Deck 47: Human Sexuality: Gender Development, Androgyny, and Gender Variance

Question 1

Biological biasing can best be described as the

A)link between prenatal hormones and the development of sex organs.
B)effect of physiological sex structures on the brain.
C)subtle influences of sex hormones on the development of the body and nervous system,and later behavior patterns.
D)way in which one's sex chromosomes ultimately determine gender identity.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following would be an example of biological biasing in humans?

A)Females exposed to androgens at birth typically become "tomboys" during childhood and prefer the company of boys to girls.
B)Studies of emotions in men find that they keep a lot of feelings to themselves as expected by societal norms.
C)Girls who are exposed to higher than normal levels of androgens show typical female characteristics during childhood.
D)Many women are better at math than most men are.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Some researchers state that men,as a group,are better than women at math and spatial tasks because of

A)lower testosterone levels.
B)prenatal exposure to estrogens.
C)biological differences in brain development.
D)the male tendency to be "left­brained."

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Regarding whether gender identity is biologically determined or learned,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In animals,clear links exist between prenatal hormones and male or female behaviors.
B)In humans,abnormal levels of prenatal androgens and estrogens can strongly influence the development of the body,nervous system,and later behavior patterns,such as sexual preference.
C)Slight variations in the levels of sex hormones may,less dramatically,"sex­type" the brains of most of us before birth,altering our chances of developing feminine or masculine traits.
D)Most human sex-linked behaviors are influenced much more by biological factors than by learning.

Question 5

One's subjective sense of being male or female is known as one's

A)hormonal sex.
B)genetic sex.
C)sexual script.
D)gender identity.

Question 6

Some researchers believe that men are more "right­brained," which would make them better at which of the following?

A)language
B)math and spatial tasks
C)rote learning
D)all of these skills

Question 7

Regarding females exposed to androgens before birth,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)After birth,their hormones shift to female,and they are raised as girls.
B)During childhood,such girls are typically "tomboys" who prefer the company of boys to girls.
C)After adolescence,the girls' tomboyism usually gives way to female interests and gender characteristics.
D)In adulthood,the androgenized females revert back to being extremely masculine in their characteristics and interests.

Question 8

The hypothesized effect that prenatal exposure to sex hormones has on the development of the body,nervous system,and later behavior patterns is called

A)the androgenital biasing effect.
B)the biological biasing effect.
C)transsexualism.
D)androgyny.

Question 9

While she was pregnant,Deanna's unborn daughter was exposed to male hormones.Deanna's daughter will most likely

A)have difficulty becoming pregnant when she is an adult.
B)be a "tomboy" during childhood.
C)become permanently masculinized.
D)show an elevated interest in male-oriented activities as an adult.

Question 10

Which of the following would be an example of biological biasing in humans?

A)Girls who were tomboys adopt more female interests and characteristics as they become adolescents.
B)Studies of emotions in men find that they keep a lot of feelings to themselves as expected by societal norms.
C)Girls who are exposed to higher than normal levels of androgens show typical female characteristics in childhood.
D)Women,as a group,are more often "left­brained," and men,as a group,are more often "right­brained."

Question 11

Regarding the biological biasing effect,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)According to supporters of the biological biasing effect,women are more often "left brained," and men are more often "right brained."
B)Differences in male and female brains may affect the chances of retaining language abilities after a person suffers a stroke or brain injury.
C)The differences between men and women on math and language tasks are based on averages.
D)The narrowing of the gap between male and female scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test provides evidence that supports the biological biasing effect.

Question 12

Females who have been exposed to androgens before birth tend to

A)have difficulty becoming pregnant.
B)become permanently masculinized.
C)be "tomboys" in childhood.
D)show an elevated interest in male-oriented activities as adults.

Question 13

In the cases of females exposed to androgens before birth,their tomboyish behavior in childhood and their return to female interests and gender characteristics during adolescence make it clear that

A)prenatal hormones are exclusively responsible for determining one's adult gender identity.
B)later social factors are exclusively responsible for determining one's adult gender identity.
C)both prenatal hormones and later social factors contribute in determining one's adult gender identity.
D)both genetic predisposition and prenatal hormones contribute in determining one's adult gender identity.

