Deck 74: Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism

Question 1

Today's society is more like a "tossed salad" than a cultural "melting pot." Rather than expecting everyone to be alike,psychologists believe that we should embace

A)status inequalities.
B)homogamy.
C)multiculturalism.
D)diffiusion of responsibility.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The idea that we recognize and accept racial and ethnic diversity rather than trying to convince everyone to accept a single culture is referred to as

A)social stereotyping.
B)multiculturalism.
C)the melting pot.
D)ethnicity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In order to make the world more manageable,we often see out-group members as very much alike,even when they are varied.This tendency to place people in categories is called

A)individuating.
B)the self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)stereotyping.
D)social competition.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a part of showing "openness to the other"?

A)agreeing with the other person and turning one's back on your own culture
B)being motivated to try to "break the prejudice habit"
C)being motivated to accept the values of tolerance and equality
D)using repeated efforts to learn to think,feel,and act differently and resist intolerant thoughts

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to giving equal status,recognition,and acceptance to different ethnic and cultural groups?

A)groupthink
B)symbolic prejudice
C)multiculturalism
D)just-world beliefs

Question 6

Becoming less prejudiced involves the ability to genuinely appreciate those who differ from us culturally,an ability known as

A)individuating.
B)mutual interdependence.
C)openness to the other.
D)equal-status contact.

Question 7

The concept of "openness to the other" involves

A)genuinely appreciating those who differ from us culturally.
B)tolerating cultural differences without appreciating them.
C)agreeing with the different cultural values.
D)turning your back on your own culture.

Question 8

When Carrie meets people from different ethnic groups,she tries to focus on the person and not the label attached to him or her.To combat stereotypes,Carrie is using

A)just-world beliefs.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)individuating information.
D)fundamental attribution.

Question 9

Of the following terms,which does NOT belong with multiculturalism?

A)"tossed salad"
B)"melting pot"
C)equal status
D)human diversity

Question 10

Unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members of other ethnic groups is called

A)implicit prejudice.
B)explicit prejudice.
C)symbolic prejudice.
D)stereotyped threat.

Question 11

Implicit prejudice is defined as

A)an expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true.
B)beliefs that people of other ethnic groups generally get what they deserve.
C)unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members of other ethnic groups.
D)prejudice that is expressed in disguised fashion toward members of other ethnic groups.

Question 12

Typically,when we only have minimal information about a person,we are most tempted to apply

A)social stereotypes.
B)individuating information.
C)tolerance,giving people the "benefit of the doubt."
D)self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 13

Which of the following helps define a person as a separate entity rather than as a member of a group or social category?

A)social stereotypes
B)individuating information
C)just-world beliefs
D)social competitions

Question 14

Many times when stereotypes and prejudiced beliefs were learned in childhood,a person may still have lingering unconscious biases even when they are trying hard to "break the prejudice habit." This illustrates the occurrence of

A)the stereotype threat.
B)explicit prejudice.
C)symbolic prejudice.
D)implicit prejudice.

Question 15

Although Mia is making a conscious effort to forsake any prejudice regarding other ethnic groups,she still has some lingering unconscious biases and stereotypes that she learned in childhood.This illustrates

A)the occurrence of symbolic prejudice.
B)the occurrence of implicit prejudice.
C)that Mia is still very prejudiced toward others and is not really making any effort not to be prejudiced.
D)that once you learn to be prejudiced you will always be prejudiced and no amount of effort can change it.

Question 16

If Janie wants to learn to be more tolerant,she should

A)decrease individuating information.
B)actively inhibit stereotypes.
C)believe in a fair and just world.
D)look for things that are different between herself and other people.

Question 17

In trying to break the prejudice habit,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The decision to give up being prejudice eliminates prejudiced thoughts and feelings right away.
B)A nonprejudiced person may experience lingering stereotypes learned in childhood that may cause the person to respond emotionally to members of other ethnic groups.
C)Once prejudice is given up,people lose the stereotypes they learned early in life.
D)People who really want to break out of the prejudice habit can do so with relatively little effort.

Question 18

Anyone that knows Tara would say that she is not a prejudiced person,but rather a person who really tries to be open,accepting,and tolerant of others.However,Tara seemed to have a momentary emotional response upon meeting a new classmate from a particular ethnic culture.Regarding Tara's response to this classmate,which of the following statements would most likely be TRUE?

A)Tara is really a very prejudiced person,who has been able to hide it from her friends up until now.
B)Tara is exhibiting symbolic prejudice toward this new classmate.
C)Tara may be reflecting her unconscious dogmatism and a latent authoritarian personality.
D)Tara is experiencing implicit prejudice and may be responding emotionally to members of other ethnic groups due to lingering stereotypes and prejudices learned in childhood.

Question 19

Multiculturalism can BEST be defined as

A)living in a melting pot.
B)living in a mixed culture society.
C)respecting and appreciating differences among people.
D)expecting people to get along even though they are culturally different.

