Deck 69: Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional Help

Question 1

Which of the following is a behavior self-management technique that you could use without professional help to make your less desirable behavior less frequent?

A)logotherapy
B)rapid smoking
C)mirror technique
D)covert sensitization

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Marie who wants to lose weight looks at a dessert and visualizes maggots crawling all over it.In situations that test her self-control,Marie is using

A)systematic adaptation.
B)covert sensitization.
C)stress inoculation.
D)systematic desensitization.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Behavioral procedures that one could carry out on their own include all of the following EXCEPT

A)covert reinforcement.
B)rapid smoking.
C)covert sensitization.
D)thought stopping.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Although Jesse would not be considered an alcoholic,he wishes to reduce the number of beers he drinks to a couple a week.So,Jesse makes out a set of cards that will help him to vividly imagine himself becoming an alcoholic.He will take out these cards and picture this disturbing scene several times a day.To break his drinking habit,Jesse is using

A)stimulus substitution.
B)thought control.
C)covert sensitization.
D)thought stopping.

Question 5

The covert sensitization technique described in the text requires

A)self-imposed periods of time-out.
B)one to associate disgusting or disturbing thoughts with an undesirable habit.
C)one to construct a personal hierarchy of aversive situations and then vividly picture relaxing images.
D)the listing of rewards that maintain an undesirable habit and then eliminating them.

Question 6

Self-management techniques that one could use to modify one's own behavior include covert sensitization,covert reinforcement,self-directed desensitization,and

A)thought stopping.
B)logotherapy.
C)the mirror technique.
D)selective perception.

Question 7

If you wish to use covert sensitization,you would NOT do which of the following?

A)On each of six 3-by-5 cards write a brief description of a disturbing or disgusting scene related to the habit you wish to control.
B)Arrange the cards in an order from most to least bothersome to you.
C)Choose something you frequently do each day and use it as a cue to vividly picture the scene on the top card for 30 seconds.
D)Rotate the cards at each stimulus control point and make new cards each week.

Question 8

Every time Tenisha goes in the kitchen,this action serves as a cue for her to take out her covert sensitization cards and vividly picture herself engaging in smoking and developing lung cancer.Thus,Tenisha has placed her covert sensitization procedure under

A)extinction.
B)stimulus control.
C)a fixed interval schedule.
D)a fixed ratio schedule.

Question 9

To reduce the time you spend watching TV,you vividly imagine yourself failing an important exam because you watched TV rather than studying.This technique is called

A)stimulus substitution.
B)thought control.
C)covert sensitization.
D)thought stopping.

Question 10

Attempting to control a habit by associating it with something disturbing in one's imagination is a behavior technique called

A)covert association.
B)negative association.
C)covert sensitization.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 11

In order to be maximally effective,covert sensitization should be done

A)several times a day.
B)once a day.
C)only when the person is completely relaxed.
D)in the presence of a therapist.

Question 12

A behavior modification procedure that assists an individual in suppressing upsetting mental images and internal "talk" is called

A)desensitization.
B)covert sensitization.
C)thought stopping.
D)operant suppression.

Question 13

Self-management techniques include covert sensitization,thought stopping,and self-directed sensitization,which are forms of

A)psychodrama.
B)logotherapy.
C)somatic therapy.
D)behavior therapy.

Question 14

Although a person should seek professional help when a significant problem exists,lesser difficulties may be treated by using which of the following on oneself?

A)logotherapy
B)psychodrama
C)behavior principles
D)somatic techniques

Question 15

If you repeatedly "put yourself down" mentally or are preoccupied by needless worries and fears,a way to gain control over such thoughts involves using a technique known as

A)desensitization.
B)covert sensitization.
C)thought stopping.
D)operant suppression.

Question 16

Jana wants to decrease the frequency of some bad habits and increase the frequency of desirable behaviors.She should use some self-management techniques,such as thought stopping and covert sensitization,which are based on

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behavior therapy.
C)humanistic therapy.
D)somatic therapy.

Question 17

The use of aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent upsetting thoughts is the behavioral procedure known as

A)self-directed desensitization.
B)logotherapy.
C)thought stopping.
D)the mirror technique.

Question 18

By simply choosing something you do frequently each day,like getting up from your favorite chair,as a cue to take out the cards and vividly picture yourself engaging in the action you wish to curb,your covert sensitization procedure can be placed under

A)extinction.
B)stimulus control.
C)a fixed interval schedule.
D)a fixed ratio schedule.

