Deck 5: Housing

Question 1

Towns that hung signs reading "Whites Only within City Limits after Dark" were known as:

A)Jim Crow towns
B)suburbs
C)ghettos
D)sundown towns

Answer 1

D  

Question 2

Facing high levels of environmental hazards,being isolated from economic opportunities,neglected by political leaders,and feeling stigmatized by a "blemish of place" are common experiences by residents of what two types of neighborhoods?

A)renovated city centers and the suburbs
B)poor,rural white areas and the suburbs
C)the suburbs and the ghetto
D)the ghetto and poor,rural white areas

Answer 2

D  

Question 3

What events prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?

A)John F.Kennedy's assassination and the subsequent urban uprisings
B)the passage of the Voting Rights Act and the election of Lyndon B.Johnson
C)the assassinations of John F.Kennedy and Martin Luther King,Jr.
D)the assassination of Martin Luther King,Jr. ,and the subsequent urban uprisings

Answer 3

D  

Question 4

Which of the following factors contributed to the Great Migration?

A)the lack of sharecropping opportunities in the South;the improvement of sharecropping conditions in the North
B)an increase in European immigration to the South following WWI;job shortages in the South
C)a decrease in Jim Crow segregation in the South;wage equality in the North
D)job shortages in the South due to a decline in the price of cotton;job vacancies in the North due to a decrease in European immigration

Question 5

Which of the following life experiences has been linked to job loss,depression,residential instability,and relocating to poorer,more violent neighborhoods and is twice as likely to happen to women as men?

A)marriage
B)eviction
C)divorce
D)incarceration

Question 6

In the 1920s and 1930s,why did some recent immigrants,such as Germans and Irish,leave the slum and assimilate into the American mainstream but others,such as the Chinese,did not?

A)Chinese immigrants had their businesses near the slums.
B)Chinese immigrants did not work as hard as the Germans and Irish to move out of the slums.
C)Laws and customs,based on the "racial uniform" did not allow the Chinese to live anywhere else.
D)Chinese immigrants preferred to live in the slums with their extended families.

Question 7

Which of the following terms is used to describe real estate agents who preyed upon whites' fears of integration by hiring people of color to appear as if they had moved into a traditionally white neighborhood,in an attempt to get white families to sell their homes for under-market value?

A)marginality agents
B)redlining agents
C)blockbusting agents
D)covenant agents

Question 8

How did urban development projects immediately following World War II affect housing opportunities for nonwhites?

A)It gave them the opportunity to live in new,quality housing in the urban center.
B)It evicted many from their homes,forcing them into overcrowded slums.
C)It pushed them to the suburbs,but without access to public transportation.
D)It pushed them into white neighborhoods,resulting in integration.

Question 9

In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century?

A)Blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent,making it difficult to accumulate wealth.
B)Blacks had lower average rent and lower wages than whites,which stigmatized them.
C)Blacks were isolated out in the suburbs,making it difficult to get to work.
D)Whites were in the suburbs with a higher cost of living but access to much better-paying jobs.

Question 10

What is one way the Federal Housing Administration contributed to the exclusion of nonwhites from the private housing market?

A)loan denial to nonwhites
B)increased rent in city apartments
C)property deeds
D)urban renewal projects

Question 11

Why are Native American reservations often the target of environmental racism,such as locations for dump sites and mining operations?

A)The taxes are too high for corporation dump sites in cities.
B)Those living on the reservation do not care about the environment or their land.
C)Reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping.
D)Native Americans do not believe that the proximity to this waste is harmful.

Question 12

What are two reasons that black urban neighborhoods were more decayed than white neighborhoods?

A)There were often lower standards for care in the neighborhood;homeowners had a lack of resources.
B)Residents often had less knowledge about home-ownership;they were less concerned about their homes.
C)Black neighborhoods often had the oldest housing stock in need of most repair;homeowners could not receive loans to improve their properties.
D)Homeowners could not receive loans to improve their properties;they were less concerned about their homes.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

A)In U.S.cities,the typical white person lives in a neighborhood that is 45 percent white.
B)Hispanics are twice as likely as blacks and Asians to be isolated from other racial groups.
C)African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hypersegregation.
D)The segregation levels of Asian ethnic groups vary by skin tone.

Question 14

A banker that refused to give financially qualified buyers a mortgage because their desired home was in a nonwhite area marked as too risky for a loan was engaged in what discriminatory practice?