Question 14

Females with prenatal exposure to male hormones are

A)no different than females with no such exposure.
B)exclusively feminine.
C)tomboyish during childhood but revert to feminine interests as adolescents.
D)very feminine and girlish during childhood but show more masculine interests as adolescents.

Question 15

Regarding the effect on later thinking skills,some researchers feel that prenatal exposure to androgens or estrogens tends to have a(n)__________effect

A)excitatory
B)inhibiting
C)biological biasing
D)genetic

Question 16

Gender identity is

A)one's subjective sense of being male or female as expressed in appearance,behavior,and attitudes.
B)indicated by the preponderance of estrogens or androgens.
C)determined by the presence of an XX or XY chromosome pair.
D)defined as the physiological differences between sexual anatomy of males and females.

Question 17

According to some researchers,women,as a group,are better at language skills because they

A)are more "left­brained" than men.
B)were exposed to high levels of male hormones during prenatal development.
C)are more "right­brained" than men.
D)were exposed to high levels of androgens during early childhood.

Question 18

According to the supporters of the biological biasing effect,women,as a group,score higher than men on tests requiring

A)quick responding.
B)spatial tasks and math.
C)manual dexterity.
D)language and rote learning.

Question 19

Scientists believe that which of the following may "sex­type" the brain before birth with changes in the brain then altering the chances of developing feminine or masculine traits?

A)in utero orientation
B)sex hormones
C)brain peptides
D)genetic mutations

Question 20

One's personal and private sense of maleness or femaleness as expressed in appearance,behavior,and attitudes is known as

A)sexual identification.
B)gender role socialization.
C)gender identity.
D)sex role perception.

Question 21

Most male-female performance gaps can be traced to

A)the biological biasing effect.
B)the superiority of the right brain for most tasks.
C)the superiority of the left brain for most tasks.
D)social differences in power and opportunities.

Question 22

Recent research with the Scholastic Assessment Test indicates that the differences in verbal and math abilities that do exist between men and women are based on

A)averages.
B)the biological biasing effect.
C)the superiority of the left brain for certain tasks and the right brain for other ones.
D)test bias effects that penalize males.

Question 23

To a large extent,gender identity is acquired through the combined effects of

A)labeling and gender role socialization.
B)hormones and physiological development.
C)socialization and hormones.
D)prenatal development and labeling of behaviors.

Question 24

When used for predicting individual ability,the variable of gender is

A)valid for both math and language abilities.
B)valid for math but not language abilities.
C)valid for language but not math abilities.
D)invalid for both math and language abilities.

Question 25

Jack and Martha are taking the Scholastic Assessment Test.Based on their gender,we

A)can predict that Jack will be better than Martha at math skills.
B)can predict that Martha will be better than Jack at language skills.
C)can predict that both will perform equally well on both math and language skills.
D)cannot predict individual performances based on gender.

Question 26

According to the text,gender identity is usually well-formed

A)prenatally.
B)during the first year of life.
C)before 18 months of age.
D)by three or four years of age.

Question 27

Jake's parents tell him that he is a "big strong brave little man," while they tell his little sister that she is "sweet,kind,and polite." These favored patterns of behavior being taught by the parents are called

A)gender roles.
B)sexual scripts.
C)gender predispositions.
D)gender identities.

Question 28

In our culture,males are encouraged to be strong,fast,aggressive,dominant,and achieving,while females are expected to be sensitive,intuitive,passive,emotional,and "naturally" interested in child rearing.These represent

A)gender predispositions.
B)sexual scripts.
C)gender roles.
D)gender identities.

Question 29

The observable traits,mannerisms,interests,and behaviors defined by one's culture as "male" or "female" are one's

A)gender identity.
B)gender role.
C)sexual script.
D)gender predisposition.

Question 30

Gender role socialization involves

A)cultural norms.
B)learning behaviors considered appropriate for one's sex.
C)subtle pressures from parents and peers.
D)all of these.

Question 31

Which of the following reflects all the subtle pressures from parents,peers,and cultural forces that urge boys to "act like boys" and girls to "act like girls"?

