Deck 53: Personality: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Question 1

Sarah finds a lost wallet and returns it,money intact,to the rightful owner.Learning theorists would say that Sarah

A)is honest in all situations.
B)is honest in this specific situation.
C)has a cardinal trait of honesty.
D)is probably an extrovert.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In which theory of personality are situational determinants considered a major factor in one's actions?

A)psychodynamic
B)projective
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a recent study,when people were overpaid for a task,results showed that under normal conditions what percent of the people kept the extra money?

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)80 percent
D)95 percent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

To reduce the high rates of academic dishonesty on college campuses,which type of psychologists would most likely recommend changing situations,such as professors using multiple forms of the exam,web-based plagiarism software,and integrity codes,and educating students about plagiarism?

A)humanistic
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)trait

Question 5

According to behavioral personality theorists,hostility,generosity,or destructive impulses

A)arise in the unconscious.
B)are acquired through conditioning and reinforcement.
C)are strongly influenced by one's self­image.
D)develop from initial feelings of inferiority.

Question 6

Behavioral personality theorists

A)stress the role of the unconscious.
B)accept the idea that personality is made up of central and secondary traits.
C)believe personality is made up of responses to specific situations.
D)would view traits as stable in all situations.

Question 7

To reduce the high rates of academic dishonesty on college campuses,behavioral psychologists would recommend that professors

A)announce in classes that integrity codes will be enforced.
B)use multiple forms of exams and web-based plagiarism software.
C)educate students about what constitutes plagiarism.
D)do all of these.

Question 8

Concerning "honesty," strict learning theorists would say that

A)"honesty" is considered a secondary trait.
B)"honesty" is the result of a lack of fixation during psychosocial development.
C)knowing a person is "honest" allows us to predict his or her behavior in a multitude of situations.
D)the specific situation would have to be known in order to make a "correct" prediction.

Question 9

Behaviorists would say that showing honest behavior is the result of situations interacting with our

A)central traits.
B)ideal self.
C)prior learning.
D)instinctual drive for altruism.

Question 10

Personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning,observational learning,reinforcement,extinction,generalization,and discrimination,according to the

A)neo-Freudians.
B)trait theorists.
C)behaviorists.
D)humanistic theorists.

Question 11

Which theorists explain personality through concepts,such as learning,imitation,and reinforcement?

A)neo-Freudians
B)humanists
C)behaviorists
D)psychoanalysts

Question 12

According to behavioral personality theorists,external conditions that strongly influence behavior are called

A)situational determinants.
B)congruence stimuli.
C)secondary traits.
D)fixations.

Question 13

While Freud believed that aggressive urges are "instinctual," behavioral theorists assume that a person's aggressiveness is the result of

A)a biological predisposition.
B)learning.
C)a source trait.
D)incongruence.

Question 14

The term "situational determinants" implies that

A)personality is stable,but the environment is not.
B)personality is strongly influenced by the situation.
C)a child's personality is more changeable than an adult's.
D)personality is only partially hereditary.

Question 15

What percent of American college students admit that they have been academically dishonest in one way or another?

A)20 percent
B)53 percent
C)75 percent
D)92 percent

Question 16

Which of the following theorists favor substituting "stable learned responses" for "traits" in order to explain a person's actions?

A)neo-Freudians
B)strict psychoanalysts
C)strict learning theorists
D)humanistic theorists

Question 17

In a recent study,when people were overpaid for a task and believed that the money would be coming out of the pocket of the person doing the study,what percent kept the extra money?

A)six percent
B)17 percent
C)33 percent
D)50 percent

Question 18

Which of the following base their theories on scientific research and have been accused of approaching personality as if people are robots?

A)behaviorists
B)psychoanalysts
C)humanists
D)trait theorists

Question 19

Behaviorists would describe personality as the

A)expression of conflicting psychological forces.
B)collection of learned patterns of behavior.
C)impact of culture on an innate hierarchy of needs.
D)behavioral expression of fixed action patterns.

Question 20

Behavioral psychologists would say that the high rates of academic dishonesty on college campuses is due to the

A)students' biological predispositions toward cheating.
B)instinctual drives of aggressiveness against authority by young people.
C)students' lack of congruence between their real and ideal selves.
D)situations in classes that allow cheating to take place.

Question 21

Drive,cue,response,and reward are the four elements of learning that govern our learned patterns of behavior known as

A)traits.
B)fixations.
C)habits.
D)situational determinants.

Question 22

In Dollard and Miller's learning theory of personality,drives are

A)stimuli which are strong enough to goad a person into action.
B)responses that an individual perceives in the environment.
C)signals from the environment which are associated with rewards.
D)deeply ingrained,learned patterns of behavior.