Question 19

The use of aversive imagery to reduce the occurrence of an undesired response is the procedure known as

A)self-directed desensitization.
B)logotherapy.
C)covert sensitization.
D)the mirror technique.

Question 20

Jacob is attempting to control his kleptomania by repeatedly and vividly imagining himself being arrested, handcuffed,taken to jail,and facing his wife's anger and his son's disappointment.Jacob is using

A)escape learning,a form of insight therapy.
B)avoidance therapy,a form of REBT.
C)imagery rehearsal,a form of existential therapy.
D)covert sensitization,a form of behavior therapy.

Question 21

Jennifer has learned to voluntarily relax by using the tension-release procedure.She now is practicing relaxing to each item on a hierarchy related to a situation she finds frightening.Jennifer is using

A)covert sensitization.
B)covert reinforcement.
C)self-directed desensitization.
D)thought-stopping.

Question 22

Covert reinforcement is

A)more effective for most people than actual direct self-reinforcement.
B)a procedure that involves imagining a pleasant,reinforcing scene.
C)a procedure that involves imagining disgusting images.
D)not an effective method.

Question 23

Which is NOT a preparation for using desensitization?

A)learning to relax
B)learning to visualize the reinforcement you are going to give yourself
C)constructing a hierarchy of fearful situations
D)setting aside times to practice relaxation as you vividly visualize scenes from the hierarchy

Question 24

In order to overcome a common fear,self-directed desensitization would include

A)using the tension-release method and constructing a hierarchy of fears.
B)using thought stopping and covert reinforcement.
C)REBT and DBS.
D)an analysis of resistance and transference.

Question 25

Using positive imagery to reward desirable behavior is called

A)the mirror technique.
B)logotherapy.
C)covert reinforcement.
D)covert sensitization.

Question 26

You have quit smoking and now want to keep from "falling back" into this old habit.To maintain the "new non­ smoking you," you imagine someone offering you a cigarette,and you politely turning them down.This image is followed by imagining a pleasant,rewarding scene of yourself being told by the doctor that you are now so healthy that you should live to a ripe old age.You have just used the technique known as

A)thought stopping.
B)covert sensitization.
C)desensitization.
D)covert reinforcement.

Question 27

To apply covert reinforcement procedures to increase desirable behavior,you would use

A)relaxation procedures that reduce muscle tension.
B)a visual image of a pleasant event.
C)tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.
D)only tangible objects that reduce basic drives.

Question 28

Voluntary relaxation can be achieved by using all of the following EXCEPT

A)the tension-release procedure.
B)imagining a very safe,pleasant relaxing scene.
C)covert sensitization.
D)breathing deeply.

Question 29

When constructing a hierarchy for desensitization,situations should be ordered

A)so that mildly disturbing and very disturbing situations are balanced and intermixed.
B)from the least disturbing to the most disturbing situation.
C)differently each time the hierarchy is reviewed.
D)so that the first five situations cause no noticeable increase in muscular tension.

Question 30

To lose weight,you imagine yourself standing at the dessert table with your friends.In your visual image,when you are offered a dessert,you politely turn it down and feel good about staying on your diet.These images are then followed by a pleasant,rewarding scene,such as someone telling you,"Wow,have you lost weight? You look great.I wish I had your willpower to lose weight." You have just used the technique known as

A)thought stopping.
B)covert sensitization.
C)desensitization.
D)covert reinforcement.

Question 31

Thought-stopping procedures involve all of the following EXCEPT

A)writing disgusting and disturbing scenes involving the thoughts you wish to eliminate.
B)using mild punishment to suppress upsetting mental images and negative internal "talk."
C)setting aside time each day to practice shouting "Stop" aloud each time you think an unwanted thought.
D)shouting "Stop" covertly rather than aloud whenever upsetting thoughts occur.

Question 32

The first step in self-directed desensitization is

A)understanding what caused your anxiety.
B)learning to relax voluntarily.
C)deciding on the most feared stimulus in your hierarchy.
D)deciding on the least feared stimulus in your hierarchy.

Question 33

You place a rubber band around your wrist.Every time you catch yourself engaging in negative self­talk,"pop" the rubber band as mild punishment.This technique is known as

A)covert sensitization.
B)thought-stopping.
C)desensitization.
D)implosion.

