Deck 66: Therapies: Humanistic and Cognitive Therapies

Question 1

Saying whatever comes to mind,even if it seems senseless,painful,or embarrassing,is part of the Freudian technique known as

A)dream analysis.
B)analysis of transference.
C)free association.
D)analysis of resistance.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Freud's method of psychotherapy involved

A)bringing to an end the patient's irrational and self­defeating internal dialogue.
B)unconditional positive regard,empathy,and reflection.
C)free association,dream analysis,and transference.
D)drugs and psychosurgery.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Regarding psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic theories,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud had his patients recline on a couch,while he sat out of sight,taking notes,and offering interpretations.
B)Freud believed that having his patients recline on the couch encouraged a free flow of thoughts and images from the unconscious.
C)Freud's psychoanalysis was the first psychotherapy and led to the modern psychodynamic therapies.
D)Psychodynamic therapies focus on helping clients gain deeper insight into their conscious thoughts,emotions,and behavior.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The main goal of psychoanalysis was to

A)bring an end to irrational internal dialogue.
B)provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathy.
C)reduce internal conflicts that led to emotional suffering.
D)apply learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 5

The purpose of free association is to

A)create a psychologically safe environment for the client.
B)reflect the client's thoughts and feelings so the client can see them more clearly.
C)lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge.
D)challenge irrational beliefs of the patient so that constructive changes can be made.

Question 6

Free association,dream analysis,analysis of resistance,and analysis of transference are aspects of which psychotherapy?

A)Gestalt psychotherapy
B)psychoanalysis
C)existential therapy
D)rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Question 7

Psychodynamic therapies,of which psychoanalysis was the first,tend to

A)focus on helping clients gain deeper insight into their conscious thoughts,emotions,and behavior.
B)use learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior.
C)stress the need to gain insight into the unconscious forces assumed to control us all.
D)be less concerned with insight than with helping people change harmful thinking patterns.

Question 8

The purpose of free association and dream analysis is to

A)confront patients' irrational beliefs.
B)uncover the unconscious roots of neurosis.
C)discover the patient's ideal self.
D)increase the use of ego defense mechanisms.

Question 9

Which therapy tends to be more concerned with their clients changing harmful thinking patterns and less concerned with their clients gaining insight into the cause of their problems?

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)cognitive
D)all of these

Question 10

A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see psychopathology as caused by

A)birth trauma.
B)deeply hidden unconscious conflicts.
C)bizarre dreams.
D)immature personal relationships.

Question 11

Aaron is asked by his therapist to relax and talk about any thoughts that come into his head,letting his thoughts move freely from one idea to the next.Aaron's therapist is using which psychoanalytic technique?

A)analysis of transference
B)reciprocal inhibition
C)reflection
D)free association

Question 12

Freud called which of the following the "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings were freely expressed?

A)transference
B)resistance
C)dreams
D)free association

Question 13

In which type of therapy were the analysis of resistance and transference first used?

A)client-centered therapy
B)Gestalt therapy
C)logotherapy
D)psychoanalysis

Question 14

Which types of therapy tend to be more concerned with their clients gaining insight and less concerned with changing harmful thinking patterns?

A)psychodynamic and humanistic therapies
B)cognitive and behavior therapies
C)somatic therapy and logotherapy
D)all of these

Question 15

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" were caused by repressed memories,motives,and conflicts with these hidden forces remaining active in the personality and causing people to develop

A)learned helplessness.
B)rigid ego-defenses and compulsive,self-defeating behavior.
C)incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D)a loss of meaning in their lives so their self-awareness becomes disjointed.

Question 16

Which of the following theorists believed that conflicts stemmed from instinctual drives for sex and aggression and forced people to develop rigid ego-defenses and compulsive,self-defeating behaviors?

A)Fritz Perls
B)Aaron Beck
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 17

Traditional psychoanalysis,humanistic therapies,and cognitive therapies would all be considered

A)talk-oriented approaches.
B)insight therapies.
C)action therapies.
D)nondirective approaches.

Question 18

Regarding the talk-oriented therapies,traditional psychoanalysis and the humanistic therapies are all considered to be

A)action therapies.
B)insight therapies.
C)directive therapies.
D)nondirective therapies.

Question 19

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" are caused by

A)repressed memories,motives,and conflicts.
B)learned maladaptive behaviors.
C)negative self-regard.
D)destructive interpersonal relationships.

Question 20

Psychodynamic therapies stress the need to gain insight into the unconscious forces that control us,while the humanistic therapies focus on helping clients to

A)apply learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.
B)gain deeper insight into their conscious thoughts,emotions,and behavior.
C)change harmful thinking patterns
D)improve their relationships with others.

