Deck 9: Associations

Question 1

Sociologist Daniel Bell argues the digital divide is rapidly creating a gulf between the technical class,composed predominantly of _____,and the digital underclass,composed primarily of _____.

A)African Americans;rural whites
B)whites and Asians;African Americans and Hispanics
C)middle-class African Americans;non-English-speaking immigrants
D)Middle Eastern immigrants;inner-city Asian Americans

Answer 1

B  

Question 2

Which of the following is a true statement about hate groups in the United States?

A)Hate groups recruit members from predominantly poor,uneducated,rural populations.
B)Hate groups now use the Internet exclusively to spread information and build membership.
C)The United States has experienced a steady decline in hate groups since the Civil Rights Movement.
D)The United States has experienced a recent resurgence of hate groups.

Answer 2

D  

Question 3

In the early twentieth century,Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as:

A)an empowering form of separate but equal where blacks and whites shared in the power of American government and civil society
B)the precursor to the civil disobedience movements of the 1950s and 1960s,advocating for nonviolent resistance
C)a legal reformatory program centered on the expansion of black rights through the recognition of equality in American civil law and social policy
D)a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned businesses and a black-run government and military

Answer 3

D 

Question 4

Homophily:

A)is a matter of pushing "enemies" away
B)is a matter of pulling friends in
C)applies to race and ethnicity but not to religion
D)contributes to social decapitalization

Question 5

How do the prejudices that are part of the ideologies of hate groups compare to the prejudices that come up as part of everyday life in modern American society?

A)These biases are basically the same;hate groups are just more organized.
B)The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups represent a racist philosophy bent on conspiracies and the demonization of minorities.
C)Routine and everyday forms of prejudice are more elaborate as they occur more regularly in the minds of the prejudiced.
D)The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups are the bases of uniform practices across the spectrum of white nationalist groups.

Question 6

On one hand,racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit.On the other hand,too often racial tourism:

A)reinforces racial divides through stereotypes
B)leads to hate crimes and other forms of violence
C)creates racist ideologies where they didn't previously exist
D)erases the differences between virtual race relations and real race relations

Question 7

How did the Young Women's Christian Association YWCA)change during the twentieth century?

A)The YWCA excluded black women from its services until the modern Civil Rights Movement,when the organization formed a chapter specifically for black women.
B)White women organized to exclude black women from volunteering with the YWCA after the Civil Rights Movement.
C)Black women organized and helped transform the YWCA from a racially segregated organization into one that prioritized racial justice.
D)Black women left the segregated YWCA to form a new organization that addressed the particular interests of black women.

Question 8

Online,an Arab American man can pass as a white woman,just as a white woman can pass as a Native American teenager.These virtual associations encourage a form of:

A)virtual racism
B)experimental sexism
C)online reality
D)racial tourism

Question 9

Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?

A)It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity.
B)It led to a significant increase in African American- owned businesses.
C)It encouraged white people to support integration efforts.
D)It encouraged a large number of blacks to support separatism.

Question 10

Robert Putnam,the author of the modern classic Bowling Alone,argues which of the following about American civil society?

A)Across the last two generations,participation in American civil society has grown,strengthening the core of American democracy.
B)American participation in civil society has become highly fractured over the last two generations and now mostly involves recreational sports.
C)Americans' participation in civil society is a way to gauge how trustful and connected we are to one another,and by those indicators,American civil society is in trouble.
D)While some forms of American civic involvement have declined over the last two generations,political participation and activism has increased.

Question 11

In America,_____ were the most likely to experience racial or religious discrimination in 2014.

A)Christians
B)Jews
C)Muslims
D)Mormons

Question 12

Martin Luther King,Jr. ,once remarked that church services on Sunday mornings remain one of society's most:

A)civically engaged hours
B)racially segregated hours
C)racially integrated hours
D)pluralistic hours

Question 13

Who helped to bring about the resurgence of black nationalism in the 1960s?

A)Marcus Garvey
B)Malcolm X
C)Thurgood Marshall
D)Martin Luther King,Jr.

Question 14

What was one of the differences between the United Negro Improvement Association UNIA)and the NAACP?

A)The UNIA placed women in positions of leadership;the NAACP did not.
B)The UNIA supported integration;the NAACP supported black nationalism.
C)The UNIA was financed by white institutions;the NAACP was supported by black institutions.
D)The UNIA promoted racial equality;the NAACP promoted black superiority.

