Deck 70: Social Psychology: Social Behavior and Cognition

Question 1

Jay is an adolescent,while Edward is an elderly man.Thus,both of these would be considered roles.

A)ascribed
B)achieved
C)defined
D)specified

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Roles attained voluntarily or by special effort,such as a police officer or an architect,are called roles.

A)perceived
B)ascribed
C)affective
D)achieved

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Vanessa is female,a daughter,and a young adult.The roles that shape her behavior are called roles.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)ascertained
D)actualized

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the text,social psychology is the study of how people

A)form organized social groups.
B)behave in the presence of others.
C)resolve their psychosocial conflicts.
D)through an interaction with others develop a balance between their real and ideal selves.

Question 5

When roles are NOT under the individual's control,such as being an only child,these roles are considered to be __________ roles.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)random
D)stereotyped

Question 6

There are different sets of behaviors and expectations associated with a person being a mother,a boss,or a student.These are examples of which of the following within the person's life?

A)social roles
B)cultural identities
C)social stereotypes
D)status groups

Question 7

Dr.Salter is conducting a study on attitude change,while his colleagues Drs.Ashad and Morton are conducting research on conformity and obedience,respectively.These researchers are most likely

A)humanistic psychologists.
B)personality theorists.
C)social psychologists.
D)psychoanalytical psychologists.

Question 8

Being born into an organized society means that which of the following are present when we arrive?

A)established values
B)established expectations
C)established behavior patterns
D)all of these

Question 9

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions are called

A)social roles.
B)cultures.
C)social stereotypes.
D)social status.

Question 10

The scientific study of how individuals behave,think,and feel in the presence of others,whether actual or implied is called psychology.

A)personality
B)social
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 11

Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called

A)ascribed roles.
B)achieved roles.
C)positions.
D)social selves.

Question 12

Being the member of a particular generation,such as the Baby Boomers,Generation X,or Generation Y,would be an example of a(n)role.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)temporary
D)specified

Question 13

Regarding social networks,cultures,and social psychology,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A family,crew,and gang would be considered a social network.
B)A community,a company,or a nation would not be considered a social network.
C)Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave,think,and feel in the presence,actual or implied,of others.
D)We are born into organized societies with established values,expectations,and behavior patterns being present when we arrive.

Question 14

Roles that people do not choose for themselves,such as female or son,are called roles.

A)ascribed
B)achieved
C)affective
D)earned

Question 15

Language,marriage customs,sex roles,and concepts of ownership are all part of an ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next and is referred to as

A)conformity.
B)group standardization.
C)group cohesion.
D)culture.

Question 16

Every day,there is a fascinating interplay between our own behavior and that of the people around us,with each influencing the other.This would be of most interest to which psychologists?

A)human factors psychologists
B)social psychologists
C)psychodynamic psychologists
D)existential psychologists

Question 17

Teachers are expected to come to class prepared,on time,and to maintain order within the classroom,while imparting knowledge and facilitating learning.This describes a teacher's

A)ascribed role.
B)social role.
C)role conflict.
D)social stereotype.

Question 18

We all belong to many overlapping social groups,and in each we occupy a position in the

A)cohesiveness of the group.
B)structure of the group.
C)context of the culture.
D)hierarchy of the group's needs.

Question 19

An ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next is called

A)group conformity.
B)standard norms.
C)group cohesion.
D)culture.

Question 20

Families,teams,crowds,tribes,companies,parties,troops,bands,sects,gangs,crews,clans,communities,and nations would be considered

A)social networks.
B)human factors.
C)status groups.
D)social norms.

Question 21

In the Stanford Prison study,normal healthy male college students were paid to serve as "prisoners" and "guards" in a simulated prison.During this research,

A)three "prisoners" were so severely beaten they had to be hospitalized.
B)the "guards" did not take their roles seriously.
C)the "prisoners" quickly became passive and dehumanized.
D)the "prisoners" and the "guards" quickly became too friendly towards one another.

Question 22

For many students,the demands of college,work,and family create

A)status inequalities.
B)the actor-observer bias.
C)role conflicts.
D)social facilitation.

