Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

What is the name of the hormone that regulates iron balance in the body? 

A) Ferritin 
B) Transferrin 
C) Hemosiderin 
D) Hepcidin 
E) MFP factor

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement is not true about how the body uses iron? 

A) Most iron entering the body is recycled. 
B) Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. 
C) Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron. 
D) Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. 
E) Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

About what percentage of iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet? 

A) 10 
B) 15 
C) 25 
D) 30 
E) 35

Answer 3

A

Question 4

About what percentage of the iron consumed in one day represents heme iron? 

A) 5 
B) 10 
C) 25 
D) 50 
E) 90

Question 5

Iron balance is maintained in the body mainly through _____.

A) absorption 
B) excretion 
C) gluconeogenesis 
D) glycolysis 
E) bile production

Question 6

What protein in the red blood cells contains iron? 

A) Transferrin 
B) Myoglobin 
C) Hemoglobin 
D) Cytochrome 
E) Oxyglobin

Question 7

Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia? 

A) Macrocytic red blood cells 
B) Microcytic red blood cells 
C) Purplish tongue 
D) Reddened cheeks 
E) Hyperchromic red blood cells

Question 8

Which of these groups has higher needs for iron than the general population? 

A) Pregnant women 
B) Cigarette smokers 
C) Pre-adolescents 
D) Post-menopausal women 
E) Adult men

Question 9

What is transferrin? 

A) An enzyme 
B) An iron-storage protein 
C) An iron transport protein 
D) A muscle protein 
E) A ketone

Question 10

How is iron used in the bone marrow? 

A) It is converted to myoglobin and sent to the muscle for storage. 
B) It is used to produce transferrin. 
C) It is used to make hemoglobin. 
D) It is used to convert hemoglobin to myoglobin. 
E) It becomes a cofactor and used during energy metabolism.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of essential trace minerals in general? 

A) They are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. 
B) They can be found in a wide variety of foods. 
C) Toxicities are rare. 
D) They function independently in the body. 
E) They are found in a few select foods.

Question 12

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? 

A) Rice 
B) Spinach 
C) Chicken 
D) Orange juice 
E) Watermelon

Question 13

Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral? 

A) Selenium 
B) Copper 
C) Nickel 
D) Chromium 
E) Molybdenum

Question 14

Which of these statements is true of nonheme iron? 

A) It is present in plant-derived foods only. 
B) It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods. 
C) Only about 25 percent of nonheme iron in food is absorbed. 
D) Citric acid interferes with its absorption. 
E) Its absorption is enhanced by phytates.

Question 15

What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status? 

A) Serum ferritin 
B) Hemoglobin and hematocrit 
C) Transferrin saturation 
D) Erythrocyte protoporphyrin level 
E) Urine analysis

Question 16

About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron? 

A) 5 
B) 10 
C) 20 
D) 33 
E) 42

Question 17

The term iron-deficiency anemia refers specifically to _____.

A) low transferrin levels 
B) severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration 
C) elevated levels of iron in the urine 
D) insufficient hepcidin 
E) severe depletion of myoglobin from muscle cells

Question 18

Which of the following substances enhances absorption of nonheme iron? 

A) MFP factor 
B) Phytates 
C) Calcium 
D) Polyphenols 
E) Tannic acid

Question 19

Which one of these foods contains a substance that inhibits absorption of nonheme iron? 

A) Orange juice 
B) Pork 
C) Chicken 
D) Milk 
E) Fish

Question 20

What is hemosiderin? 

A) The part of iron that is not used by the body 
B) Another term for ferritin 
C) A protein that carries iron in the blood 
D) An enzyme that helps in absorption of iron 
E) A storage protein for iron

Question 21

Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body? 

A) Liver and pancreas 
B) Brain 
C) Small intestine 
D) Blood 
E) Muscle and bone

Question 22

About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 kcalories? 

A) 3 to 5 mg 
B) 6 to 7 mg 
C) 10 to 12 mg 
D) 15 mg 
E) 18 mg

Question 23

Zinc is primarily carried in the blood via _____.