Question 15

The term we use to describe the cause of strong racial variation in civic participation is:

A)income inequality
B)social trust
C)English proficiency
D)homophily

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a way that the textbook discusses "identity politics"?

A)political action intended to address the unique interests and hardships of groups who have faced oppression
B)whites who advocate for "white rights" or of "serving the white community" the way minority groups do for their communities
C)increasing social fragmentation,which causes some Americans to become disillusioned and cynical and to withdraw from civil society
D)associations that encourage their members to focus on racial and ethnic differences and celebrate diversity

Question 17

According to the textbook,which of the following is the most accurate statement about "political correctness"?

A)It discourages free thought and honest debate,forbidding you to say what is truly on your mind.
B)It is designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups,censoring certain speech deemed off-limits.
C)It is a political tool of both conservative and liberal media commentators in the United States.
D)It encourages tyranny with manners,making people honestly afraid of speaking their minds for fear of being labeled "racist."

Question 18

As the city of Detroit faced climbing economic difficulties in the early to mid-2000s,public support for the busing system waned.In Detroit,a city that covers a large amount of geographic space,the buses are used primarily by inner city racial and ethnic minorities.The lack of white support for the busing system during this time is an example of what sociologists call:

A)The Florida Effect
B)The Urban Sprawl Effect
C)The Busing Divide
D)The Putnam Effect

Question 19

White nationalism:

A)does not exist because whiteness is the normative identity
B)borrows much of its rhetoric from black nationalism and from the Civil Rights Movement
C)flourishes in the most uniformly white parts of the country and is rare in areas with larger concentrations of nonwhites
D)flourishes wherever there is a digital divide

Question 20

Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most:

A)were middle class,had college educations,and were gainfully employed
B)were working class,had some college,and were employed part-time
C)were working poor,had high school degrees,and had minimum wage jobs
D)were poor,were high school dropouts,and were unemployed and on public assistance

Question 21

The fact that our religious institutions are as racially and ethnically segregated as they are is an example of:

A)racial homophily in religious life
B)something more common before Brown v.Board of Education 1954)
C)nonwhite places of worship encouraging these divisions
D)religious associations promoting racial and ethnic identities

Question 22

Over the past 100 years,social capital and civic engagement in the United States has:

A)increased dramatically
B)increased but only since the information age began in the 1970s
C)declined dramatically
D)declined but only between the agrarian era and the industrial age.

Question 23

Although the Ku Klux Klan KKK)was largely a white Protestant movement,formed with the explicit purpose of promoting racial and ethnic conflict,it wasn't the only one.Another example the textbook gives is ____ associations established to wage battle with _____ ones.

A)Irish;Italian
B)German;Jewish
C)French;Polish
D)Japanese;Korean

Question 24

_____ have higher rates of civic engagement and civil participation;_____ are less likely to join voluntary associations or participate in community activities.

A)Men;women
B)Whites;people of color
C)Asian Americans;Latinos
D)African Americans;whites

Question 25

Because we often don't know a person's racial identity online,many Internet users have come to regard _______ as the virtual norm.

A)nerds
B)colorblindness
C)whiteness
D)blackness

Question 26

Showing the importance of religious associations,analysts have found that whites who attend multiracial religious services _____ than those who attend all-white or majority-white services.

A)live in less segregated neighborhoods
B)donate to the NAACP more frequently
C)vote Democratic as opposed to Republican more frequently
D)harbor less prejudice toward nonwhites

Question 27

As the debate over immigration has intensified,the percentage of _______ who are the targets of reported hate crimes increased from 17 percent in 2004 to _______ percent in 2012.

A)Muslims;25
B)African Americans;40
C)Hispanics;30
D)Asian Americans;20

Question 28

African American fraternal lodges and federations such as the Masons):

A)were the largest and most extensive sector of African American social organization and civic life
B)nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy
C)never numbered more than a few thousand members,with very little property or value,into the twentieth century
D)joined forces with white fraternal lodges and federations to fight for civil rights and equality

Question 29

The whitest of all the major religions in the United States is:

A)Christianity
B)Islam
C)Buddhism
D)Judaism

Question 30

In recent polls regarding racial,gender,and religious identities,which type of presidential candidate have Americans showed the least support for?

