Deck 18: Extension: A - Learning and Memory

Question 1

H.M. would have the greatest difficulty answering questions about:

A) his name and childhood home address.
B) what he ate for breakfast this morning.
C) the number of days in the month of June.
D) the name of his first grade teacher.

Answer 1

what he ate for breakfast this morning.

Question 2

Recalling the names of the friends who attended your sixteenth birthday party is an example of:

A) implicit memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) semantic priming.

Answer 2

episodic memory.

Question 3

In the explicit memory model proposed by the authors, the medial thalamus is reciprocally connected with the:

A) brainstem monoaminergic cell groups.
B) temporal lobe structures.
C) posterior parietal cortex.
D) primary motor cortex.

Answer 3

temporal lobe structures.

Question 4

Your knowledge that George Washington was the first president of the United States is an example of:

A) semantic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) priming.

Question 5

The results of cases such as that of M.L.'s indicate that autobiographic memory may depend on networks of structures in the _____ lobes.

A) temporal and parietal
B) frontal and parietal
C) occipital and temporal
D) frontal and temporal

Question 6

According to the HERA model, the right prefrontal cortex is particularly involved in _____, whereas the role of the left prefrontal cortex is primarily involved in _____.

A) episodic memory encoding; episodic memory retrieval
B) semantic memory encoding; semantic memory retrieval
C) implicit memory encoding; explicit memory encoding
D) episodic memory retrieval; episodic memory encoding

Question 7

Which ascending system in the brainstem do the regions that make up the explicit - memory circuit NOT receive input from?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 8

Which of the following brain structures are proposed by the authors to be involved in explicit memory processes?

A) entorhinal cortex
B) ventral thalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) cerebellum

Question 9

The weight of evidence now suggests that memory processes:

A) require only temporal lobe structures.
B) depend on cortical and subcortical structures.
C) require only neocortical networks.
D) depend on a single anatomical system.

Question 10

H.M. became amnesic as a result of:

A) surgery for epilepsy.
B) a brain infection.
C) an automobile accident.
D) bilateral ischemic strokes.

Question 11

The process by which newly acquired information becomes a stable, permanent memory is known as:

A) consolidation.
B) stabilization.
C) reconsolidation.
D) plastification.

Question 12

The anatomical region that was surgically removed from H.M., resulting in his amnesia, is the:

A) hippocampus.
B) insula.
C) middle temporal gyrus.
D) mammillary bodies.

Question 13

The efferents from the hippocampus that appear to be involved in temporal lobe amnesia are to be found in the:

A) fimbria fornix.
B) hippocampal-amygdala bundle.
C) uncinate fasciculus.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 14

Falsely reporting a memory for words that are novel but semantically related to previously encountered words is:

A) more common for amnesic patients than for normal subjects.
B) more common for normal subjects than for amnesic patients.
C) equally common for normal subjects and amnesic patients.
D) more common for epileptics than for normal subjects.

Question 15

One of the proposed differences between implicit and explicit memory is that explicit memory depends on _____ processing to a greater extent than does implicit memory.

A) "top-down"
B) "bottom-up"
C) neural
D) temporal lobe

Question 16

According to a theory of Tronson and Taylor, our long - term memories become subject to modification when we recall them through the process of:

A) fabrication.
B) consolidation.
C) reconsolidation.
D) reconfiguration.

Question 17

Memory impairment involving loss of one's personal history, termed "fugue state," has been associated with temporary disruption to which structure?

A) the DLPFC
B) the medial temporal lobe structures
C) the posterior parietal cortex
D) the insula

Question 18

H.M. suffers from damage to the medial:

A) frontal lobes.
B) parietal lobes.
C) temporal lobes.
D) occipital lobes.

Question 19

Memory impairments associated with retrograde amnesia following traumatic brain injury are:

A) more pronounced for older memories than for newer memories.
B) more pronounced for newer memories than for older memories.
C) the same regardless of the age of the memory.
D) greatest for information learned after the point of injury.

