Deck 78: Psychology in Action: Human Factors Psychology

Question 1

Topics for the human factors psychologists do NOT include which of the following?

A)personal interview techniques
B)augmented cognition
C)slips and falls
D)visual display design

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The type of psychologists who help design many of the tools we rely on each day,such as "user­friendly" computers,home appliances,digital cameras,airplane controls,and traffic signals are called psychologists.

A)cybernetic
B)human factors
C)psychophysiological
D)behavioral

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jason is a psychologist who makes machine displays easy to perceive,controls easy to use,and minimizes errors on the job due to the design of machines.Jason is a psychologist.

A)cybernetic
B)behavioral
C)psychophysiological
D)human factors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Augmented cognition,intercepting moving objects,situation awareness,and user-centered design would be topics of interest for persons working in the field of

A)behavioral psychology.
B)kinesthetics.
C)cybernetics.
D)human factors psychology.

Question 5

Providing information is to altering activity as a(n)

A)cybernetic device is to an ergonomic device.
B)control is to a display.
C)ergonomic device is to a cybernetic device.
D)display is to a control.

Question 6

Topics for the human factors psychologists include which of the following?

A)surgical visualization
B)haptic (touch)interaction
C)usability assessment methods
D)all of these

Question 7

If you make machines and work environments compatible with human sensory and motor capacities,you are working in the specialty known as

A)cybernetics.
B)psychophysiology.
C)ergonomics.
D)humanistics.

Question 8

Human factor psychologists are involved with

A)making machine displays easy to perceive and controls easy to use.
B)making optimal use of a person's skills on the job through testing and placement.
C)increased efficiency on the job through Theory Y leadership techniques.
D)all of these.

Question 9

Topics for the human factors psychologists do NOT include which of the following?

A)situation awareness
B)workflow efficiency
C)testing and placement of job applicants
D)furniture design

Question 10

Because it is based on perceptual signals that people already understand without needing to learn them,Psychologist Donald Norman refers to successful human factors engineering as design.

A)intuitive
B)natural
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 11

Which of the following psychologists first referred to successful human factors engineering as natural design,because it is based on perceptual signals that people understand naturally,without needing to learn them?

A)Donald Norman
B)Leon Festinger
C)Douglas McGregor
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 12

The row of vertical buttons in elevators that mimic the layout of the floors is an example of design.

A)intuitive
B)natural
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 13

Whether it is the computer mouse,voice-activated computers,or computerized systems that disabled users can control,the type of psychologists who design better computer tools by utilizing an understanding of human behavior are the psychologists.

A)cognitive-behavioral
B)human factors
C)comparative
D)developmental

Question 14

The goal of which field is to design machines and work environments so they are compatible with our sensory and motor capacities?

A)cybernetics
B)kinesthetics
C)consumer psychology
D)human factors psychology

Question 15

Psychologists have found that painting white lines across the road makes drivers feel like they are traveling faster.This effect is even stronger if the lines get progressively closer together.Placing lines near dangerous intersections or sections of highway has dramatically lowered accident rates and illustrates the benefits of

A)cybernetics.
B)human factors engineering.
C)psychophysiological analysis.
D)behavioral management.

Question 16

As part of his job,Joseph has been observing iPod users as they manipulate both the standard and multi-touch interface models and will also survey them regarding these models.Joseph would best be described as a psychologist.

A)human factors
B)behavioral
C)comparative
D)developmental

Question 17

Any dial,screen,light,or other device used to provide information about a machine's activity to a human user is referred to as a(n)

A)cybernetic device.
B)control.
C)ergonomic device.
D)display.

Question 18

Any knob,handle,button,lever,or other device used to alter the activity of a machine is referred to as a(n)

A)cybernetic device.
B)control.
C)ergonomic device.
D)display.

Question 19

Human factors psychology is also known as

A)cybernetics.
B)heuristics.
C)ergonomics.
D)humanistics.

Question 20

Technology and aging,neuroimaging,creativity support tools,and human performance modeling would be topics of interest for persons working in the field of

A)behavioral psychology.
B)kinesthetics.
C)ergonomics.
D)humanistic psychology.

Question 21

One way to create more natural designs in machines is to use which of the following to create similarities between different subjects?