A)a Muslim candidate
B)an African American candidate
C)a Catholic candidate
D)a female candidate

Question 31

The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association UNIA)was:

A)Booker T.Washington
B)W.E.B.Du Bois
C)Malcolm X
D)Marcus Garvey

Question 32

Immigrant organizations often aim to help with adjustment to American society.For example,organizations such as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and the Chinese-American Planning Council:

A)encourage segregationist attitudes in American Chinatowns
B)oversee English-language classes,career training,and cultural events
C)are rarely used by immigrants and demonstrate how ineffective voluntary associations are for these communities
D)present themselves as alternatives to race-based homophily

Question 33

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relationship among Christian religious congregations,race and ethnicity,and the neighborhoods churches are located in?

A)Churches quite accurately reflect the racial diversity of the neighborhoods they are in.
B)Most churches are significantly more racially diverse than the neighborhoods in which they are located.
C)Most churches are approximately ten times less racially diverse than the neighborhoods in which they are located.
D)Churches often lead the way in racial integration and become examples for other neighborhood organizations to follow.

Question 34

During the early-to-mid-twentieth century,labor unions largely remained racially homogenous,white-dominated,and exclusionary.When they did promote integration,as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement,an advantage of this integration was that:

A)integrated labor unions erased the prejudiced thoughts of the workers in the union
B)integrated labor unions caused employers to value the input of a diverse workforce and to mandate diversity trainings
C)integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks,Hispanics,and other people of color as "strikebreakers"
D)integrated labor unions helped protect people during the economic crush of the Depression

Question 35

Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as:

A)excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group
B)the belief that men,particularly men of color,are superior to women of all colors in society
C)a philosophy of racial superiority that promoted adjustment and accommodation to the laws and social policies of the larger society
D)a prointegrationist sentiment that favors interracial cooperation rather than competition

Question 36

According to the figure below,the group experiencing the lowest growth in membership in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows following the Civil War was:
White and Black Odd Fellows Lodges in the North and South Before,During,and After the Civil War

A)Northern whites
B)Southern whites
C)Northern blacks
D)Southern blacks

Question 37

According to the figure below,"White Nationalism in the United States," white nationalism exists in all fifty states,but participation ebbs and flows.The state with the least activity is _______,while ______ has the most white nationalist identification.
White Nationalism in the United States

A)New York;Mississippi
B)Maine;Alabama
C)Alaska;Idaho
D)Hawaii;Montana

Question 38

What is "boundary work"?

A)the collection of practices by which families separate and integrate themselves into the communities around them
B)the formal associations,such as churches or social clubs,that defy racial divisions in society
C)the welcoming symbolic gestures in immigrant communities,for Spanish-speakers in particular
D)the collection of practices by which people maintain or challenge racial relations of exclusivity or inclusivity

Question 39

When describing the African American community and religion,some scholars have argued that many residents of poor black neighborhoods are "overchurched." What does this mean?

A)African Americans have more churches in their community than they can maintain or use to help alleviate the social and economic hardships of their communities.
B)African American families are involved in so many church congregations that they have little time for other nonreligious activities or pursuits.
C)Storefront churches in African American neighborhoods are built geographically and spatially over other businesses.
D)African American religiosity is a greater strength in helping people get above their social and economic conditions than other potential sources of help might be.

Question 40

Mainstream American society contains many misconceptions about American Indian spirituality and Christianity,including the idea that:

A)many Native American variants of Christianity blend mainstream Christianity with indigenous beliefs and traditions
B)Native American religious traditions have experienced a resurgence in the last half century
C)All American Indian tribes converted to Christianity early on in their experiences with European colonizers
D)American Indians incorporate traditional practices,such as praying to animals and nature,prioritizing these practices as more central than Christian scripture and rituals

Question 41

What are the key demographic characteristics of the states with the highest percentages of white nationalists per 100,000 people?

Question 42

Sociologists Michael Emerson and Karen Chai Kim have argued that despite the racial integration that has been occurring in other institutions,the vast majority of the more than 300,000 religious congregations-the largest and most active voluntary associations-involve members who are of the same race.List two reasons why this is.