A)property covenants
B)redlining
C)blockbusting
D)gatekeeping

Question 15

Which of the following directly contributed to white flight out of urban centers and into the suburbs?

A)industrialization
B)the Civil Rights Movement
C)federal government loan programs
D)the Great Depression

Question 16

Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation?

A)Segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real,natural,and unchanging.
B)Politicians neglect nonwhite neighborhoods.
C)Nonwhite areas are often far from normal institutions such as hospitals,banks,and grocery stores.
D)Low income areas have much smaller education budgets.

Question 17

A settlement located near agricultural fields consisting of dilapidated shacks,low-cost housing,and inhabited primarily by U.S.citizens and migrant farm workers is an example of a:

A)colonia
B)bracero
C)barrio
D)reservation

Question 18

Which of the following terms pertains to neighborhoods marked by severe spatial and social segregation and by an amputation from America's economic prosperity,national security,collective imagination and memory,and state services?

A)spatial assimilation thesis
B)advanced marginality
C)ethnic community thesis
D)degree of segregation

Question 19

What were the aims of U.S.government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II?

A)The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land because whites felt economically threatened.
B)The government wanted to move Native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution.
C)The government wanted to move Native Americans off of tribal lands and onto rural farmland to stimulate agricultural production and facilitate tribal dissolution.
D)The government wanted to move Native Americans back to tribal land to allow them to reclaim their tribal traditions and identity.

Question 20

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey?

A)The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white,while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood.
B)The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 75 percent black and 25 percent white,and white respondents preferred a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black.
C)The majority of white respondents said their ideal neighborhood was one with 50 percent black and 50 percent white residents,and a majority of black respondents said they would not feel comfortable entering such a neighborhood.
D)The majority of black respondents would move away from a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black,while whites would prefer to move to this type of neighborhood.

Question 21

What is one consequence of environmental racism?

A)disproportionately high rates of health problems such as cancer and lung disease
B)lack of access to good jobs requiring an advanced education and providing benefits
C)lack of opportunity for cultural enrichment
D)access to only poor quality homes with unsafe structures

Question 22

What two factors contribute to many black and Latino families facing the burden of rising housing costs?

A)inclusion in the labor market and exclusion from the mortgage market
B)exclusion from well-paying jobs and increased taxes on low-income earners
C)exclusion from both well-paying jobs and the mortgage market
D)exclusion from both safe neighborhoods and well-paying jobs

Question 23

What is the only group in the history of the United States that has experienced ghettoization,as defined by Massey and Denton?

A)Latinos
B)Asians
C)African Americans
D)Polish

Question 24

Where have almost half of all new immigrants since the 1990s settled?

A)rejuvenated city centers
B)an integrated urban neighborhood
C)urban ethnic enclaves
D)the suburbs

Question 25

For which racial/ethnic group is environmental racism one of the most pressing issues?

A)Hispanics
B)Asians
C)whites
D)Native Americans

Question 26

According to the textbook,roughly 25 percent of black and Latino families renting their homes spend at least what percent of their income on housing?

A)33 percent
B)45 percent
C)75 percent
D)50 percent

Question 27

Similar to poor blacks living in urban ghettos,poor whites living in rural trailer parks often suffer from what?

A)the "redneck stigma"
B)the "stigma of the poor"
C)the "blemish of poverty"
D)the "blemish of place"

Question 28

Which quadrant in the figure below represents zero segregation? Which quadrant represents the highest levels of segregation?

A)upper left;upper right
B)upper right;lower right
C)upper right;upper left
D)upper right;lower left

Question 29

How much has public housing inventory fallen since 1991?

A)40 percent
B)20 percent
C)None;public housing inventory has remained stable
D)None;public housing inventory has actually increased since 1991

Question 30

What has been a consequence of cities renovating central-city areas to entice upper-class individuals and families?

A)the ability of more lower-income families to live in the suburbs and raise their standard of living
B)poor families being pushed to the suburbs,cut off from employment opportunities and services
C)upper-class individuals and families seeing a decrease in their standard of living
D)suburbs growing at the fastest rate since in the 1950s

Question 31

What were the findings of audit studies conducted by the U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development about racial discrimination in housing?