A)convergences
B)divergences
C)metaphors
D)flexible models

Question 22

One famous example of a natural design is the design of all current personal computers,which presents images,such as "files," "folders," an even a "trash can." This is referred to as the

A)"desktop metaphor."
B)cybernetic model.
C)"brain metaphor."
D)"filing cabinet model."

Question 23

Luis is directly measuring the ease with which people can learn to use a new construction tool.Luis is doing

A)pragmatic testing.
B)usability testing.
C)humanistic assessments.
D)operational acquisition.

Question 24

The audible click designed into many computer keyboards is an example of how effective designs provide

A)feedback
B)multi-sensory interactions
C)ergonomics
D)attention control

Question 25

One interesting form of usability testing involves people verbalizing their thoughts as they use a machine.This is called the

A)marketing metaphor.
B)thinking aloud protocol.
C)telepresence design.
D)natural design metaphor.

Question 26

Traditionally,machines of the past were designed to make us

A)stronger.
B)dependent.
C)safer.
D)smarter.

Question 27

While Carrie operates a new smartphone,she verbalizes her thoughts about using this device,which will give the engineers information that will help them fine-tune this smartphone.Carrie is participating in the

A)pragmatic assessment procedure called the marketing metaphor.
B)validity testing approach called telepresence.
C)reliability testing approach called natural design.
D)usability testing procedure called the thinking aloud protocol.

Question 28

Using human factors methods to design computers and software is referred to as

A)the thinking aloud protocol (TAP).
B)worldwide interactive networking (WIN).
C)human-computer interaction (HCI).
D)cybernetic programming research (CPR).

Question 29

In the past,construction workers who installed steel rods in the floors of large buildings had been spending most of their work days awkwardly bent over.To avoid injuries and to minimize fatigue,machines were designed that allowed workers to do the job while standing upright.Through testing,it was found that the construction workers were able to use the newer machines faster,and they spent less time in backbreaking positions.Thus,more effective and healthier construction approaches were devised through

A)pragmatic testing.
B)operational acquisition.
C)humanistic assessments.
D)usability testing.

Question 30

The thinking aloud protocol,which compares people's actual performances to what they are thinking makes it possible to

A)determine whether people will buy the product.
B)create a telepresence within a design.
C)fine-tune the details of a design.
D)write the user manual and instructions for the machine.

Question 31

The design of all current personal computers is a "desk metaphor," which presents images,such as "files," "folders," and "trash can." This is an example of design.

A)natural
B)intuitive
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 32

Effective design provides information about the effect of making a response,which is called

A)feedback.
B)multi-sensory interactions.
C)ergonomic stimuli.
D)attentional control.

Question 33

The artificial sounds engineered into many otherwise quiet electric cars make it easier for pedestrians to detect their presence and illustrates how effective designs provide

A)attentional control.
B)cybernetic metaphors.
C)feedback.
D)multi-sensory interfaces.

Question 34

Regarding ergonomics,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Psychologist Donald Norman referred to successful human factors engineering as intuitive design.
B)Effective designs provide feedback.
C)The cause of many accidents is not just "human error," but poor design.
D)The design of all current personal computers uses a metaphor of an office desk.

Question 35

The thinking aloud protocol,in which people are asked to verbalize their thoughts as they use a machine,is an example of

A)usability testing.
B)marketing.
C)telepresence.
D)natural design metaphors.

Question 36

Examples of natural designs include

A)the "desktop metaphor" for personal computers.
B)digital cameras being designed to look like film cameras.
C)the vertical buttons in elevators that mimic the layout of the floors.
D)all of these.

Question 37

Digital cameras are designed to look a lot like film cameras so that you can use your knowledge of how a mechanical camera works to start using a digital camera.This is an example of design.

A)natural
B)intuitive
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 38

Regarding usability testing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Usability testing directly measures the ease with which people can learn to use a machine.
B)Health and safety are important targets of usability testing.
C)One form of usability testing is the situational judgments tests.
D)Usability testing is a process conducted by human factors psychologists.

Question 39

Human factors psychologists directly measure the ease with which people can learn to use a machine,a process known as

A)pragmatic testing.
B)usability testing.
C)humanistic assessments.
D)operational acquisition.

Question 40

In which of the following approaches are people's actual performances compared with what they are thinking and make it possible to fine-tune the details of a design?