Question 43

Sandy,a 19-year-old college student,was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site,a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement.Sandy's story demonstrates:

A)how far from the mainstream of American society white nationalist groups have to go to draw in members
B)that Sandy was an exception to the norm of the ranks of the white nationalism movement,since most members are poor,uneducated whites
C)that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience,their Internet presence aims to draw in young,college-aged men and women.
D)Women are exceptional and rare as members of white nationalist groups.

Question 44

Is it possible to be post-racial on the Internet? Use two examples of virtual racism in your answer.

Question 45

Corey was adamant in his feeling that most people in American society no longer have severely racist attitudes toward people of other races.Joan suggested he look at the comments in online news feeds about a recent drug bust involving people of color.He was surprised by the intensity of the racist comments he found.Joan's suggestion was an example of:

A)how people gravitate toward crime stories involving drugs and people of color
B)how gender norms prevented Corey from investigating the details associated with the news stories prior to Joan's help
C)how effectively the idea that racism is dead can be challenged by looking at the online and virtual ways that people portray their prejudices
D)how challenging someone's ideas about the prejudices that exist in our society is only symbolic

Question 46

Describe three ways Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X were similar in their views and leadership styles.How did they contrast to Martin Luther King,Jr.?

Question 47

A Lutheran church in a highly diverse community with a large immigrant population offers masses in English with mostly white attendees),Spanish with mostly Mexican attendees)and Ethiopian with mostly Ethiopian attendees)on Sundays.This division illustrates:

A)that this congregation has integrated and become multiracial
B)that the worship services within this church tend toward homophily
C)that neighborhood diversity is reflected in the integrated worship services
D)that Lutheran Social Services is a productive refugee resettlement agency

Question 48

Explain three ways race and ethnicity contribute to the "digital divide" regarding access to the Internet.

Question 49

When an individual is the victim of a hate crime,how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part?

A)It galvanizes the community into a reactive and equally violent social movement.
B)It provides a legal foundation for people in the community to self-segregate into ethnic enclaves.
C)It becomes a symbolic narrative for community members to share with white Americans about experiences they've shared across racial and ethnic boundaries.
D)It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.

Question 50

Comparing Asian Americans who are Christian to Asian Americans who are Buddhist indicates that:

A)Asian American Buddhists are more likely to attend temples that are specific to their ethnicity as Cambodians,Vietnamese,etc. ),whereas Asian American Christians typically attend pan-Asian congregations
B)Asian American Buddhists in the United States have adapted their worship patterns because many Buddhist temples have conformed to the structure of American worship patterns,meeting only on the weekends like Christian churches
C)unlike Asian American Christians who can form multiracial congregations with Americans of other races,Asian American Buddhists are limited by the lack of non-Asian Buddhists in the United States
D)Asian American Christians are more assimilated to mainstream American culture than are Asian American Buddhists

Question 51

List two associations where racial homophily is most prevalent.Which racial or ethnic groups have the highest rates of racial homophily? Why?

Question 52

Which of the following is most true about evangelical Christian megachurches?

A)They're favored by white nationalist groups because they stress separatism.
B)They're more likely to be predominantly white than other evangelical churches.
C)They create and encourage neighborhood integration because their thousands of attendees draw in almost everybody who lives in the neighborhood.
D)By preaching interracial solidarity,over a third of megachurches can be defined as multiracial.

Question 53

The textbook authors argue that to bring out the full democratic potential in our associational life,we must bridge racial divides in American institutions.Describe how those divides might be addressed in and between two social institutions.

Question 54

Provide two examples of how religious organizations promote and preserve racial and ethnic identities.

Question 55

When people think about members of hate groups,they typically envision a certain type of person.What are the stereotypes about who joins hate groups? What did sociologist Kathleen Blee,who studies hate group joiners,find in her work about the members of these groups?

Question 56

The Internet was used effectively to extend the reach of the Hawaiian language revitalization movement,demonstrating that:

A)the Internet can be a useful tool for building community and providing avenues for people to communicate in their language and redeem interest in and use of that language
B)the Internet can mobilize people to advocate for the use of their native languages,but only if a larger social movement provides the base for these efforts
C)because of the uniqueness of the Hawaiian language and cultural revitalization movement,the renewed interest in the Hawaiian language resulting from Internet exposure was nothing more than an exception and not a model for future preservation movements
D)the Internet is such a negative social space that people seeking to restore and retain their language through the Internet have to fight against the prejudices of Internet trolls