A) hemoglobin 
B) metallothionein 
C) albumin 
D) high-density lipoproteins 
E) low-density lipoproteins

Question 24

Zinc toxicity _____.

A) is unknown 
B) may occur at doses of more than 50 mg zinc per day 
C) is most likely to occur in developing countries 
D) often goes hand in hand with iron toxicity 
E) is common in people who eat high-protein diets

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true about zinc lozenges and the common cold? 

A) There is no known relationship. 
B) Zinc lozenges help reduce the severity of cold symptoms. 
C) Zinc taken with vitamin C may help prevent the common cold. 
D) Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms. 
E) Any positive effect requires at least 500 mg zinc daily.

Question 26

Average zinc intakes in the United States are ______.

A) slightly lower than recommended 
B) slightly higher than recommended 
C) sufficient in men but too low in women 
D) too low in children calcium 
E) low in the very elderly

Question 27

What is the RDA for iron for women in their reproductive years? 

A) 8 mg 
B) 12 mg 
C) 18 mg 
D) 20 mg 
E) 24 mg

Question 28

What is pica? 

A) The craving and consumption of nonfood substances 
B) A condition in which the body fails to adequately absorb iron 
C) An iron supplement 
D) A measure of hepcidin in the liver 
E) The part of the liver where iron is stored

Question 29

Of these foods,which is the best source of zinc? 

A) Oysters 
B) Potatoes 
C) Eggs 
D) Watermelon 
E) Tomato juice

Question 30

In which of the following functions zinc is not involved? 

A) Regulation of gene expression 
B) Blood clotting 
C) Insulin storage 
D) Growth and development 
E) Secretion of stomach acids

Question 31

What is the main symptom of iodine deficiency? 

A) Anemia 
B) Goiter 
C) Skin lesions 
D) Diarrhea 
E) Purplish tongue

Question 32

Which of the following is true of iron supplements? 

A) They should be taken only when prescribed by a physician who has assessed an iron deficiency. 
B) Iron in supplements is absorbed better than iron in food. 
C) Diarrhea is a common side effect. 
D) Absorption improves when the iron supplement is taken with meals. 
E) They are standard for vegetarians.

Question 33

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)for zinc for adults? 

A) 20 mg 
B) 40 mg 
C) 80 mg 
D) 120 mg 
E) 160 mg

Question 34

Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron? 

A) Yogurt 
B) Milk 
C) Cashews 
D) Apples 
E) Honey

Question 35

Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload? 

A) Gastric bypass surgery 
B) Chelation 
C) Vitamin C supplements 
D) Calcium supplements 
E) Blood transfusion

Question 36

Of these foods,which make the greatest contributions of iron to the diet? 

A) Protein foods and some green vegetables 
B) Milk and milk products 
C) Whole-grain breads and cereals 
D) Fortified cereals 
E) Beef liver

Question 37

What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage? 

A) Hematocrit 
B) Serum iron level 
C) Red blood cell count 
D) Serum ferritin 
E) Transferrin saturation

Question 38

Which of these groups is vulnerable to iron overload? 

A) Female athletes 
B) Pregnant women 
C) Breastfed infants 
D) Alcoholics 
E) Cigarette smokers

Question 39

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is an indicator of 

A) late iron toxicity. 
B) early iron toxicity. 
C) late iron deficiency. 
D) early iron deficiency. 
E) adequacy or iron stores.

Question 40

Of these foods,which is the best source of iron? 

A) Parsley 
B) Peanut butter 
C) Pinto beans 
D) Tuna 
E) Tofu

Question 41

Iodine plays an integral part in which hormone? 

A) Insulin 
B) Thyroid hormone 
C) Estrogen 
D) Hepcidin 
E) Testosterone

Question 42

An important function of selenium is to _____.

A) help blood clot 
B) prevent free-radical formation 
C) stimulate the taste buds 
D) help in metabolism of cholesterol 
E) work with vitamin E in formation of hemoglobin

Question 43

Which of the following is true of manganese? 