A)gender adaptation
B)biological biasing effect
C)sexual scripting
D)gender role socialization

Question 32

The process of learning gender behaviors regarded as appropriate for one's sex in a given culture is called

A)sexual scripting.
B)biological biasing.
C)gender role socialization.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding gender identity is FALSE?

A)Gender identity begins with labeling.
B)Gender identity is highly influenced by how parents treat children.
C)Gender identity is essentially the same as a gender role.
D)Gender identity is usually well formed by three or four years of age.

Question 34

Regarding gender roles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Gender roles are the favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex.
B)Gender roles may differ from one society to another.
C)Gender roles are much less important than chromosomes and hormones in influencing sexual behavior.
D)Examples of gender roles include encouraging American boys to be strong and encouraging American girls to be sensitive.

Question 35

Declining differences between male and female scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test are probably the result of

A)increasing structural similarity between the right and left brains.
B)increasing similarity in male and female interests,experiences,and educational goals.
C)changes in the proportion of the population included in the norm group.
D)changes in hormone levels in the brain.

Question 36

Regarding gender roles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)All cultures define gender roles.
B)Gender roles probably have as big an influence on sexual behavior as chromosomal,genital,or hormonal factors do.
C)In our American culture,males are encouraged to be aggressive and dominant,while females are encouraged to be passive and emotional.
D)The favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex is determined by biological biasing.

Question 37

In a culture,the favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex is called

A)gender identity.
B)sexual identity.
C)gender role.
D)biological sex.

Question 38

Children become aware of gender role differences by the time they are what age?

A)10 months
B)15 months
C)30 months
D)four years

Question 39

Regarding differences in the performances of males and females,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The differences that do exist between women and men are based on individual performances,not on averages.
B)Scores for women and men overlap so much that it is impossible to predict if any one person will be good or bad at math or language simply by knowing their gender.
C)Female and male scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)are rapidly becoming more alike.
D)Most male-female performance gaps can be traced to social differences in the power and opportunities given to men and women.

Question 40

Which of the following statements regarding gender roles and culture is FALSE?

A)Adult personality and gender identity are closely tied to cultural definitions of "masculinity" and "femininity."
B)Gender roles of the Tchambuli people of New Guinea are a nearly perfect reversal of North American stereotypes.
C)In many cultures,women do the heavy work because men are considered too weak for it.
D)In Russia,as in the Unites States,roughly 75 percent of all medical doctors are men.

Question 41

Gender role socialization begins

A)during early childhood.
B)at birth.
C)at puberty.
D)between adolescence and adulthood.

Question 42

The idea that gender roles are universal becomes questionable when we look at

A)norms for male and female behaviors in other cultures.
B)the significant gender differences in certain skills such as math or language.
C)the similarity in aggressive behaviors of males and females.
D)equal opportunity and equal pay for both sexes in the United States.

Question 43

Expressive behaviors are those that

A)emphasize assertiveness.
B)are goal-directed.
C)emphasize a high degree of control
D)are emotion-oriented.

Question 44

Carol and Hank are fraternal twins.Although their parents try not to treat the twins differently,both parents allow Hank to play loudly and to climb on the furniture.Hank's dad tends to "rough­house" with Hank more than Carol,while he talks to and reads books more with Carol.Carol and Hank are undergoing

A)gender role socialization.
B)sexual orientation training.
C)sexual scripting.
D)androgynous socialization.

Question 45

Regarding the gender roles of the Tchambuli people of New Guinea,

A)the women do the fishing and manufacturing and control the power and economic life of the community.
B)the men take the initiative in courting and sexual relations.
C)the women are expected to be dependent,flirtatious,and concerned with their appearance.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 46

The purchase of toy trucks for boys and dolls for girls is an example of

A)gender identification.
B)sex biasing.
C)gender assimilation.
D)sex typing.

Question 47

Overall,parents and other adults in Western cultures tend to encourage girls to engage in behaviors.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)androgynous
D)goal-directed

Question 48

Regarding gender role socialization,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Infant girls are held more gently and treated more tenderly than boys.
B)Both parents play more roughly with sons than with daughters.
C)Both parents tend to encourage expressive behaviors in boys and instrumental behaviors in girls.
D)Fathers especially encourage their children to play with "appropriate" sex­typed toys.