Question 34

Janice tends to engage in a great deal of negative self­talk in which she constantly "puts herself down." To eliminate this negative self-talk,Janice sets aside time each day to deliberately think of the unwanted thought and then to shout "Stop!" aloud and with conviction.She will repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times for the first two or three days.Then,she will switch to shouting "Stop!" to herself rather than aloud whenever these negative thoughts occur.Janice is using which procedure?

A)desensitization
B)covert sensitization
C)thought stopping
D)operant suppression

Question 35

Thought stopping may be accomplished by

A)using anxiety-provoking images.
B)pairing mild punishment with the thought or image.
C)pairing social reinforcement to more desirable thoughts.
D)training in covert inhibition.

Question 36

If you choose one or more target behaviors and then rehearse them mentally with a vivid rewarding image,you would be using the technique of

A)thought stopping.
B)covert sensitization.
C)desensitization.
D)covert reinforcement.

Question 37

The most effective technique you can use to overcome common fears is

A)covert sensitization.
B)covert reinforcement.
C)self-directed desensitization.
D)aversive conditioning.

Question 38

For many people,a better way to increase a desirable behavior than covert reinforcement is to use

A)mild punishment.
B)covert sensitization.
C)actual direct self-reinforcement.
D)self-directed desensitization.

Question 39

Voluntary relaxation can be achieved by use of

A)the tension-release procedure.
B)a desensitization hierarchy.
C)stimulus control.
D)the thought-stopping procedure.

Question 40

The tension-release method,deep breathing,or imagining a very safe,pleasant,and relaxing scene are all techniques used to

A)voluntarily relax.
B)gain stimulus control.
C)stop unwanted and disturbing thoughts.
D)increase a desirable behavior using covert sensitization.

Question 41

Regarding self-directed desensitization,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)By using this approach,a person should be able to reduce the fear associated with public speaking,talking to members of the opposite sex,or taking tests.
B)This approach can help a person place relaxation under voluntary control,which can increase one's energy and efficiency.
C)Using this approach,a person imagines himself or herself in the most fear-producing situation and then follows this image with a rewarding image.
D)In this approach,a person may relax by using deep breathing,by imagining a safe,pleasant,relaxing scene,or by using the tension-release method.

Question 42

Your friend is talking to you about a problem he is having with his parents,and he seems to be at a loss for words. You should

A)ask specific closed questions to keep the conversation going.
B)restate or paraphrase your friend's last sentence.
C)try to guess at what your friend is trying to say and finish his thought for him.
D)assume that he now wants you to give him your opinion.

Question 43

Which of the following behaviors could you exhibit that would help another person to solve a personal problem?

A)judging and moralizing
B)reflecting feelings
C)probing painful topics
D)criticism of conduct

Question 44

Which of the following is listed as an effective counseling skill in your text?

A)Focus on trying to understand the cause of the person's behavior.
B)Provide generous advice coupled with multiple solutions to the person's problems.
C)Ask open­ended questions to encourage a free expression of the person's ideas.
D)Keep the conversation going with absolutely no silence.

Question 45

Jason has reached a card in his self-directed desensitization procedure that he cannot visualize without becoming tense in three attempts,so he stops the procedure for the day.The next day,he will continue with the desensitization by

A)starting one or two cards before the one on which he stopped the previous day.
B)starting with the card on which he stopped the previous day.
C)skipping the card on which he stopped the previous day and proceeding with the next card.
D)starting at the beginning of the hierarchy with the least fear-producing card.

Question 46

When you are using the counseling skill known as reflection,you

A)give feedback by simply restating what was said.
B)ask open-ended questions.
C)encourage catharsis by eliciting defensiveness in the person you are counseling.
D)do all of these.

Question 47

Which of the following would be a behavior that would help if you were providing support and comfort to a friend in distress?

A)helping the friend to place blame on the persons who upset him or her
B)using open-ended questions and supportive statements
C)probing painful topics to produce catharsis
D)showing impatience to encourage your friend to stop feeling "sorry" for him or herself

Question 48

If you are trying to help a friend with a problem,you should do all of the following EXCEPT

A)letting the person know you are listening,through eye contact,posture,your tone of voice,and your replies.
B)accepting the person's message without judging it or leaping to conclusions.
C)asking specific questions to keep the conversation going without any long pauses in the person's flow of ideas.
D)giving feedback by simply restating what your friend says.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT an effective counseling skill?