Question 21

In psychoanalysis,resistance was thought by Freud to be important because it

A)revealed important unconscious conflicts.
B)indicated learned helplessness.
C)aided in transference.
D)helped to reveal the patient's illogical thoughts and irrational beliefs.

Question 22

The obvious part of a dream that is visible and remembered by the dreamer is referred to as the content.

A)manifest
B)lucid
C)conscious core
D)latent

Question 23

According to Freud,the images that have personal or emotional meanings within a dream were referred to as

A)transference references.
B)dream symbols.
C)resistance figures.
D)manifest meanings.

Question 24

When utilizing dream analysis,Freud would interpret the dream symbols to uncover the true but hidden meaning of a dream found in its content.

A)manifest
B)lucid
C)conscious
D)latent

Question 25

During free association or dream analysis,patients may avoid talking about certain subjects.This is called

A)avoidance.
B)transference.
C)repression.
D)resistance.

Question 26

Leonard becomes silent when his therapist asks him about his relationship with his mother.As the therapist continues to explore this area of Leonard's life,Leonard either skips sessions or arrives late.In psychoanalytic terms,Leonard is exhibiting

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)covert sensitization.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 27

Through transference,the patient re-experiences

A)repressed emotions.
B)conditions of worth.
C)vicarious desensitization.
D)selective perception.

Question 28

In Raul's dream,he flew out the window of his car and up into the clouds.Raul's therapist interprets this dream to mean that Raul is feeling a strong need to be free "as a bird" rather than being tied down by his family and work responsibilities.This therapist's interpretation of Raul's dream is revealing which type of dream content?

A)NREM
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 29

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target,while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge,and the man's wife laughs at him.According to Freud,these aspects of the dream that the patient tells the therapist constitute which type of dream content?

A)transference
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 30

According to Freud,the unconscious message of a dream is revealed by interpreting

A)transference references.
B)dream symbols.
C)resistance figures.
D)manifest meanings.

Question 31

In psychoanalysis,resistance should be regarded as a(n)

A)indication of learned helplessness and dependence on the therapist.
B)indication of the confusion a patient feels due to his or her distorted logic.
C)challenge and a guide to a patient's unconscious conflicts.
D)roadblock in therapy.

Question 32

Who stated that dreams provide a "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings are freely expressed?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Carl Rogers
C)Albert Ellis
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 33

A patient stops talking about an idea during free association.Since this interrupted idea may reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts,psychoanalysts are taught to analyze this

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)covert sensitization.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 34

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A)free association.
B)dream analysis.
C)resistance.
D)transference.

Question 35

The part of the dream that is hidden and symbolic and must be interpreted to be understood is called the __________ content.

A)manifest
B)lucid
C)archetypal
D)latent

Question 36

Raul remembers that he had a dream last night in which he was riding in his car when he flew out the window and up toward the clouds.These remembered parts of the dream are known as the content.

A)lucid
B)transference
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 37

In psychoanalysis,an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships in the patient's life is an example of

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)identification.
D)empathy.

Question 38

When Marco was describing his dream,he stopped at one point,seemed a bit upset,and then told the therapist that he could not remember any more and said,"Besides,this dream analysis is really silly anyway." Marco's therapist will most likely pay careful attention to these thoughts that Marco was unwilling to discuss.This technique of psychoanalysis is known as a(n)

A)analysis of transference.
B)analysis of resistance.
C)covert sensitization.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 39

Isabelle acts as if her therapist is an important person from her past.By doing this,Isabelle will be able to re- experience her repressed emotions with her therapist helping her to recognize and understand these emotions. Freud called this process

A)therapeutic attachment.
B)reciprocal inhibition.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)transference.

Question 40

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target,while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge,and the man's wife laughs at him.A Freudian psychoanalyst might see the symbolic meaning of this dream to mean that the young man is suffering from repressed feelings of sexual impotence.This symbolic meaning of a dream is known as content.

A)transference
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 41

After the car accident,Anna was so anxious that she would "break into tears" when she was just riding in a car.It is now three months later and Anna is not only riding in a car but is driving her car to work.The reduction in her anxiety would be an example of

A)a role reversal.
B)transference.
C)a spontaneous recovery.
D)covert sensitization.

Question 42

Regarding the focus of their therapy,traditional psychoanalysts tend to focus on

A)transference,while client-centered therapists focus on resistance.
B)resistance,while client-centered therapists focus on transference.
C)unconscious conflicts,while client-centered therapists focus on conscious thoughts and feelings.
D)conscious thoughts and feelings,while client-centered therapists focus on unconscious conflicts.

Question 43

In a classic criticism,Hans Eysenck suggested that psychoanalysis simply takes so long that patients experience a

A)a relapse of their symptoms.
B)reciprocal inhibition.
C)a spontaneous remission.
D)covert sensitization.