A)marketing metaphor
B)thinking aloud protocol
C)telepresence design
D)natural design metaphor

Question 41

To prevent misusing or underusing your new advanced cell phone,you should do all of the following EXCEPT

A)try to satisfice by jumping right in and using the phone.
B)try to understand the tool by reading the instruction manual.
C)look for valuable capacities hidden several layers down in the menu of the phone.
D)try to understand the specific tasks your new tool is designed to help you accomplish.

Question 42

In the world of human­computer interaction,a device that provided information about the computer's activity to the human user would be referred to as a

A)cybernetic device.
B)control.
C)ergonomic device.
D)display.

Question 43

In the world of human-computer interaction,controls are also called devices.

A)cybernetic
B)output
C)ergonomic
D)input

Question 44

Nintendo Wii game console,Microsoft's Kinect,Google's "Glass," and telesurgery were developed by

A)comparative engineers.
B)forensic psychologists.
C)proxemics engineers.
D)human-computer interaction designers.

Question 45

Tia has just bought a digital camera and is able to take a basic photo with it.However,she is not using all the options this new camera has to offer.Tia is exhibiting

A)pseudostupidity.
B)satisficing.
C)a compensatory urge.
D)complacency.

Question 46

Computer interfaces can create a sense of being present in a remote location,which is called

A)psychokinesis.
B)kinesthetic imagery.
C)telepresence.
D)virtual travel.

Question 47

Regarding current human-computer interactions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The typical laptop computer today relies on a keyboard,touch pad,or voice recognition for output and a display screen for input.
B)Telepresence involves a computer interface that creates a sense of being present in a remote location to the extent that surgery can be performed.
C)The Wii wand allows players to interface with the game through more natural hand and body movements,while Microsoft's Kinect allows players to play just by moving and speaking to the computer.
D)Google's "Glass" wearable computer combines a "heads­up" display with voice controlled hands­free input.

Question 48

Regarding satisficing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Satisficing is not just a matter of being lazy,sometimes it can be a survival skill.
B)If a device is user friendly,it is unnecessary to read an instruction manual.
C)People are often tempted to satisfice because of our hectic modern world.
D)Satisficing refers to just "getting by" in using a tool rather than using the tool to its fullest capacity.

Question 49

In the world of human-computer interaction,the keyboard or mouse that is used to alter the activity of a computer would be referred to as

A)cybernetic devices.
B)controls.
C)ergonomic devices.
D)displays.

Question 50

Which of the following was utilized in 2001 by a surgeon in New York who removed the diseased gallbladder of a patient an ocean away in France?

A)psychokinesis
B)kinesthetic imagery
C)telepresence
D)virtual travel

Question 51

In the world of human-computer interaction,displays are also called devices.

A)cybernetic
B)output
C)ergonomic
D)input

Question 52

Engaging in behavior that achieves a minimum result,rather than maximizing the outcome of that behavior is known as

A)pseudostupidity.
B)satisficing.
C)compensatory urge.
D)complacency.

Question 53

In our hectic modern world,it is often tempting to just get by,rather than taking full advantage of all the options available on our advanced,complex new devices.This behavior is referred to as

A)satisficing.
B)complacency.
C)pseudostupidity.
D)compensatory usage.

Question 54

In the world of human-computer interaction,output devices are also called

A)cybernetic devices.
B)controls.
C)ergonomic devices.
D)displays.

Question 55

In the world of human-computer interaction,input devices are also called

A)cybernetic devices.
B)controls.
C)ergonomic devices.
D)displays.

Question 56

The challenges of living in space habitats include all of the following EXCEPT

A)restricted physical movement.
B)confinement in close quarters.
C)constant changes in sensory input.
D)the need for privacy.

Question 57

Humans communicate with computers through a set of input and output devices called a(n)

A)cybernetic device.
B)ergonomic device.
C)interface.
D)algorithm.

Question 58

Regarding satisficing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Satisficing involves engaging in behavior that achieves a minimum result,rather than maximizing the outcome of that behavior.
B)Reading the instruction manual can prevent some aspects of satisficing.
C)People who exhibit satisficing are totally incapable of learning the new skill.
D)Satisficing can be a survival skill.

Question 59

Before telesurgery can become more common,the telepresence system must be improved to provide more of which type of feedback for surgeons?