Question 20

The use of individuating information

A)is an effective way of combating stereotypes.
B)enables you to see someone as a member of a group.
C)is a useful way to understand the categories that a person belongs to.
D)is not associated with a reduction in prejudice.

Question 21

Larry believes that members of another ethnic group are hostile and unfriendly.However,Larry tends to inadvertantly treat people in that group in ways that actually provoke hostile and unfriendly responses.Larry's stereotype of this ethnic group will be reinforced because Larry is unknowingly creating

A)groupthink.
B)a just-world belief.
C)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)individuating information.

Question 22

Regarding social competition,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In a 1991 survey,every major ethnic group in the United States rated itself as feeling inferior to other groups.
B)When social competition occurs,groups tend to view themselves as better than their rivals.
C)It is not necessary to degrade other groups in order to feel positive about one's own group identity.
D)Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating,such as African Americans,Asian Americans,and Latinos have strong family networks that help buffer them from stresses.

Question 23

Which of the following can directly increase prejudiced thinking?

A)individuating information
B)just-world beliefs
C)looking for commonalities
D)avoiding social competition

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT associated with just-world beliefs?

A)the idea that people generally get what they deserve
B)a form of faulty thinking which helps maintain prejudice
C)the belief that many minority group members are victims of discrimination
D)the assumption that minority group members are poor because they are "lazy"

Question 25

Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating.For instance,all of the following groups emphasize family networks that help buffer them from some of the stresses of daily life EXCEPT for which group?

A)African Americans
B)Asian Americans
C)European Americans
D)Latinos

Question 26

English-speaking Canadian students became more positive toward French Canadians and saw themselves as less different from French Canadians when they

A)took a class on the history of the French Canadians.
B)participated in a class on multiculturalism that promoted tolerance.
C)were "immersed," that is,spent most of their waking hours with French Canadians.
D)were reinforced for tolerant behavior and reprimanded for intolerance.

Question 27

According to your text,which of the following promotes living with diversity?

A)fostering just-world beliefs
B)using general knowledge and avoiding individuating information
C)looking for commonalities with others
D)increasing social competition

Question 28

Regarding the concept of race,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Race can be determined biologically through physical characteristics and blood type.
B)Determining the race of a person requires complex DNA analysis.
C)Race is a matter of social labeling,rather than a biological reality.
D)The best available evidence suggests that all people descended from the same ancient ancestors in Northern Europe.

Question 29

For most subtle kinds of symbolic prejudice,which of the following may be the best way to reduce intergroup conflict?

A)a tolerance for just-world beliefs
B)ethnocentrism
C)frequent and equal status social competition
D)increased contact between people

Question 30

An expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true is referred to as

A)social competition.
B)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)individuating.
D)a just-world belief.

Question 31

When you treat people in a manner consistent with your stereotype,they often act in accordance with the behavior you expected of them.This is known as

A)groupthink.
B)a just-world belief.
C)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 32

Believing that people generally get what they deserve in life is referred to as beliefs.

A)just-world
B)multicultural
C)individuating
D)animistic

Question 33

English­speaking Canadian students who were "immersed," that is,spent more of their waking hours with French Canadian students,became more positive toward French Canadians because of the effects of

A)individuating information.
B)self-fulfilling prophecies.
C)status inequalities.
D)superordinate goals.

Question 34

Regarding social competition,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In a 1991 survey,every major ethnic group in the United States rated itself as better than any other group.
B)A person with high self-esteem tends to treat others as inferior in order to feel good about himself or herself.
C)Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating.
D)Social competition refers to the fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group.

Question 35

When looking at the concept of "race," it is important to remember that

A)human groups have intermixed for so many centuries that it is impossible to tell,biologically,to what "race" any given individual belongs.
B)the best available evidence suggests that all people descended from the same ancient ancestors in Africa.
C)among early human populations,darker skin was a protective adaptation to sun exposure near the equator.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 36

Alma tells a fellow coworker that so many minority group members wouldn't be poor if they weren't so "lazy" and wanted to "live off the government." Alma's prejudiced statement is an example of

A)social competition.
B)multiculturalism.
C)individuating information.
D)a just-world belief.

Question 37

Rivalry among groups,each of which regards itself as superior to others,is referred to as

A)social competition.
B)multiculturalism.
C)a just-world belief.
D)egocentrism.

Question 38

A good antidote for social stereotyping involves

A)adopting just-world beliefs.
B)creating self-fulfilling prophecies.
C)accepting status inequalities.
D)seeking individuating information.

Question 39

Race is

A)a genetic absolute.
B)a biological reality.
C)a social construction.
D)all of these.

Question 40

The fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group is at the core of

A)self-actualization.
B)sociopathy.
C)social competition.
D)groupthink.