Question 44

Psychoanalysis made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of

A)objectivity in one's perceptions.
B)unconscious conflicts.
C)the self-concept.
D)maladaptive thinking.

Question 45

Tim tries to argue with his therapist like he used to argue with his late father,who rejected and ridiculed him.Tim even tells the therapist,"You are just like him." According to psychoanalytical theory,Tim is exhibiting

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)a therapeutic attachment.
C)transference.
D)resistance.

Question 46

When the symptoms of a disorder,such as hyperactivity or anxiety,disappear due to the mere passage of time,it is called

A)a spontaneous remission.
B)catharsis.
C)active remediation.
D)reverse psychology.

Question 47

Humanistic therapies generally emphasize

A)making full use of one's potential.
B)an in-depth analysis of unconscious forces within the personality.
C)alteration of long-established habits.
D)the value of spontaneous remissions.

Question 48

Traditional psychoanalysis required a long time and considerable effort,which resulted in

A)drugs being given in conjunction with free association in order to speed up the therapeutic process.
B)longer remissions and fewer relapses among patients.
C)the development of newer,more streamlined psychodynamic therapies.
D)all of these occurring.

Question 49

Regarding Hans Eysenck's critique,spontaneous remissions,and the effectiveness of psychoanalysis,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Research has shown that some problems,such as hyperactivity and anxiety do improve with the passage of time,even when not treated with therapy.
B)Research has shown that psychoanalysis produces improvement in only a small minority of patients.
C)Hans Eysenck suggested that psychoanalysis takes so long that patients experience a spontaneous remission of symptoms.
D)Eysenck's critique of therapy has encouraged psychologists to try new ideas and techniques.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a humanistic therapy?

A)client-centered therapy
B)Gestalt therapy
C)existential therapy
D)rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 51

When transference occurs,effective therapists learn to

A)avoid reacting as others do and playing the patient's habitual "games."
B)reinforce this transference by playing the role of "the parent" to aid in recreating the patient's feelings.
C)punish this transference in order to eliminate it occurring again in the therapeutic session.
D)ignore this transference and follow therapeutic guidelines.

Question 52

The development of newer,more streamlined psychodynamic therapies,in part,was due to questions about whether which of the following "worked"?

A)strict behaviorism
B)logotherapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)traditional psychoanalysis

Question 53

Which of the following made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of unconscious conflicts?

A)psychoanalysis
B)existential therapy
C)logotherapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 54

Unlike the traditional psychoanalysts,humanistic therapists tend to be

A)more directive and take more of a position of authority during the therapy.
B)more optimistic and assume that is it possible for people to use their potentials to have a happy life.
C)more action-oriented therapy rather than insight-oriented.
D)characterized by all of these statements.

Question 55

Regarding a comparison of psychoanalysis and humanism,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud claimed that his patients could expect through therapy to only change their "hysterical misery into common unhappiness."
B)Better self-knowledge was the goal of traditional psychoanalysis.
C)In client­centered therapy,the therapist tends to take a position of authority,stating what the patient's dreams,thoughts,or memories "mean."
D)Humanistic therapists believe that humans have a natural urge to seek health and self-growth.

Question 56

The use of traditional psychoanalysis has become rare because this therapy

A)takes a long time and requires considerable effort.
B)has been shown to be ineffective for a majority of patients.
C)is more concerned with changing maladaptive behaviors than gaining insight.
D)places too much responsibility on the client to discover his or her own insight into problems.

Question 57

Regarding the goals of therapy,the goal of traditional psychoanalysis was to

A)gain better self-knowledge,while client-centered therapy sought to help people to use their potentials fully.
B)cure the patient,while client-centered therapy sought to reduce symptoms.
C)change thinking patterns,while client-centered therapy sought to change observable behavior.
D)change observable behavior,while client-centered therapy sought to change thinking patterns.

Question 58

Regarding traditional psychoanalysis and spontaneous remissions,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Spontaneous remission was the main reason that traditional psychoanalysis worked with a majority of patients.
B)Problems,such as hyperactivity and anxiety,require extensive treatment and do not improve because of a passage of time.
C)Psychoanalysis and related psychotherapies have been shown to produce improvement in a majority of patients.
D)Psychoanalysis made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of self- actualization.

Question 59

Although Michael's mother had planned to take seven-year-old Michael to a specialist to be evaluated for his hyperactivity,his hyperactivity has decreased so much in the last several weeks that she cancelled the appointment. Michael's improvement would be an example of

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)transference.
D)a spontaneous remission.

Question 60

The real value of Eysenck's critique is that it encouraged psychologists to

A)abandon the use of psychoanalysis and other psychodynamic therapies entirely.
B)experimentally disprove the notion that unconscious conflicts actually exist.
C)utilize dream analysis and hypnosis more into their therapies.
D)try new ideas and techniques and to ask why psychoanalysis and other therapies work.