A)visual
B)kinesthetic
C)auditory
D)tactile

Question 60

Computers are machines designed to make us

A)stronger.
B)cooperative.
C)interdependent.
D)smarter.

Question 61

Psychologists who design many of the tools we rely on each day,such as "user­friendly" computers,home appliances,digital cameras,airplane controls,and traffic signals are working in the field known as behavioral kinesthetics.

Question 62

Regarding the environment of a space station,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)There should be some flexibility in the use of living and work areas.
B)The lack of any noise on a space station is a significant stressor for many astronauts.
C)It is beneficial for astronauts to have some privacy with most preferring solitary pastimes,such as reading,writing,or watching movies.
D)Eating at least one meal together each day can help keep crew members working as a social unit.

Question 63

Regarding the environment of a space station,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Color-coding is used on walls,floors,and ceilings in space habitats,and furniture and controls are oriented to face the "ceiling" to help define rooms as "up" and "down."
B)Since behavior patterns change over time,the design of the space habitat includes flexibility in the use of living and work areas.
C)Sensory monotony has not been a problem in space because of the magnificent changing vistas of Earth below and the lack of noise aboard space habitats.
D)Reading or listening to music has been shown to be a good way to psychologically withdraw from the group within confined living arrangements.

Question 64

When the design of a device is based on perceptual signals that people already understand,Psychologist Donald Norman called it a divergent design.

Question 65

Regarding the environment of a space station,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Sleep cycles must be carefully controlled in space to avoid disrupting bodily rhythms.
B)The use of live animals and plants in space habitats could reduce stress and boredom in the future.
C)Most people in restricted environments find that they prefer group pastimes,such as board games.
D)The constant noise on a space station is annoying and stressful.

Question 66

Human factors psychologists who help design space stations found that

A)astronauts prefer rooms with clearly defined "up" and "down."
B)sleep cycles must be carefully controlled in space to avoid disrupting body rhythms.
C)most people in restricted environments prefer solitary pastimes such as reading,listening to music,looking out windows,writing,and watching films or television.
D)all of these are true.

Question 67

Which of the following would most likely reduce stress and boredom in a space habitat?

A)active,group-oriented recreation
B)changing sleep stations,desks,lockers,and pastimes every three days
C)including live animals and plants in space habitats
D)providing more sensory monotony

Question 68

Effective design provides information about the effect of making a response,which is called attentional control.

Question 69

In the world of human-computer interaction,the keyboard or mouse that is used to alter the activity of a computer would be referred to as controls.

Question 70

Satisficing refers to just "getting by" in using a tool rather than using the tool to its fullest capacity.

Question 71

The challenges of living in space habitats include which of the following?

A)restricted physical movement
B)noise
C)sensory monotony
D)all of these

Question 72

Researchers have learned that astronauts prefer rooms with clearly defined "up" and "down," even in the weightlessness of space.

Question 73

Topics of interest for human factors psychologists would include furniture design,augmented cognition,and technology and aging.

Question 74

Most people in restricted environments find that they prefer

A)interactive pastimes.
B)solitary pastimes.
C)active,group-oriented recreation.
D)eating alone.

Question 75

When human factors psychologists directly measure the ease with which people can learn to operate a machine,it is referred to as situational judgment testing.

Question 76

During space missions,which of the following has NOT been found to be stressful?

A)forced togetherness
B)solitary pastimes
C)sensory monotony
D)constant noise on the space craft

Question 77

Human factors psychologists who help design space stations

A)do not have to consider the "up" and "down" in rooms because of weightlessness.
B)create stable living and work areas since sameness lowers stress.
C)found that crew members eating at least one meal together each day helped keep them working as a social unit.
D)found that astronauts soon adjust to the noise on a space station and ignore it over time.

Question 78

In 2001,a surgeon in New York first used telesurgery to remove the diseased gallbladder of a patient an ocean away in France.

Question 79

Which of the following did human factors psychologists who help design space stations NOT find to be important for the crew?

A)defining rooms as "up" and "down"
B)carefully controlling the crews' sleep cycles
C)adding flexibility in the use of living and work areas
D)providing numerous stimulating group activities to solidify working as a team

Question 80

Most people in restricted environments find that they prefer active,group-oriented recreation.