Question 41

The fact that Americans enjoy Mexican,Chinese,and Thai food indicates that

A)Americans have a higher obesity rate than other countries.
B)Americans are more interested in other cultures than are the citizens of other countries.
C)social competition in the food industry increases tolerance.
D)multicultural populations enrich a community.

Question 42

Just-world beliefs involve faulty thinking that amounts to blaming people who are victims of prejudice and discrimination for their own plight.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A)emphasizing competition and individual effort
B)cooperating with others
C)looking for commonalities with others
D)being willing to get acquainted with people from other ethnic groups

Question 44

Because the importance of cultural awareness often lies in subtleties and details,getting acquainted with a person whose cultural background is different from your own is often the best way to learn about that culture and to reduce prejudice and intergroup conflict.

Question 45

A good way to reduce social stereotyping is for groups to engage in social competition.

Question 46

When looking at the concept of "race," it is impossible to biologically determine a given person's race.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A)being willing to get acquainted with people from other ethnic groups
B)promoting social competition among different groups of people
C)remembering that differences do not add up to inferiority
D)looking at race as a social label rather than a biological reality

Question 48

African-Americans in New York City were angered because they felt that the Korean grocers were treating them in an unfriendly and hostile manner because the Korean grocers did not smile or use polite expressions,such as "thank you," and they refused to place change directly in the customer's hand.Koreans and Korean­Americans consider smiling too much to be "silly," while expressions,such as "thank you" and "excuse me" are used sparingly and strangers are not touched even to return change.This misunderstanding was due to

A)a lack of cultural awareness on both sides.
B)the avoidance of social competition by the Koreans.
C)a lack of just-world beliefs by both groups.
D)the use of individuating information.

Question 49

Openness to the other involves agreeing with a person from another culture regarding their values,beliefs,and behaviors and turning your back on your own culture.

Question 50

Which of the following is recommended as the BEST way of increasing cultural awareness?

A)Study ethnic diversity through movies and television.
B)Get to know a person from a different culture.
C)Read literature written by persons from other cultures.
D)Explore different cultures through one's own fantasies.

Question 51

Stereotypes make the social world more manageable because placing people in categories almost always causes them to appear more similar than they really are.

Question 52

When a person has unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members of other ethnic groups,this is referred to as prejudice.

Question 53

Giving equal status,recognition,and acceptance to different ethnic and cultural groups is referred to as
__________.

Question 54

For many people,becoming less prejudiced begins by accepting the value of the ability to genuinely appreciate those who differ from us culturally,which is called to the other.

Question 55

Multiculturalism would best be described as a nation becoming a cultural "melting pot."

Question 56

An African-American woman who wanted to ease racial tensions took a freshly baked pie to her neighbors across the way,who were Orthodox Jews.At the front door the woman extended her hand,not knowing that Orthodox Jews don't shake women's hands,unless the woman is a close family member.The African­American woman also picked up a kitchen knife to cut the pie,not knowing the couple kept a kosher household and used different knives for different foods.The woman's well­intentioned attempt at neighborliness ended in an argument,which could have been prevented through

A)knowledge of different cultural values and practices.
B)controlled social competition.
C)the development of more just-world beliefs.
D)all of these.

Question 57

If Gordon wants to develop cultural awareness,the BEST way would be for him to

A)read several books on different cultures.
B)visit different cultural exhibits,museums,plays,and restaurants.
C)become acquainted with a person whose cultural background is different from his.
D)strive to develop more just-world beliefs.

Question 58

People who are not consciously prejudiced may continue to respond emotionally to members of other ethnic groups,which may reflect lingering stereotypes and prejudices learned in childhood.

Question 59

Regarding living with diversity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Competing with others fosters desires to demean,defeat,and vanquish them.
B)When we cooperate with others we tend to share their joys and suffer when they are in distress.
C)Greater tolerance for others comes from emphasizing one's individual effort in accomplishing a task.
D)Everyone knows what it feels like to be different with greater tolerance coming from remembering those times.

Question 60

Although placing people in categories makes the social world more manageable,it almost always causes people in the category to appear more similar than they are,which is the reason one should beware of .

Question 61

Discuss five of the seven ways that a person can "break the prejudice habit" and become more open and tolerant of
others.

Question 62

Describe implicit prejudice and why it occurs,and explain how becoming less prejudiced involves developing an
"openness to the other."

Question 63

A person who believes that members of another ethnic group are hostile and unfriendly will probably treat people in that group in ways that will actually provoke the hostile and unfriendly responses that the person originally expected,which illustrates a(n).

Question 64

Rivalry among groups,each of which regards itself as superior to others,is referred to as .

Question 65

In order to "break the prejudice habit," it is important that we look for information that helps define a person as an individual,rather than as a member of a group or social category.This information is called information.

Question 66

A form of faulty thinking that involves the belief that people generally get what they deserve is known as a(n)
__________ belief.