Question 23

Sam and Jennifer were just married.Being a husband and a wife would be considered

A)social stereotypes.
B)role conflicts.
C)achieved roles.
D)ascribed roles.

Question 24

Regarding the Stanford Prison study,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Philip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison study in which he paid normal healthy male college students to serve as "inmates" and "guards" in a simulated prison.
B)The students were selected to play the roles of "prisoners" and "guards" based on personality profiles.
C)The ascribed social roles of "prisoner" and "guard" were so powerful that in just a few days the experiment became "reality" for those involved.
D)After six days,the experiment had to be halted.

Question 25

Zimbardo interpreted the results of his simulated prison study as an indication of the

A)powerful influence of social roles on people.
B)tendency to show compassion to people in need.
C)weakness of social pressure in some situations.
D)tendency to displace aggression.

Question 26

Achieved role is to psychologist as ascribed role is to

A)church lay leader.
B)niece.
C)rock star.
D)spouse.

Question 27

At work being a good team player versus being a strong manager can lead to job burnout and negative health outcomes due to

A)ascribed roles.
B)role conflict.
C)groupthink.
D)role reversals.

Question 28

Justin is the lead guitarist for the punk rock band Wretched Flamingo.Being the guitarist in a band would be considered a(n)

A)ascribed role.
B)achieved role.
C)role conflict.
D)social stereotype.

Question 29

Sara and Carmen work at the same company and have been friends for a number of years.Recently,Carmen was promoted,making her Sara's supervisor.This situation may create

A)role conflict.
B)role reversal.
C)role exchange.
D)role diffusion.

Question 30

Roles contribute to the streamlining of everyday interactions because they

A)permit us to make fundamental attributions in social situations.
B)allow us to anticipate the actions of others.
C)frequently put us in positions of indecision about appropriate behavior.
D)can be learned with relatively little effort.

Question 31

Which of the following research studies is a testament to the power of social roles?

A)Cialdini's door­in­the­face effect
B)Milgram's message experiment
C)Zilstein's shock research
D)Zimbardo's prison experiment

Question 32

Vincent's behavior is shaped by his roles as a married teacher and by his second job as the sports writer for the local paper.These roles would be considered roles.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)ascertained
D)actualized

Question 33

If the various roles a person occupies require behaviors that are inconsistent with one another,there is

A)frustration and aggression.
B)role conflict.
C)a lack of cohesion.
D)a social exchange.

Question 34

In the Stanford Prison study,the participants

A)were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards."
B)were selected to be either "prisoners" or "guards" based on their personality profiles.
C)chose which role,"prisoner" or "guard," they would play.
D)changed their role after two weeks with the "prisoners" becoming "guards" and vice versa.

Question 35

Which of the following conducted a simulated prison experiment that showed dramatically how social settings influence our behavior,particularly the powerful effects of social roles?

A)Philip Zimbardo
B)Robert Cialdini
C)Harold Kelley
D)Duncan Watts

Question 36

Two important dimensions of any group are

A)ascribed and achieved roles.
B)structure and cohesiveness.
C)role diffusion and status.
D)groupthink and conformity.

Question 37

The difference in behavior between the sadistic "guards" and the dehumanized "prisoners" in the Zimbardo prison study is best attributed to

A)pathological personalities.
B)the roles they were asked to play.
C)personal histories not revealed in prior screening.
D)their respective ages.

Question 38

A police officer who has to arrest his nephew for drug possession or a teacher who must flunk a close friend's daughter will most likely experience

A)role conflict.
B)role reversal.
C)role exchange.
D)role diffusion.

Question 39

A mother who has a demanding full­time job or a soccer coach whose daughter is on the team but isn't a very good athlete are both experiencing

A)role reversal.
B)role diffusion.
C)groupthink.
D)role conflict.

Question 40

The Stanford prison experiment suggests that many destructive human relationships have their source in

A)conformity.
B)personality differences.
C)social roles.
D)people being inherently "good" or "bad."

Question 41

A persons's in­group is often defined by

A)nationality and ethnicity.
B)age,gender,education,and income.
C)religion and political values.
D)a combination of all of these social dimensions.