A)The mechanisms of housing discrimination that existed before the Fair Housing Act of 1968 are still the primary mechanisms of discrimination used today.
B)Black home buyers were informed about far more properties than their white counterparts,though they were always in poorer neighborhoods.
C)Banks supported racial integration by distributing high levels of loans to racially mixed areas.
D)High levels of housing discrimination is still experienced by blacks,Hispanics,Asians,and Native Americans.

Question 32

How did the "hyperghetto" form?

A)Legalized segregation forced all blacks into one geographical area.
B)Urban renewal created overcrowded slums full of only low-income families.
C)Redlining prevented ghettos from any type of urban renewal,so the low-income areas just kept declining.
D)Middle- and upper-class blacks fled the ghetto after legal segregation was overturned,leaving only low-income families.

Question 33

The U.S.government program that ran from 1942 through 1964 to recruit Mexican nationals and has been referred to as "legalized slavery" was called what?

A)the Temporary Worker program
B)the Bracero program
C)the Migrant Worker program
D)the Colonias program

Question 34

As the children of Jewish shopkeepers assimilated into whiteness and took leave of their families' shops in the inner city,what immigrant group has often stepped in to take their place,particularly in black ghettos?

A)Japanese
B)Filipinos
C)Vietnamese
D)Koreans

Question 35

As of 2010,which racial/ethnic group had the biggest percentage of its members living in the suburbs?

A)blacks
B)Asians
C)whites
D)Hispanics

Question 36

A realtor that shows an upper-class black family homes in only black neighborhoods is guilty of what practice?

A)steering
B)redlining
C)covenant deeds
D)blockbusting

Question 37

What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves?

A)They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living.
B)They are sought out by new and old immigrants to create a self-segregated community in the United States,celebrating the same holidays,eating the same food,and speaking their native language.
C)Immigrants are forced into ethnic enclaves due to a lack of affordable housing opportunities,and these enclaves prevent new immigrants from ever getting ahead and moving out.
D)Immigrants self-select into enclaves and exhibit no interest in leaving these underprivileged neighborhoods because the enclaves feel like their native country.

Question 38

Based on the chart below,"Diversity Experiences in Each Group's Typical Neighborhood,2010," which racial/ethnic group is most likely to live in a segregated neighborhood?

A)whites
B)blacks
C)Hispanics
D)Asians

Question 39

A large number of whites moving from New York City into the whites-only suburb of Levittown on Long Island following World War II is an example of:

A)deurbanization
B)white fight
C)white flight
D)deindustrialization

Question 40

Who benefits from environmental racism?

A)Native Americans living on reservations
B)small business owners located in rural areas
C)those that have enough wealth to live away from polluting sites
D)those that live in sparsely populated counties

Question 41

It has been said that ending residential segregation in the United States is going to require a "moral commitment" from white America.What is meant by "moral commitment," and why is this commitment necessary from white America in order to end segregation?

Question 42

What are four characteristics of suburbs that are designed to prevent interaction with those that live in the city?

Question 43

What does Chapter 5 identify as a "new tactic of white fight?"

A)flying the Confederate flag
B)moving into renewed urban centers
C)creating new sundown towns
D)passing English-only ordinances

Question 44

The textbook authors say that some Native American groups are faced with a "devil's bargain": either accept radioactive waste being dumped near their home or face rural poverty.In a short essay,imagine you lived on a reservation.Evaluate these options;what option would you support and why?

Question 45

According to the textbook authors,why might urban and suburban Americans be so quick to stereotype all rural,white Americans as intolerant and racist zealots?

A)They have witnessed the racist comments and actions firsthand.
B)It prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes.
C)It helps them feel safe by putting down people with less than themselves.
D)They hope that it will motivate rural residents to change their behavior.

Question 46

What are two purposes that ethnic enclaves serve for immigrants?

Question 47

What do the textbook authors mean when they say certain groups may suffer the "blemish of place"? Give two examples of groups that suffer from the blemish of place.

Question 48

How do lack of housing assistance,stagnating incomes at the bottom of the wage distribution,and rising housing costs affect racial inequality?

Question 49

Explain two consequences of residential segregation,as identified in Chapter 5.

Question 50

Name and describe three legal methods that were used to prevent neighborhood integration and homeownership by nonwhites prior to the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act.

Question 51

What is the social force driving the transformation of the racial makeup of many majority-white small towns?

A)immigration
B)deindustrialization
C)environmental racism
D)whites moving into city centers