Question 23

Habits are governed by four elements of learning,which include drive,response,reward,and

A)cue.
B)goal.
C)trait.
D)situational determinant.

Question 24

According to Dollard and Miller,which of the following are guided by cues so that they bring about a reward?

A)drives
B)responses
C)situational determinants
D)traits

Question 25

According to the text,early behaviorists overlooked a crucial element in their theories of personality,which is the fact that

A)much of behavior is affected by the situation in which it occurs.
B)behaviors are identical to personality,which is shaped by learning.
C)people have stable traits that are unchanged by experience.
D)people think and have different perceptions and expectations.

Question 26

Which personality theory emphasizes that one's actions are always a product of both prior learning and the situation in which we find ourselves?

A)behavioral theory
B)humanistic theory
C)psychodynamic theory
D)trait theory

Question 27

Amina is frustrated by her older brother Kelvin,who takes a toy from her.According to behavioral theorists,Amina could respond in several ways with her responses being guided by

A)her ego ideal and the strength of her conscience.
B)her inborn trait dimension of agreeableness.
C)available cues and the previous effects of each response.
D)the tendency of females to engage in instrumental behaviors rather than expressive behaviors.

Question 28

Habits are governed by four elements of learning,which are drive,cue,response,and

A)reward.
B)goal.
C)trait.
D)situational determinant.

Question 29

Which of the following theorists view(s)personality as habits that are governed by four elements of learning: drive,cue,response,and reward?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Gordon Allport
C)Raymond Cattell
D)Dollard and Miller

Question 30

Mark is very hungry.After class,he leaves the building and sees the signs of various fast food restaurants on the highway near the college.After seeing the signs,he gets in his car to go to a restaurant to satisfy his hunger. Dollard and Miller would describe the signs of the fast food restaurants as

A)response hierarchies.
B)habits.
C)cues.
D)drives.

Question 31

According to behavioral personality theorists,what is predictable about personality is that people tend to

A)react in an angry and aggressive manner when frustrated.
B)be dominated by their inborn temperamental traits.
C)respond differently based on their age,gender,and cultural differences.
D)respond in consistent ways to certain types of situations.

Question 32

Psychologists who include perception,thinking,expectations and mental events with behavioral principles are known as

A)social learning theorists.
B)Neo-Freudians.
C)behavioral humanists.
D)psychodynamic.

Question 33

In Dollard and Miller's learning theory of personality,cues are

A)stimuli which are strong enough to goad a person into action.
B)responses that an individual perceives in the environment.
C)external stimuli that signal the presence or absence of reinforcement.
D)such things as hunger,pain,thirst,lust,and fear.

Question 34

According to Dollard and Miller,deeply ingrained learned behavior patterns that make up the structure of one's personality and are governed by four elements of learning are called

A)drives.
B)habits.
C)traits.
D)situational determinants.

Question 35

An explanation of personality that combines learning principles,cognition,and the effects of social relationships is called theory.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)social learning
D)existential

Question 36

Mark is very hungry.After class,he leaves the building and sees the signs of the fast food restaurants near the college.After seeing the signs,he gets in his car to go to a restaurant to satisfy his hunger.Dollard and Miller would describe Mark's hunger as a

A)response.
B)habit.
C)cue.
D)drive.

Question 37

According to Dollard and Miller,cues are signals from the environment that guide responses so that they are most likely to bring about

A)drives.
B)rewards.
C)situational determinants.
D)traits.

Question 38

Older sister Carol gets angry whenever she is delayed,such as being in a traffic jam,but she does not get angry when she misplaces items.Her younger sister Janice does not get angry when she is delayed but does get angry when she misplaces objects.According to the behavioral personality theorists,this illustrates that

A)you really cannot predict what will make a specific person angry.
B)anger is an inborn trait that is very predictable,although when and where a person gets angry is largely unpredictable.
C)both women are equally prone to anger with each sister responding in consistent ways to certain situations.
D)older children,like Carol,are more likely to become angry over social situations,while younger children,like Janice,tend to get angry over personal situations.

Question 39

Learning principles,modeling,thought patterns,perceptions,expectations,beliefs,goals,emotions,and social relationships are combined in which theory of personality?

A)social learning theory
B)Neo-Freudian theory
C)behavioral humanist theory
D)psychodynamic theory

Question 40

According to Dollard and Miller,habits are

A)very stable types of secondary traits.
B)biological predispositions.
C)deeply ingrained,learned patterns of behavior.
D)unconscious,instinctual drives.

Question 41

In order to improve Mike's grades,his mother has been using various reinforcements to encourage studying and the completion of homework.She has observed that playing a board game with him is worth more to Mike than buying him a small toy or candy treat.That Mike considers his mother's time more important to him than a toy or treat illustrates Julian Rotter's concept of

A)reinforcement value.
B)self-efficacy.
C)the psychological situation.
D)an expectancy.