Question 42

Which of the following do therapy groups,businesses,and sports teams seek to increase because it helps people to work together better?

A)group structure
B)status comparisons
C)group cohesiveness
D)compliance

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an element of group structure?

A)roles
B)communication pathways
C)allocation of power
D)social comparisons

Question 44

In American society,special privileges are often bestowed upon persons because of

A)convergent norms.
B)higher structure within the group.
C)the actor-observer bias.
D)higher status.

Question 45

When members of a group show more mutual affection and when their behavior tends to be more closely coordinated,the members are demonstrating

A)group structure.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)groupthink.
D)group compliance.

Question 46

Group structure refers to the

A)strength of the group members' desire to remain in the group.
B)accepted but unspoken standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
C)organization of roles,communication,and power in the group.
D)degree of attraction among group members.

Question 47

Regarding in-groups and out-groups,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In-group membership helps define who we are socially.
B)We tend to exaggerate differences between members of out-groups and our own group.
C)The existence of in-groups and out-groups sets the stage for conflict between groups and for racial and ethnic prejudice.
D)We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our in-group and positive characteristics to the out-group we are envious of.

Question 48

A large company sets up a friendly competition among all of its departments to increase worker safety.The members of the department with the best record in six months will be awarded four additional paid holidays.As the workers in each department work together to win the competition,the company is hoping to increase

A)groupthinking.
B)group structure.
C)group cohesiveness.
D)group compliance.

Question 49

The network of roles,communication pathways,and power in a group is known as

A)groupthink.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)group structure.
D)status comparisons.

Question 50

While informal friendships may or may not have this,organized groups,such as the army or an athletic team,do have a high degree of

A)group structure.
B)groupthink.
C)ascribed roles.
D)social comparison.

Question 51

What is the relationship between privilege and status?

A)The higher the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
B)The lower the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
C)There is no relationship between privilege and status.
D)The relationship between privilege and status is unclear.

Question 52

Even though almost all the students at the National FFA conference are wearing similar jackets,it is relatively easy to pick out the different student groups competing because the members of each group are standing or sitting close together and tend to pay more attention to their group members than to the other people.This illustrates

A)group structure.
B)groupthink.
C)social comparison.
D)group cohesiveness.

Question 53

The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group is called

A)group structure.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)groupthink.
D)compliance.

Question 54

A group to which you do not identify and to which you attribute negative characteristics is known as a(n) __________ group.

A)out-
B)ascribed
C)ethnocentric
D)negative reference

Question 55

In most situations,people are more likely to comply with a request made by

A)a lower status person because of sympathy.
B)a higher status person only if he or she is polite.
C)a higher status person even if he or she is impolite.
D)someone of similar status to ourselves.

Question 56

We tend to attribute positive characteristics to our group.

A)in-
B)achieved
C)ascribed
D)positive referant

Question 57

Group cohesiveness is particularly strong for groups to which a person identifies and to which one attributes positive characteristics.These groups are called groups.

A)ascribed
B)in-
C)status
D)achieved

Question 58

An individual's position in a social structure,especially with respect to power,privilege,or importance is known as

A)an ascribed role.
B)social dimension.
C)social status.
D)self-assertion.

Question 59

We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our group.

A)achieved
B)out-
C)ascribed
D)negative referant

Question 60

The basis for much of the power that groups exert over us involves

A)group structure.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)groupthink.
D)group compliance.

Question 61

A widely accepted,but often unspoken standard for appropriate behavior is called a(n)

A)ascribed role.
B)achieved role.
C)norm.
D)group sanction.

Question 62

Dr.Santos is studying the process of how people think about themselves and others in a social context.Dr. Santos is interested in

A)attribution.
B)proxemics.
C)social cognition.
D)social status referencing.

Question 63

When a situation is unfamiliar,or when we are in doubt,we can look to other people to provide information to help us evaluate our reactions.This guide for our behavior is referred to as

A)attribution.
B)proxemics.
C)social comparison.
D)social status referencing.