Question 49

Instrumental behaviors are those that

A)emphasize verbal communication.
B)are goal-directed.
C)emphasize a lack of control.
D)are emotion-oriented.

Question 50

Studies of other cultures indicate that

A)gender roles are consistent from one society to another.
B)one's innate skills have the greatest impact on the development of gender roles.
C)gender roles do not occur naturally,but rather are constructed.
D)none of these statements are true.

Question 51

In a study,infant sons and daughters and their mothers played together with gender-neutral toys.During this play,the mothers of the girls

A)engaged in more interpretation and conversation.
B)commented more and offered more instruction.
C)exhibited all of these behaviors.
D)exhibited none of these behaviors.

Question 52

Learning from one's environment how to act "masculine" or "feminine" is known as

A)gender association.
B)gender role socialization.
C)gender training.
D)gender role perception.

Question 53

While parents in Western cultures encourage goal-directed behaviors in their sons,they encourage their daughters to engage in behaviors.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 54

Margo and Jack have a son and a daughter.If Margo and Jack are typical American parents,they will do all of the following EXCEPT

A)tolerate anger and aggression in their daughter,but not their son.
B)buy dolls for their daughter and trucks and tools for their son.
C)play rougher with their son and more gently with their daughter.
D)allow their son and not their daughter roam over large areas of the neighborhood without special permission.

Question 55

Regarding the gender roles of the Tchambuli people of New Guinea,

A)The Tchambuli women control the power and economic life of the community as well as taking the initiative in courting and sexual relations.
B)Tchambuli men are expected to be dependent,flirtatious,and concerned with their appearance.
C)Art,games,and theatrics occupy most of the Tchambuli males' time with the men being particularly fond of adorning themselves with flowers and jewelry.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 56

According to your text,which of the following does NOT reflect typical gender role socialization in the United States?

A)Mothers tend to encourage their children to play with "appropriate" sex­typed toys more than fathers do.
B)By the time children reach kindergarten,they have learned that doctors,fire fighters,and pilots are men,and that nurses,secretaries,and hairdressers are women.
C)Stereotyped gender roles are the norm in TV commercials,children's picture books,and in video games.
D)Learning gender roles begins at birth with infant girls and boys being treated differently.

Question 57

In a study,infant sons and daughters and their mothers played together with gender-neutral toys.During this play,the mothers of the boys

A)engaged in more interpretation and conversation.
B)commented more and offered more instruction.
C)exhibited all of these behaviors.
D)exhibited none of these behaviors.

Question 58

According to your text,which of the following does NOT reflect typical gender role socialization in the United States?

A)Parents play more roughly with sons than with daughters.
B)Girls are expected to be more responsible and do errands earlier than boys.
C)Baby girls are treated more tenderly and carefully than baby boys.
D)Boys are more frequently encouraged to hold back fear and sadness more than girls.

Question 59

Among the Tchambuli people of New Guinea,

A)no distinction is made between males and females.
B)the gender roles are determined by a class system,rather than one's gender.
C)gender roles are a reversal of American stereotypes.
D)the traditional male and female roles are exaggerated.

Question 60

Overall,parents and other adults in Western cultures tend to encourage boys to engage in behaviors.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)aggressive
D)emotion-oriented

Question 61

While parents in Western cultures encourage emotion-oriented behaviors in their daughters,they encourage their sons to engage in behaviors.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 62

In Western cultures,girls are encouraged to do all of the following EXCEPT for

A)being goal-directed.
B)being indirectly aggressive.
C)displaying expressive behaviors.
D)preparing for motherhood.

Question 63

Regarding the way children play,

A)girls tend to play indoors and near adults.
B)girls like games that require a lot of verbal give-and-take.
C)boys tend to be more concerned with dominance or who is the boss than girls.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 64

Regarding research on testosterone levels,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to become aggressive,when sexually aroused.
B)Men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to make poor decisions about sexual behavior when sexually aroused.
C)Men with low testosterone levels may have difficulty thinking and concentrating.
D)Men and women with high testosterone levels are at greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Question 65

Regarding gender role socialization,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In Western societies,boys are encouraged to display instrumental behaviors,while girls are encouraged to display expressive behaviors.
B)The workforce in our society is still highly segregated by sex,and children learn from what they observe.
C)Children first show sex-segregated play around age six.
D)Fathers tend to encourage their children to play with "appropriate" sex­typed toys more often than mothers do.