A) It is found in all organs of the body. 
B) Its absorption is improved by phytates. 
C) Toxicities are more likely to occur from a contaminated environment than from excess dietary intake. 
D) It is found in a wide range of foods, including meat and milk. 
E) There is no RDA because deficiencies are unknown.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of iodine deficiency? 

A) It can cause mental impairment and brain damage. 
B) It mainly affects the very elderly. 
C) It often is accompanied by zinc deficiency. 
D) Treatment often includes increased consumption of vegetables high in goitrogens. 
E) Worldwide, the incidence is rare, thanks in large part to iodized salt.

Question 45

The deficiency of which mineral causes Keshan disease? 

A) Iron 
B) Zinc 
C) Selenium 
D) Molybdenum 
E) Copper

Question 46

How is copper like iron? 

A) Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism. 
B) Both are found in ample amounts in milk. 
C) A deficiency of both causes anemia. 
D) Both are better absorbed in presence of ascorbic acid. 
E) Deficiencies of both are related to the development of pica.

Question 47

Treatment for copper deficiency that results from the genetic disorder,such as Menkes disease,involves _____.

A) chelation 
B) zinc supplements 
C) copper supplements 
D) intravenous copper 
E) low-iron diet

Question 48

Of these foods,which is a significant source of iodine? 

A) Dairy products 
B) Kale 
C) Orange juice 
D) Processed foods 
E) Brussels sprouts

Question 49

What other nutrient deficiency is common among people with iodine deficiency? 

A) Calcium 
B) Iron 
C) Vitamin C 
D) Vitamin D 
E) Zinc

Question 50

In addition to iodized salt,which of these foods is a significant source of iodine? 

A) Seafood 
B) Tap water 
C) Pork 
D) Brussels sprouts 
E) Kale

Question 51

To avoid iodine toxicity,the UL is set at _____.

A) 75 mcg/day 
B) 500 mcg/day 
C) 1100 mcg/day 
D) 1200 mcg/day 
E) 1500 mcg/day

Question 52

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper? 

A) 5 mg/day 
B) 105 mg/day 
C) 100 mg/day 
D) 5000 mg/day 
E) 1000 mg/day

Question 53

What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy? 

A) Gestational diabetes 
B) Iron deficiency 
C) Protein malabsorption 
D) Ketosis 
E) Cretinism

Question 54

The RDA for iodine _____.

A) can be met only by consuming iodized salt 
B) can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt 
C) is the same for men and women 
D) is higher in men 
E) is higher in women

Question 55

The iodization of salt _____.

A) began in the United States in the 1880s 
B) has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States 
C) is mandatory in the United States 
D) is available to only about 10 percent of households in developing countries 
E) has no benefit except for children

Question 56

Goitrogens are substances that _____.

A) naturally occur in certain vegetables, such as collards, brussels sprouts, and kale 
B) are additives used in food processing 
C) develop as a result of iodine toxicity 
D) help in uptake of iodine by the thyroid 
E) can lead to cancerous growths in the pituitary gland

Question 57

Which of these diseases is a possible cause of copper toxicity? 

A) Huntington's disease 
B) Wilson's disease 
C) Menkes disease 
D) Parkinson's disease 
E) Keshan disease

Question 58

With which of these nutrients does selenium work in tandem? 

A) Iron 
B) Vitamin A 
C) Vitamin C 
D) Vitamin E 
E) Manganese

Question 59

Which of the following is not true of copper? 

A) It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis. 
B) It helps make collagen. 
C) It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body. 
D) It helps inactivate histamine. 
E) It is a constituent of several enzymes.

Question 60

Which of the following protein foods is the best source of copper? 

