their photographic memories were both a gift and a burden

Question 19

Unlike people like Jill Price and Mr.S,who have "perfect photographic memories," most good memorizers exhibit

A)selective memory.
B)procedural memory.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)episodic imagery.

Question 20

Which of the following are visual depictions used by most people when thinking?

A)mental images
B)eidetic images
C)visual illusions
D)acoustic cues

Question 21

If you boil down the paragraphs in most textbooks to one or two important terms or ideas,your memory chores have been made more manageable through

A)selection.
B)rote learning.
C)elaborative processing.
D)serial positioning.

Question 22

To learn college-level information,you must mentally reflect and look for connections between the information you are learning and your existing knowledge,a strategy known as

A)proactive encoding.
B)elaborative processing.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)rote rehearsal.

Question 23

A common error made by college students is

A)marking too much in their textbooks.
B)using elaborative processing.
C)overlearning.
D)looking at their errors after a test is graded.

Question 24

If you want to improve your memory,your best bet would be to

A)use herbs,such as Ginko biloba.
B)take large doses of Vitamin E.
C)use learned strategies for encoding and retrieval.
D)receive electroconvulsive shocks (ECS)to improve long-term potentiation.

Question 25

When Sarah relates her own life experiences to what she is learning in her psychology class,it will be easier for her to recall the information on an exam.Sarah is engaging in

A)proactive encoding.
B)elaborative processing.
C)chunking or recoding.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 26

The improvement of memory to truly exceptional levels involves

A)learning techniques for organizing or "chunking" information.
B)replacing memory based on meaning with memory that utilizes images.
C)improvements in short-term memory.
D)improvements in the neural substrates of memory through drugs and nutrition.

Question 27

Psychologist Anders Ericsson believes that,in most cases,an exceptional memory

A)requires superior intelligence.
B)involves people who have brains that store information significantly different than persons with normal memories.
C)is an innate gift that cannot be learned.
D)is a learned extension of normal memory.

Question 28

Underlining too much rather than too little in your textbook is an example of

A)poor rehearsal.
B)poor selection.
C)massed practice.
D)overlearning.

Question 29

Organizing and summarizing material to be remembered works because it

A)makes sensory memory more efficient.
B)frees up the serial processing resources involved in memory.
C)encourages better encoding of the information.
D)facilitates state-dependent memory.

Question 30

There is little you can do to improve which of the following memory processes?

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)all of these

Question 31

Researchers have found that which of the following underlies expertise in many fields?

A)eidetic imagery
B)the ability to organize information into chunks
C)exceptional short-term memory storage
D)intensive maintenance rehearsal

Question 32

Highlighting a few of the ideas in your textbook and writing notes in the margins helps to consolidate memory by

A)selecting the important information.
B)creating the serial position effect.
C)creating partial learning.
D)providing feedback.

Question 33

After you read a section in your textbook,you summarize this material and then you summarize your summary to make the overall network of ideas clearer and simpler.You are using the memory strategy known as

A)overlearning.
B)organization.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)massed practice.

Question 34

When Martin boils down the paragraphs in his physics book to one or two important points,he is helping his memory by using the technique called

A)organization.
B)repetition.
C)selection.
D)serial positioning.

Question 35

Regarding rehearsal of information,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The more you rehearse (mentally review)information as you read,the better you will remember it.
B)Even repeatedly thinking about facts helps link them together in memory.
C)The encoding strategy of rote rehearsal is more effective than elaborative processing because it keeps remembered information more concise.
D)To learn college-level information,you must make active use of reflective study strategies.

Question 36

If you did not have which of the following you would recall countless scraps of unimportant information,such as the ingredients on your cereal box and every street number you have ever seen?

A)selective memory
B)vivid visual images
C)semantic memory
D)episodic memory

Question 37

Regarding the ways to improve memory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)There is very little you can do to improve your brain's ability to store long­term memories.
B)Research has shown that taking herbs,such as Ginkgo biloba or taking large doses of vitamin E will significantly improve one's memory.
C)The use of mnemonics have been shown to improve one's memory.
D)Most super memorizers use encoding and retrieval strategies to augment whatever natural talents they have.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT considered an encoding strategy to improve memory?

A)elaborative processing
B)spaced practice
C)cognitive interview
D)overlearning

Question 39

Regarding the exceptional memory of Steve described in the textbook,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Steve's exceptional memory seemed to be based on highly practiced strategies of encoding and storing digits.
B)After 20 months of practice,Steve was able to memorize approximately 80 digits.
C)Steve's short­term memory improved through this intensive practice.
D)Before he began practicing long lists of digits,Steve had a normal memory for digits.