A)active listening
B)focusing on feelings
C)providing advice and several solutions to the person's problem
D)accepting the person's perception of the world

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT an effective counseling skill?

A)asking closed questions
B)pausing five seconds or more before responding to the person
C)accepting the person's frame of reference
D)giving feedback by restating what the person has said

Question 51

A friend tells you,"I feel like my boss has it in for me at work." You respond,"Oh yeah? So,are you going to quit?" Your response

A)is considered a closed question.
B)is considered an open question.
C)will help clarify the situation.
D)will initiate the "Why don't you…? Yes,but…." game.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior that would help if you were providing support and counseling to a friend?

A)acceptance
B)respect and genuineness
C)helping to establish blame
D)paraphrasing and reflecting

Question 53

Your friend has asked to talk to you about the troubles he is having in his marriage.You soon realize that your friend's problems are beyond your ability to properly address,so your best course of action would be to

A)review the general counseling skills in your psychology textbook before you speak to him again.
B)ask some of your other friends to provide suggestions about how to help your friend.
C)go to the bookstore and buy your friend some self-help books on relationships.
D)find your friend a more qualified,licensed counselor.

Question 54

During self-directed desensitization,when one can vividly picture and imagine oneself in the fear-producing situation listed on the first card twice without a noticeable increase in muscle tension,one

A)begins the relaxation procedure.
B)proceeds to the next card.
C)stops the procedure for the day.
D)attempts this relaxation three more times.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior that would help if you were providing support and counseling to a friend?

A)supportive statements
B)use of reflection
C)probing painful topics
D)paraphrasing

Question 56

Which of the following procedures would be the best to use if you wanted to reduce the fear or anxiety associated with public speaking,entering darkened rooms,asking questions in large classes,heights,talking to members of the opposite sex,and taking tests?

A)covert sensitization.
B)covert reinforcement.
C)self-directed desensitization.
D)thought stopping.

Question 57

The procedures used in self-directed desensitization are based on the work of

A)Beck.
B)Rogers.
C)Wolpe.
D)Perls.

Question 58

During self-directed desensitization,when one reaches a card that cannot be visualized without becoming tense in three attempts,one

A)begins the relaxation procedures.
B)proceeds to the next card.
C)stops the procedure for the day.
D)reorders the cards.

Question 59

Regarding basic counseling skills,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A part of being an active listener is to accept the person's message without judging it or leaping to conclusions.
B)One of the best things you can do when offering support to another person is to give feedback by simply restating what is said.
C)Counselors tend to wait longer before responding than do people in everyday conversations with pauses of five seconds or more not being unusual.
D)In counseling,specific closed-questions tend to help people solve their problems more quickly.

Question 60

Your friend,Kiki,comes to you with a personal problem.The first thing you should do to counsel her is to

A)give her advice on what she should do.
B)ask a lot of questions to get her talking.
C)tell her what you would do in her situation.
D)actively listen to try to clarify the problem.

Question 61

A person can locate a psychotherapist through which of the following?

A)the yellow pages in the phone book
B)mental health associations
C)crisis hotlines
D)all of these

Question 62

Since people who have a clear idea of what is wrong in their lives are more likely to discover solutions,you should,when counseling,

A)try to view the situation as it relates to your past experiences in this area.
B)try to understand the problem from the person's point of view and check your understanding often.
C)provide generous advice coupled with multiple solutions to the person's problems.
D)encourage catharsis by eliciting defensiveness in the person you are counseling.

Question 63

You have been urged by friends to consider seeking professional psychological help because you have been so "down" that you have not socialized with friends in over a month and you have missed work several times,which is uncharacteristic of you.Perhaps you should consider

A)having yourself hospitalized to relieve your exhaustion.
B)seeking advice from friends on how to eliminate your moodiness.
C)going to see a professional counselor.
D)doing nothing,because the "blues" tend to run their course,and you are likely to feel better in a few days.

Question 64

Ashley is counseling her best friend who says she is depressed.Ashley asks her friend if she feels depressed just at school or if she feels this way in other situations.Ashley is using which basic counseling skill?

A)giving advice
B)clarifying the problem
C)imposing her view of reality on the problem
D)keeping the conversation going with absolutely no silence

Question 65

You have had a great deal of anxiety sufficient to cause you significant discomfort and have been urged by friends to consider seeking professional psychological help.Perhaps you should consider

A)having yourself hospitalized to relieve your stress.
B)seeking advice from friends on how to eliminate your anxiety.
C)seeking professional psychological help.
D)doing nothing,as you are likely to feel better in a few days due to a spontaneous remission.