Question 20

A patient who can recall the names of past presidents but cannot recall any specific memories from his or her own childhood would MOST probably be suffering from a disconnection syndrome involving the:

A) uncinate fasciculus.
B) corpus callosum.
C) arcuate fasciculus.
D) medial forebrain bundle.

Question 21

Impaired implicit memory would MOST likely result from damage to the ascending modulatory neurotransmitter system, which releases:

A) dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) serotonin.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 22

Transient global amnesia can be produced by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) ischemic attack.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) epilepsy.
D) congenital abnormalities.

Question 23

Evidence from Huntington's disease patients suggests that the basal ganglia are particularly important for:

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) conditioned response learning.
D) episodic memory.

Question 24

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is an example of:

A) retrograde memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 25

Korsakoff's syndrome is an amnesic disorder that MOST commonly results from:

A) psychological trauma.
B) chronic alcoholism.
C) thiamine overdose.
D) traumatic brain injury.

Question 26

"Delay cells" in the prefrontal cortex described by Fuster and Goldman - Rakic are active during:

A) fear conditioning.
B) mirror-tracing tasks.
C) tactile working memory tasks.
D) visuospatial working memory tasks.

Question 27

Enhanced neural activity during the delay phase of a task requiring short - term memory for the location of a stimulus in space would MOST likely be observed in the:

A) primary visual cortex.
B) orbitofrontal cortex.
C) frontal eye fields.
D) superior temporal cortex.

Question 28

The acquisition of an associative memory for the pairing of a tone stimulus and an air puff to the eye depends on circuits in the:

A) basal ganglia.
B) cerebellum.
C) amygdala.
D) insula.

Question 29

The symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome can sometimes be arrested by massive doses of:

A) anticholinesterase drugs.
B) thiamine.
C) vitamin A.
D) L-DOPA.

Question 30

Based on findings with herpes encephalitis patients, it appears that the ability to access previously acquired memories depends in part on the:

A) substantia nigra.
B) right parietal cortex.
C) insula.
D) anterior cingulate.

Question 31

Memory impairments observed in amnesic individuals are MOST commonly observed in the domain of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) perceptual priming.
C) skills memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 32

An amnesic subject who earnestly tells stories about his past that are demonstrably untrue is showing the symptom known as:

A) fugue state.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) confabulation.
D) reconsolidation.

Question 33

The anatomical model of implicit memory proposed by the authors supports a central role for the:

A) premotor cortex.
B) ventral thalamus.
C) substantia nigra.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 34

Fear conditioning is hypothesized to depend on connections between the:

A) amygdala and hypothalamus.
B) amygdala and cerebellum.
C) hippocampus and cerebellum.
D) amygdala and thalamus.

Question 35

The finding that amnesic patients show normal priming effects is evidence for:

A) independence of explicit and implicit memory.
B) confabulation.
C) unreliability of findings with amnesic patients.
D) lack of retrograde amnesia.

Question 36

H.M.'s amnesia condition differs from that of Korsakoff's syndrome in amnesic patients because H.M. does NOT show:

A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) confabulation.
D) emotional dulling.

Question 37

The Gollin Incomplete - Figures Test is used to assess:

A) motor skills, a category of implicit memory.
B) priming, a category of explicit memory.
C) priming, a category of implicit memory.
D) avoidance, a category of emotional memory.

Question 38

The fact that H.M. shows improvement in the mirror - drawing task, despite having no conscious recollection of the task, demonstrates that he is still capable of forming:

A) implicit memories.
B) anterograde memories.
C) explicit memories.
D) retrograde memories.

Question 39

Degeneration of the cells of the basal ganglia is responsible for:

A) Parkinson's disease.
B) Huntington's chorea.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) Asperger's syndrome.

Question 40

According to Harris, short - term memory for somatosensory stimuli was disrupted by transcranial magnetic stimulation only if the TMS was applied:

A) within 600 seconds of stimulus presentation.
B) within 600 milliseconds of stimulus presentation.
C) after 900 milliseconds following stimulus presentation.
D) in conjunction with electroconvulsive therapy.