Question 64

Felisia finishes her psychology test and goes outside and joins a group of students who are discussing the test.Felisia asks the group,"Didn't you think those last four questions were hard? Did the teacher go over that material?" The other students agree with Felisia that the questions were extremely difficult thus giving Felisia an idea of how her opinion "stacks" up to the opinions of others.This illustrates Felisia's use of

A)social exchange.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)social comparison.

Question 65

To determine whether you are a good athlete,worker,parent,or friend or whether your views on politics,religion,or music are unusual or widely shared,you usually engage in the process of

A)attribution.
B)groupthink.
C)social comparison.
D)social facilitation.

Question 66

Social cognition is defined as the

A)changes in a person's behavior induced by the presence or actions of others.
B)process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context.
C)compulsion by members of decision-making groups to maintain agreement,even at the cost of critical thinking.
D)deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.

Question 67

Social comparisons are particularly important when

A)we evaluate the actions or abilities of others.
B)there are no objective standards for self-evaluation.
C)we are making plans for the future.
D)we need support for a course of action we have already decided to pursue.

Question 68

In an experiment,a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men was/were given a pastry when they both asked politely?

A)the well-dressed man
B)the poorly-dressed man
C)both men,regardless of how they were dressed
D)neither man,regardless of how he was dressed

Question 69

According to Leon Festinger,group membership

A)reduces the actor-observer bias.
B)satisfies our need for social comparison.
C)encourages passive compliance in our interactions.
D)fulfills our desire to influence and control others.

Question 70

Dr.Sollie has members of her sociology class go into an elevator and stand facing the rest of the occupants on the elevator,or walk into the cafeteria and begin singing and dancing.Other students then note people's reactions to these behaviors.Dr.Sollie is having her students break

A)superordinate goals.
B)ascribed roles.
C)attributions.
D)norms.

Question 71

When there is no objective standard,we often turn to others in an effort to evaluate our actions,feelings,or abilities.This is known as

A)social exchange.
B)social comparison.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)compliance.

Question 72

In an experiment,a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men was/were given a pastry when they both were impolite in asking for the pastry?

A)the well-dressed man
B)the poorly-dressed man
C)both men,regardless of how they were dressed
D)neither man,regardless of how he was dressed

Question 73

Which psychologist theorized that group membership fills needs for social comparison?

A)Harold Kelley
B)Philip Zimbardo
C)Theodore Newcomb
D)Leon Festinger

Question 74

In an experiment,researchers,some of whom were dressed poorly and others well-dressed,asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.These researchers were studying the

A)difference between achieved roles and ascribed roles.
B)effects of social status in society.
C)impact of social roles on prosocial behavior.
D)dimensions of group structure.

Question 75

According to Leon Festinger,which of the following fills needs for social comparison?

A)group membership
B)social conformity
C)social power
D)prejudice

Question 76

In public areas that are kept clean,people tend to

A)not litter because there is a norm or standard set for cleanliness in that area.
B)litter more than if the area was already littered.
C)show more kindness toward the people around them in the clean area.
D)decide whether to litter or not based on their early training in childhood.

Question 77

The hostile reaction of others as you step in front of them in a grocery store checkout line occurs because you have violated a

A)norm.
B)social status.
C)social role.
D)group structure.

Question 78

The American society's preoccupation with expensive clothes and cars is shown by people's tendency to give more privileges and greater respect to individuals

A)we have sympathy for.
B)of higher status.
C)of similar status to ourselves.
D)we mistrust and are jealous of.

Question 79

In an experiment,people were given a flyer as they entered a public parking garage.The more litter there was on the floor of the garage,the more likely people were to add to it by dropping their flyer.This experiment illustrates

A)role conflict experienced between littering or not littering.
B)differing norms for whether littering was acceptable in that situation.
C)superordinate goals in place for not littering.
D)how the number of people present affects littering behavior.

Question 80

Ron feels that the new boss is being overly controlling and micromanaging the office projects.After work,he talks with a fellow employee about the new boss's management style.Ron has engaged in

A)social comparison.
B)role exchange.
C)role conflict.
D)social networking.