Question 42

When Anthony gets a test paper back on which he earned an "A," phrases like,"atta boy" and "good going" pop into his head,and he feels a sense of pride in his accomplishments.This illustrates the social learning concept of

A)the ego ideal.
B)self-reinforcement.
C)conditions of worth.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 43

According to Bandura,which of the following plays a key role in shaping our lives by influencing the activities and environments in which we choose to participate?

A)self-actualization
B)self-efficacy
C)congruence
D)organismic valuing

Question 44

According to Julian Rotter's social learning theory,which of the following is perceived and interpreted by the individual subjectively rather than objectively?

A)a personality trait
B)a psychological situation
C)self-actualization
D)a habit

Question 45

Praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response,such as completing a school assignment,is called

A)self-efficacy.
B)self-reinforcement.
C)conditions of worth.
D)conditional positive regard.

Question 46

Both Tasha and Eric made a "D" on their first psychology test.Tasha plans to study harder and do as much extra credit as she can in order to pull this grade up to an "A" before the end of the semester.However,Eric feels sure that he can pull a "C" out of the course,which is good enough for his program of study.Tasha and Eric appear to place different on grades.

A)reinforcement values
B)expectancy values
C)self-reinforcements
D)self-efficacies

Question 47

Maggie wants to lose weight and believes that she will be successful in this endeavor.She has decided to join a gym and will exercise there five days a week.Maggie also plans to join a hiking club that meets on weekends.According to Bandura,which of the following is an expectancy that has played a key role in influencing Maggie's choice of activities?

A)organismic valuing
B)congruence
C)self-efficacy
D)self-actualization

Question 48

According to Rotter's social learning theory,the anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement is called

A)reinforcement value.
B)expectancy.
C)self-reinforcement.
D)identification.

Question 49

You score poorly on an exam.Whether you consider the low grade a sign to work harder,to drop the course,or to use it as an excuse to "make yourself feel better" by going shopping depends on your interpretation.Julian Rotter called this interpretation

A)fixation.
B)the psychological situation.
C)the expectancy.
D)the reinforcement value.

Question 50

Mitch knows that if he and his brother play quietly until their mother finishes her college homework,that she will rent a movie for them and make them popcorn.Mitch and his brother's anticipation of this movie night reward is referred to by Julian Rotter as

A)reinforcement value.
B)a situational determinant.
C)the psychological situation.
D)an expectancy.

Question 51

The notion of self-reinforcement is important in the accounts of personality development provided by

A)traditional behaviorists.
B)neo-Freudians.
C)humanistic theorists.
D)social learning theorists.

Question 52

The notion of self-efficacy is important in the accounts of personality development proposed by

A)Albert Bandura.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Gordon Allport.

Question 53

According to Rotter's social learning theory,the attachment of different values to various activities or rewards is called

A)reinforcement value.
B)expectancy.
C)self-reinforcement.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 54

You are planning to get your doctorate in psychology.Do you believe you will be able to make the sacrifices,study long hours,conduct research,and write a dissertation? If you do,then Bandura would say that you have a high degree of

A)psychological drive.
B)reinforcement value.
C)self-efficacy.
D)behavioral competence.

Question 55

At lunch,a friend responds to something you said with a sarcastic comeback.Whether you interpret your friend's remark as mean­spirited and hurtful,or as an example of your friend's cutting brand of humor,will be important in explaining your next response.Julian Rotter called this interpretation

A)self-efficacy.
B)the psychological situation.
C)the expectancy.
D)the reinforcement value.

Question 56

According Julian Rotter,whether you choose to work harder to attain a better grade after failing a test will depend

A)on your trait of conscientiousness.
B)more on expected reinforcement than actual past reinforcement.
C)on extrinsic motivation rather than intrinsic motivation.
D)on how you view yourself in comparison to other students.

Question 57

The psychological situation,expectancy,and reinforcement value are important concepts in the theory proposed by

A)Julian Rotter.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Erich Fromm.

Question 58

Kierra was invited to go water skiing,an activity she has not done before.Kierra believes she has the ability to learn to water ski and keep up with her more experienced friends because she is a fast learner.Bandura would say that Kierra shows high

A)self-actualizing.
B)organismic valuing.
C)congruence.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 59

Since the ability to control your own life is the essence of what it means to be human,Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity for producing a desired result.Bandura called this concept

A)self-reinforcement.
B)self-efficacy.
C)congruence.
D)organismic valuing.