Question 66

Regarding research on the effects of sexual arousal and testosterone levels on behavior,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most men,including those with high testosterone levels,manage to keep their sexual impulses and aggressiveness within acceptable limits.
B)Testosterone supplements can help men with low testosterone levels to think more clearly.
C)In a study,the men correctly predicted that being sexually aroused would influence their sexual choices.
D)Older men and women with too little testosterone have a greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Question 67

According to recent research,when men are sexually aroused,they tend to

A)make better decisions.
B)make poorer decisions.
C)become less aggressive.
D)have a better memory.

Question 68

Research shows that the tendency for boys to engage in instrumental behaviors and girls to engage in expressive behaviors is due to

A)the biological biasing effect of hormones.
B)the natural differences between males and females.
C)gender role socialization.
D)sex differences in intelligence.

Question 69

Men with low testosterone levels are less likely to

A)have memory problems.
B)show aggression.
C)show problems in thinking and concentrating.
D)develop Alzheimer's disease.

Question 70

Gender role stereotypes are

A)oversimplified beliefs about the basic characteristics of men and women.
B)supported by equal access-equal opportunity laws.
C)separate patterns of traits,mannerism interests,and behaviors regarded as male.
D)one's personal sense of maleness or femaleness.

Question 71

Compared to men with low levels of testosterone,men who have high levels of testosterone are more

A)likely to make poor decisions about sexual behavior and to become aggressive when sexually aroused.
B)likely to have memory problems and difficulty concentrating.
C)at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
D)likely to show all of these.

Question 72

Regarding the way children play,

A)girls tend to play indoors and near adults.
B)boys like games that require a lot of verbal give-and-take.
C)girls tend to be more concerned with dominance or who is the boss than boys.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 73

Oversimplified beliefs about what men and women are actually like defines the term

A)biological-biasing.
B)sexual scripts.
C)gender role stereotypes.
D)androgyny.

Question 74

Regarding gender role socialization in Western cultures,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Parents often have a vague fear of expressive and emotional behavior in male children.
B)Many parents who would not be troubled if their daughters engaged in "masculine" play might be upset if their sons played with dolls.
C)Expressive behaviors are encouaged in males,while instrumental behaviors are encouraged in females.
D)Gender role socialization teaches individuals to be highly competent in some respects and handicapped in others.

Question 75

In Western cultures,boys are encouraged to

A)prepare for the world of work.
B)be goal-oriented.
C)control their emotions.
D)do all of these.

Question 76

Beginning at what age do boys start to play mostly with boys,while girls play with girls?

A)18 months of age
B)three years of age
C)five years of age
D)seven years of age

Question 77

According to recent research on men's thinking behavior,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Men made poorer decisions about sexual behavior when they were sexually aroused.
B)Men were more willing to press women to have sex when they were sexually aroused.
C)Men were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior when they were sexually aroused.
D)Men correctly predicted that sexual arousal would have a significant effect on their decision-making.

Question 78

Regarding the differences in how boys and girls play,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most parents tend to be more troubled by a son who plays with dolls than a daughter who engages in "masculine" play.
B)Girls tend to be concerned with dominance or who's the boss.
C)Girls tend to play near adults and like games that require lots of verbal give-and-take.
D)Boys prefer super-hero games and rough-and-tumble play outdoors.

Question 79

Concerning gender role stereotypes,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Gender role stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about what men and women are actually like.
B)Gender role stereotypes reflect real biological differences.
C)Gender role stereotypes are true reflections of how men and women actually perform on various traits.
D)Gender role stereotypes are almost always accurate.

Question 80

Regarding gender role socialization,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Many parents state that they treat their boy and girl children differently because it seems natural to do so.
B)Gender role socialization teaches us to be highly competent in the areas that we are biologically-talented in and prevents undue handicapping in other areas.
C)In the culture of the United States,"male" is usually defined as being "not a girl" in any respect.
D)Differences between boys and girls are magnified by sex-segregated play.