Question 40

You have to memorize the following list of words: north,red,spring,east,autumn,yellow,summer,blue,west,winter,green,and south.It will be easier to remember these words if you arrange them into chunks,such as north- east-south-west (directions),spring-summer- autumn-winter (seasons),and red-yellow-green-blue (colors).You are using which strategy to improve your memory?

A)spaced practice
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)the serial position effect
D)organization

Question 41

While you are driving,you often talk on your cell phone or change channels on your radio because driving

A)is performed using a well-defined explicit memory.
B)was learned through massed practice.
C)has become overlearned.
D)has numerous retrieval cues to aid in its performance.

Question 42

As Morgan studies her psychology notes,she tries to use the new terms in several sentences and to form images that include the new information.Morgan is trying to knit which of the following into her memory code to help her remember this information when she needs it?

A)memory icons
B)engrams
C)retrieval cues
D)cuing operants

Question 43

Jamilla is learning her lines for the play.First,she learns half of scene one.Once it is mastered,she studies the second half of scene one.She then goes back and recites her lines for all of scene one.Once this is mastered,Jamilla starts learning the first half of scene two and so on,always starting at the beginning of the play,once she has mastered each small part.After the whole play is learned,Jamilla also practices by starting at different points in the play.This will help prevent getting "lost" or going blank in the middle of the performance.To learn her lines for the play,Jamilla is using

A)whole learning.
B)the serial position approach.
C)partial encoding.
D)the progressive-part method.

Question 44

If you learn a list of words by associating each word with another concept,you are using which of the following to aid your recall?

A)retrieval cues
B)implicit organization
C)the serial position effect
D)overlearning

Question 45

Which of the following would be the most important factor to use in deciding whether to use whole learning or part learning in memorizing a poem or a selection of music?

A)the age and gender of the person who will be memorizing the poem or music selection.
B)the intellectual level of the person who wil be memorizing the poem or music selection.
C)the number of days before the person must perform the poem or musical selection.
D)the length and complexity of the poem or music selection to be memorized.

Question 46

If you need to memorize a short five-minute speech to be delivered next week,it is best to

A)practice the whole speech rather than smaller parts.
B)memorize the speech,sentence by sentence.
C)practice only one or two parts of the speech at one study time.
D)go through the speech once and then wing it!

Question 47

Which of the following are stimuli often present during the encoding of a memory and can aid one's recall of the memory?

A)retrieval cues
B)memory icons
C)consolidators
D)serial positions

Question 48

When deciding whether to use the whole or part approach to learning a long poem,it is best to

A)always use the part approach in learning both short and long passages.
B)remember to study the largest meaningful amount of information you can at one time.
C)utilize maintenance rehearsal regardless of whether the whole or part approach is used.
D)do all of these.

Question 49

Retrieval cues are defined as

A)learned mechanisms that interfere with memory formation.
B)stimuli associated with the memory that enhance it and are often present during encoding.
C)distracter stimuli that are present during encoding and prevent retrieval.
D)none of these.

Question 50

Which of the following have you probably overlearned?

A)this psychology Chapter
B)the alphabet
C)the historical facts surrounding the founding of one's country
D)the important world events of the last decade

Question 51

In the memorization of information,part learning is superior

A)in all cases.
B)for extremely long,complicated information.
C)only if the information is not very meaningful.
D)because it is a form of feedback.

Question 52

When learning complex information that is quite lengthy,it is best to break the learning sessions into a series of short sessions.This memory strategy is called

A)whole learning.
B)serial positioning.
C)partial encoding.
D)the progressive-part method.

Question 53

Students in one study had the task of trying to recall a list of 600 words.As they read the list,the students were asked to write down three other words closely related in meaning to each listed word.In a test given later,the words each student supplied were used as the retrieval cues to jog memory.The students were able to recall what percent of the original list of 600 words using these cues?

A)20 percent
B)45 percent
C)65 percent
D)90 percent

Question 54

Students often assume that because they can answer all the study questions once,they have sufficiently prepared for a test.This mistaken attitude overlooks the importance of which of the following for improving memory?

A)overlearning
B)spaced practice
C)recitation
D)organization

Question 55

In an experiment,you are asked to read the sentence "The fish bit the swimmer."A week later you are asked to recall the sentence.You will be more likely to recall the sentence if the word "shark" is used as a(n)

A)implicit organizer.
B)eidetic image.
C)retrieval cue.
D)consolidator.

Question 56

According to the authors of your textbook,your best insurance against going blank on a test due to nervousness is

A)massed practice.
B)selection and organization.
C)overlearning.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 57

In comparing whole and part learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Part learning is better for fairly short,organized information.
B)Whole learning is better for long,complicated information.
C)The progressive-part method is a good way to learn lines in a play,a poem,or a musical piece.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 58

Effective strategies for improving memory encoding include

A)organizing the information to be retained.
B)studying for long uninterrupted periods.
C)underlining a lot of details in your text so that you can retain everything.
D)using all of these strategies in combination.