Question 60

The three concepts of the psychological situation,expectancy,and reinforcement illustrate the "cognitive behaviorism" of the

A)hierarchy of needs.
B)Neo-Freudian perspective.
C)social learning theory.
D)five-factor model of personality.

Question 61

The core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by social reinforcement,according to which view of development?

A)humanist
B)behaviorist
C)psychoanalytic
D)trait theorist

Question 62

Which of the following theorists believed that during childhood four critical situations,which include feeding,toilet and cleanliness training,sex training,and learning to express anger or aggression,are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality?

A)Dollard and Miller
B)Rogers and Maslow
C)Allport and Cattell
D)Rotter and Murray

Question 63

The fact that James allows himself one play on a video game after studying a half an hour illustrates which concept in social learning theory?

A)situational determinants
B)expectancy
C)self-reinforcement
D)self-efficacy

Question 64

According to the learning theorists,a passive or active orientation toward the world may develop as a result of

A)feeding experiences.
B)toilet training.
C)sex education.
D)expression of anger.

Question 65

The social learning theorist's equivalent to the Freudian concept of superego is

A)self-reinforcement.
B)drive-reduction.
C)habit.
D)self-image.

Question 66

According to Miller and Dollard,early feeding experiences

A)are linked to adult needs for power.
B)form a person's attitudes toward cleanliness,conformity,and bodily functions.
C)lead to the learning of gender roles.
D)help form a person's basic active or passive orientation toward the world.

Question 67

The four critical situations Miller and Dollard consider important in the development of personality involved sex,aggression,

A)feeding,and toliet training.
B)cleanliness,and language.
C)attachment,and imitation.
D)social learning,and imitation.

Question 68

Which of the following concepts would NOT be a part of the social learning theory of personality?

A)self-reinforcement
B)self-efficacy
C)self-actualization
D)psychological situation

Question 69

In the behaviorist view of development,the core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by praise,attention,and approval from others,which is also called

A)congruence.
B)the superego.
C)social reinforcement.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 70

Feeding and toilet training are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality with the behaviorists referring to these as

A)conditions of worth.
B)fixations.
C)critical situations.
D)initiating behaviors.

Question 71

Self-reinforcement is equivalent to the Freudian concept of

A)the id.
B)the ego.
C)the superego.
D)fixation.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the four critical situations that Dollard and Miller believed to be capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality?

A)sex training
B)language skills
C)feeding
D)toilet training

Question 73

Regarding the critical situation of feeding,if children are fed when they cry,it encourages them to

A)be aggressive toward others.
B)actively manipulate their parents.
C)passively accept situations.
D)develop self-efficacy in situations.

Question 74

Concerning self-reinforcement,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Self-reinforcement leads to less life satisfaction.
B)Mildly depressed college students tend to frequently use self-reinforcement rather than peer reinforcement.
C)Self-reinforcement is closely related to low self-esteem.
D)Self-reinforcement is similar to the psychoanalytical concept of the superego.

Question 75

Regarding self-reinforcement,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Mildly depressed college students tend to have low rates of self-reinforcement.
B)Higher rates of self-reinforcement are associated with greater life satisfaction.
C)The use of self-reinforcement is closely related to high self-esteem.
D)Self­reinforcement can be thought of as the social learning theorist's counterpart to fixation.

Question 76

Dollard and Miller believed that the first six years are important to personality development because childhood is a time

A)when most fixations occur resulting in an oral,anal,or phallic personality.
B)during which one begins forming the idea of an "ideal self" as well as other possible selves.
C)when the framework of our personality is formed through the expression of one's inborn temperament.
D)of urgent drives,powerful rewards and punishments,and crushing frustrations.

Question 77

Dollard and Miller agree with Freud that

A)much of our behavior is unconscious.
B)the first six years of life are crucial to personality development.
C)to be fully functioning person,one must strive for congruence between one's real self and ideal self.
D)our behavior is directed by psychosexual urges and fixations.

Question 78

Social reinforcement has a strong influence on personality development because it

A)is made up of interactions that expand one's psychosexual development.
B)is made up of praise,attention,or approval from others.
C)is made up of conditions of worth.
D)forms the basis for the development of our possible selves.

Question 79

Gayle made a 98 on her term paper for psychology class.So,she treats herself to a manicure to reward herself for a job well done.Gayle is using

A)self-efficacy.
B)conditional positive regard.
C)conditions of worth.
D)self-reinforcement.

Question 80

According to the behaviorists,early childhood is a time of urgent drives,crushing frustrations,and

A)powerful psychosexual urges and fixations.
B)incongruence and conditions of worth.
C)the child's identification with the same­sex parent in order to resolve the conflicts of the phallic stage.
D)powerful punishments and rewards,including social reinforcement.