Question 66

In counseling a friend,which of the following would NOT be one of your goals?

A)providing advice regarding a solution for your friend's problem
B)helping to clarify your friend's problem
C)maintaining confidentiality
D)accepting your friend's frame of reference

Question 67

According to your textbook,each of us can supply two of the greatest mental health resources available at any cost,which are

A)confidentiality and constructive advice.
B)friendship and honest communication.
C)empathy and open-ended questioning.
D)commitment to mental health and understanding another's frame of reference.

Question 68

The basic counseling skill of accepting the person's frame of reference involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)trying to understand the person's viewpoint.
B)not imposing your opinions on the person seeking help.
C)examining the person's problem through your own experiences.
D)recognizing that there is no one "correct" perspective.

Question 69

Darnell's friend has just broken up with his girlfriend and appears depressed.Which of the following statements should Darnell use to effectively counsel his friend?

A)"Cheer up,there are plenty of girls at this college.Just go ask another one out."
B)"Go buy some flowers and surprise her.She'll take you back."
C)"You're better off without her.She was a nag,and she was spending all of your money."
D)"How are you feeling about breaking up with her?"

Question 70

Which of the following would be the most valid reason for seeking a psychotherapist?

A)intense grief immediately following the death of a spouse
B)a gnawing feeling that one is not performing up to his or her potential
C)being urged by friends to get professional help
D)persistently unfavorable job performance evaluations

Question 71

Which of the following is considered the LEAST preferred place to find a psychotherapist?

A)the "yellow pages"
B)community mental health centers
C)student health or student counseling services
D)newspaper advertisements

Question 72

Anna tells her friend Jeffrey that she is thinking about "dropping out of college." Jeffrey asks her,"Are you having trouble with your science and math courses? Did you talk to your instructors? Are you having trouble with your boyfriend?" Jeffrey's attempts to help might be more successful if he

A)asked more specific closed questions.
B)explained how he studied for his college classes.
C)told some of Anna's female friends about her problems so they could help her.
D)refrained from doing any of these.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT listed by the text as an indication that professional help should be sought regarding one's mental health?

A)having persistent suicidal thoughts
B)being urged by friends to seek help
C)experiencing significant changes in the use of drugs or alcohol,work efficiency,absenteeism,or important relationships
D)experiencing psychological discomfort sufficient to cause you to ask friends for advice

Question 74

Regarding general counseling skills that you can use to help anyone in distress,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Your efforts to help will be wasted if you fail to respect the privacy of someone who has confided in you.
B)Each of us can supply two of the greatest mental health resources available at any cost,which are friendship and honest communication.
C)Listening patiently to people in distress lets them feel unhurried and encourages them to speak freely.
D)When people tell you their problems,passing judgment on what is said helps people to be more objective and realistic about their problems.

Question 75

In 2008,what percent of all Americans received treatment for a mental health problem?

A)2.8 percent
B)7.6 percent
C)13.4 percent
D)20.2 percent

Question 76

By focusing on feelings when counseling a friend,you can encourage the outpouring of emotion that is the basis for

A)illumination.
B)repression.
C)catharsis.
D)depression.

Question 77

Your friend has just confided in you that she has failed a test.Which of the following statements would be the most helpful?

A)"If you study a little more,I'm sure you will do better."
B)"That teacher gives the hardest tests and is so unfair."
C)"I failed a test my first year,too.You'll get over it."
D)"You must be feeling very frustrated."

Question 78

Factors that indicate a need for professional help regarding one's mental health include which of the following?

A)psychological discomfort comparable to physical pain that would have you seek a doctor
B)significant changes in behavior,such as the quality of your schoolwork
C)a friend or relative urges you to seek professional help
D)all of these

Question 79

Your friend Linda comes to you with a personal problem.Which of the following behaviors should you AVOID?

A)pauses longer that a couple of seconds
B)saying she is really at fault for her own problems
C)paraphrasing her statements into your words
D)asking open-ended questions

Question 80

In counseling a friend,you are most likely to experience the "Yes,but" game,according to Eric Berne,if you

A)use closed questions.
B)give advice.
C)use reflection.
D)fail to maintain confidentiality.