Question 61

In client-centered therapy,the therapist

A)assumes a role of leadership to direct the efforts of the client.
B)explores the client's unconscious thoughts and feelings.
C)helps the client to form new,more productive habit patterns.
D)creates a a nondirective "atmosphere of growth."

Question 62

Client-centered therapy is based on the work of

A)Albert Ellis.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)B.F.Skinner.

Question 63

Total and uncritical acceptance of a client's thoughts and feelings is called

A)empathic understanding.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)reflection.
D)transference.

Question 64

Peter's therapist refuses to react with shock or disapproval to anything Peter relates to him about his thoughts and feelings.Peter's therapist is providing

A)self-actualization.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)transference.
D)reflection.

Question 65

Regarding the differences in traditional psychoanalysis and Roger's humanistic therapy,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Psychoanalysts explore conscious thoughts and feelings,while humanistic therapists delve into the unconscious.
B)Psychoanalysts tend to take a position of authority within the session,while the client determines what will be discussed during each Rogerian therapy session.
C)Psychoanalysts tend to be more optimistic than the humanists regarding the possibility of their clients leading full,rich,rewarding lives.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 66

Aaron is a therapist,who always tries to be honest and genuine in his dealings with his clients and strives to not hide behind the "phony front" of his professional role.According to Rogers,Aaron is

A)authentic.
B)reflecting.
C)empathic.
D)displaying transference.

Question 67

Which type of talk-oriented therapy is nondirective and is based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings?

A)cognitive therapy
B)traditional psychoanalysis
C)client-centered therapy
D)behavior therapy

Question 68

As Janice relates to her therapist the stress she is feeling as a single parent,her therapist tries to look at the world through Janice's eyes and tries to feel the worry and emotional exhaustion that Janice is presently experiencing.
Janice's therapist is exhibiting

A)authenticity.
B)reflection.
C)transference.
D)empathy.

Question 69

In which type of therapy must the person actively seek to solve his or her own problems with the therapist's job being to create a safe "atmosphere of growth" by providing opportunities for change?

A)psychoanalysis
B)rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
C)client-centered therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Question 70

Regarding Carl Rogers' type of therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Rogers' therapy is considered a directive,action­oriented type of therapy.
B)Rogers found it more beneficial to explore conscious thoughts and feelings.
C)Rogers preferred using the term "client" to "patient" because "patient" implies that a person is "sick" and needs to be "cured."
D)Rogers believed that the therapist's job was to create a safe "atmosphere of growth" by providing opportunities for change.

Question 71

Carl Rogers developed

A)Gestalt therapy.
B)brief psychodynamic therapy.
C)existential therapy.
D)person-centered therapy.

Question 72

Which of the following group of techniques would be utilized in client-centered therapy?

A)confrontation,giving interpretations,and providing advice
B)developing conditions of worth,analysis of unconscious conflicts,and use of directive approaches
C)dream analysis,free association,and analysis of transference
D)reflection,unconditional positive regard,and empathy

Question 73

According to Rogers,when a therapist attempts to see the world through the client's eyes and to feel some part of what the client is feeling,the therapist is exhibiting

A)authenticity.
B)empathy.
C)reflection.
D)transference.

Question 74

Regarding client-centered therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The client is encouraged to actively seek to solve his or her own problems.
B)The client determines what will be discussed during each session.
C)The therapist uses a directive approach to delve into the client's unconscious conflicts.
D)The therapist's job is to create an "atmosphere of growth" and not to "fix" the client.

Question 75

Client-centered,or person-centered,therapy would be considered a(n)therapy.

A)directive,insight
B)nondirective,action
C)nondirective,insight
D)directive,action

Question 76

Which therapy focuses on the therapist being authentic,showing empathy,and reflecting the client's thoughts and feelings?

A)psychoanalysis
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 77

Rogers stated that an effective therapist should be able to see and feel what the client is experiencing,a quality known as

A)unconditional positive regard.
B)conditional positive regard.
C)authenticity.
D)empathy.

Question 78

Unconditional positive regard is an essential condition of what therapy?

A)REBT
B)psychoanalysis
C)client-centered therapy
D)Beck's cognitive therapy

Question 79

In client-centered therapy,the troubled individual

A)free associates to bring hidden conflicts into awareness.
B)is stripped of ego-defenses and unrealistic beliefs through confrontation.
C)undergoes systematic desensitization training through which the person is able to let go of past hurts and find meaning in their lives.
D)determines what will be discussed during each session and must actively seek to solve his or her own problems.

Question 80

Compared to a psychoanalyst,a psychologist practicing client-centered psychotherapy is more likely to use

A)an analysis of resistance and transference.
B)hypnotic regression.
C)an exploration of conscious thoughts and feelings.
D)tactics to uncover repressed memories.