Question 59

To prevent becoming nervous and going blank on a test,Miguel continues to study beyond mere mastery of the material.Miguel is using which of the following to improve his memory for taking tests in college?

A)overlearning
B)massed practice
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)rote learning

Question 60

Regarding whole,part,and progressive-part learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)In using the part learning approach,it is best to study the smallest amount of information you can for each section,such as one sentence at a time.
B)Whole learning is better for long,complicated information,while part learning is better for fairly short,organized information.
C)After material is learned using the progressive-part method,one should also practice by starting at points other than at the beginning.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 61

When reviewing information prior to an exam,it is important to

A)hold the amount of new material to a minimum.
B)only review new (unstudied)material.
C)memorize a large amount of new material.
D)mass practice so you drill it into your head.

Question 62

A prime way for students to provide feedback to themselves and improve retrieval while studying is to employ

A)massed practice.
B)recitation.
C)encoding imagery.
D)checklist evaluations.

Question 63

The best way to make use of spaced practice is to

A)schedule your time.
B)use the progressive-whole method.
C)sleep less.
D)utilize maintenance rehearsal.

Question 64

Feedback can be an especially important way of improving memory because it

A)identifies material needing additional practice.
B)teaches speed-reading and processing.
C)provides a protection against interference.
D)changes sensory memory.

Question 65

When reading her psychology text,Juanita frequently stops and tries to remember what she has just read by restating it in her own words.Juanita is using

A)whole learning.
B)recitation.
C)spaced practice.
D)verbal cueing.

Question 66

It is important to use retrieval practice right before the exam in order to cut down on the time during which you must remember details that may be important for the test.This retrieval practice is called

A)recitation.
B)a review.
C)priming.
D)the cognitive interview.

Question 67

Which of the following provides reinforcement to you as you check your progress and find out whether you remembered correctly?

A)massed practice
B)feedback
C)eidetic encoding
D)selective organization

Question 68

Natasha is using an effective technique that will help her summarize the material she is studying,will force her to practice retrieving information,and will provide her with feedback on what she knows.Natasha is using

A)rote rehearsal.
B)massed practice.
C)recitation.
D)progressive-part learning.

Question 69

In an experiment examining the memory effects of recitation,it was found that those students with the highest memory scores had divided their study time in which way?

A)20 percent reading and 80 percent recitation
B)40 percent reading and 60 percent recitation
C)50 percent reading and 50 percent recitation
D)70 percent reading and 30 percent recitation

Question 70

Serena studies for 20 minutes then takes a break,then studies another 20 minutes,and takes a break,and so on.This pattern of studying is referred to as practice.

A)serial positioned
B)partial
C)massed
D)spaced

Question 71

According to research,which of the following would improve attention and consolidation and produce more learning?

A)one intensive 20-minute session using maintenance rehearsal
B)one 60-minute continuous study session
C)three 20-minute sessions with rest periods in-between
D)each type of study session would produce equivalent amounts of learning

Question 72

Which of the following refers to summarizing aloud while you are learning?

A)recitation
B)eidetic imaging
C)the progressive-part method
D)spaced practice

Question 73

Michael usually waits until the night before an exam and studies for about six hours non-stop.Michael is using a study strategy known as

A)massed practice.
B)partial encoding.
C)whole learning.
D)spaced practice.

Question 74

Which of the following allows you to check your progress and identify ideas that need extra practice?

A)massed practice
B)feedback
C)memory cues
D)selective orgranization

Question 75

To keep boredom and fatigue to a minimum,it is best to alternate short study sessions with brief rest periods.This pattern of studying is referred to as practice.

A)serial positioned
B)partial
C)massed
D)spaced

Question 76

Efficient retrieval practice involves all of the following EXCEPT for

A)feedback.
B)recitation.
C)review.
D)massed practice.

Question 77

Which of the following is considered a retrieval strategy?

A)selection
B)organization
C)recitation
D)progressive-part method

Question 78

Recitation is effective in improving memory because it

A)provides a protection against interference.
B)forces one to practice retrieving information.
C)provides insight into unconscious processes that may distort memory.
D)changes sensory memory.

Question 79

Greg designates times during the week before,after,and between classes when he will study particular subjects,and,then,he treats these times just as if they are classes he has to attend.Greg is scheduling his time in order to make effective use of which study strategy?

A)the progressive-part method
B)massed practice
C)spaced practice
D)whole learning

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a good strategy to improve memory?

A)overlearning
B)massed practice
C)organization
D)elaborative processing