A) Chicken 
B) Shellfish 
C) Beefsteak 
D) Hamburger 
E) Lamb

Question 61

MATCHING
a.Contaminant minerals
b.Iron
c.Milk
d.Zinc
e.Heme
f.Goiter
g.Nonessential trace minerals
h.Ferritin
i.Keshan
j.Nonheme
k.Chromium
l.Molybdenum
m.Myoglobin
n.MFP factor
o.Hemoglobin
p.Calcium
q.Fluoride
r.Iodized salt
s.Metallothionein
t.Hemcidin
Iron-storage protein that captures iron from food and stores it in cells of small intestine

Question 62

The congenital disease caused by severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy that results in severe mental impairment and stunted growth is known as ____________________.

Question 63

Chromium deficiency is characterized by 

A) hypertension. 
B) hyperglycemia. 
C) hypoglycemia. 
D) weight loss. 
E) hyperparathyroidism.

Question 64

The state of having depleted iron stores is known as ____________________.

Question 65

The condition in which the teeth are damaged from too much fluoride is called ____________________.

Question 66

Which of the following is true of fluoride? 

A) A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis. 
B) Toxicity is unknown. 
C) A deficiency can lead to pica. 
D) It is added to about 25 percent of community water systems in the United States. 
E) It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of molybdenum? 

A) Average daily intakes fall within the suggested range of intakes. 
B) A deficiency can lead to diabetes-like symptoms. 
C) Liver is the only significant source. 
D) The RDA is 0.1 mcg per day. 
E) It does not have an RDA because not enough is known about it.

Question 68

What is a possible health benefit of anthocyanins? 

A) To promote weight loss 
B) To prevent some cancers 
C) To reduce complications of diabetes 
D) To protect against the effects of aging 
E) To lower blood cholesterol levels

Question 69

Which of the following is not a function of chromium? 

A) It enhances the activity of insulin. 
B) It is involved in carbohydrate metabolism. 
C) It is involved in protein metabolism. 
D) It is involved in fat metabolism. 
E) It helps maintain glucose homeostasis.

Question 70

Which nutrient deficiency makes children particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity? 

A) Calcium 
B) Vitamin C 
C) Chromium 
D) Iron 
E) Selenium

Question 71

The genetic disorder ____________________ interferes with copper metabolism and creates a copper toxicity.

Question 72

MATCHING
a.Contaminant minerals
b.Iron
c.Milk
d.Zinc
e.Heme
f.Goiter
g.Nonessential trace minerals
h.Ferritin
i.Keshan
j.Nonheme
k.Chromium
l.Molybdenum
m.Myoglobin
n.MFP factor
o.Hemoglobin
p.Calcium
q.Fluoride
r.Iodized salt
s.Metallothionein
t.Hemcidin
DRIs not yet determined

Question 73

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral? 

A) Nickel 
B) Copper 
C) Lead 
D) Bromine 
E) Boron

Question 74

MATCHING
a.Contaminant minerals
b.Iron
c.Milk
d.Zinc
e.Heme
f.Goiter
g.Nonessential trace minerals
h.Ferritin
i.Keshan
j.Nonheme
k.Chromium
l.Molybdenum
m.Myoglobin
n.MFP factor
o.Hemoglobin
p.Calcium
q.Fluoride
r.Iodized salt
s.Metallothionein
t.Hemcidin
Form of iron found only in meat,fish,and poultry

Question 75

Which of the following is true of heavy metals? 

A) They have a high number of double bonds. 
B) They have a relatively high atomic weight. 
C) They all are considered contaminant minerals. 
D) They are introduced to food during food processing, when exposed repeatedly to metal food surfaces. 
E) A few but not all are toxic.

Question 76

Most of the body's iron is found in the proteins _____ and ____________________.

Question 77

Essential mineral nutrients needed in amounts of less than 100 milligrams a day are known as ____________________.

Question 78

Lycopene _____.

A) is one of many flavonoids 
B) may help protect against cancer and heart disease 
C) is abundant in apples 
D) is another name for vitamin E 
E) may promote growth of estrogen-dependent cancers

Question 79

Enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures are known as ____________________.

Question 80

For most people in the United States,the best source of fluoride is _____.

A) fluoridated drinking water 
B) bottled water 
C) fresh fruits and vegetables 
D) fluoride supplements 
E) meat