Deck 5: Memory: Living With Yesterday

Question 1

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in ________.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
D) working memory

Answer 1

sensory memory

Question 2

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Answer 2

sensory memory

Question 3

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

S's encoding and retrieval ability were enhanced by ________________.

A) his ability to organize information
B) his abnormally large hippocampus
C) large clusters of neurons in the cortex
D) his lack of frontal lobe activity

Question 5

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with _______________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Question 6

Your text authors discuss the case of "S." who had extraordinary memory skills. How did his memory affect his life?

A) Everything became easier for him.
B) He was capable of supernatural events.
C) It sometimes interfered with his thinking.
D) His memory abilities left him.

Question 7

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report ______________.

A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C) the first letter of each line only
D) the middle letter of each line

Question 8

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.

A) implicit is to explicit
B) auditory is to visual
C) visual is to auditory
D) quick is to slow

Question 9

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________.

A) iconic sensory memory
B) echoic sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) tactile sensory memory

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 11

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) decoding

Question 12

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 13

_____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
D) Evaluation

Question 14

The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A) encoding
B) storing
C) retrieving
D) evaluating

Question 15

Retrieval is the process of __________________.

A) accessing information already stored in memory
B) keeping information active in memory
C) rehearsing information
D) consolidating memories

Question 16

One aspect of sensory memory that distinguishes it from other types of memory is that __________________.

A) the images are permanent
B) SM is very limited in capacity
C) SM occurs automatically without conscious effort
D) SM lasts for days rather than years

Question 17

A set of neurons that serves to retain information over time is called a(n) ________.

A) iconic memory
B) code
C) cue
D) memory store

Question 18

Before you retrieve a memory, you are not probably not consciously aware of it. Once you retrieve it, however, you are aware of it. This difference between memories we are aware of and the ones we are not is evidence for __________________.

A) different types of memory stores at work
B) only one type of memory store at work
C) unconscious retrieval mechanisms
D) episodic memory

Question 19

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around _____________.

A) four or five items
B) nine or ten items
C) all the letters present
D) one to two items

Question 20

When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Question 21

Which memory system is the one that has a working, active system that processes the information within it?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) secondary memory
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 22

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called ________.

A) codes
B) cues
C) chunks
D) stores

Question 23

Your text authors make the computer analogy that short-term memory is similar to ________ and long-term memory is similar to information ________.

A) the computer's RAM (random access memory); stored on the hard drive
B) information obtained from a commercially purchased CD; in RAM
C) information currently displayed on the screen; on a DVD
D) information in a technical manual; on a CD

Question 24

Which of the following distinguishes sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)?

A) STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information.
B) STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information.
C) SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information.
D) STM holds a small amount of uniform information.

Question 25

Miller argued that STM could hold ________ chunks at once.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 7
D) from 5 to 9

Question 26

The drug ecstasy has been found to impair ________.

A) LTM for at least two years
B) sensory memory permanently
C) working memory for up to two years
D) semantic memory for at least one year

Question 27

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.

A) central executive
B) fight-or-flight response
C) modality-specific memory
D) long-term potentiation

Question 28

The auditory form of sensory memory is called ________ memory.

A) explicit
B) echoic
C) hearing
D) declarative

Question 29

Chunking is a means of ______.

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B) combining information into meaningful units
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
D) storing long-term memories

Question 30

________ is the process of repeating information over and over in order to retain it in short-term memory.

A) Chunking
B) Rehearsal
C) Priming
D) Association

Question 31

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

A) 5, plus or minus 4
B) 7, plus or minus 2
C) 9, plus or minus 3
D) 11, plus or minus 1

Question 32

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.

A) a revolving door
B) a filing cabinet
C) a desktop
D) a television

Question 33

Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again-but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) implicit

Question 34

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______.

A) rehearsal
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) recoding

Question 35

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against ______.

A) the decay of numerical memory
B) the extinction of auditory traces
C) George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
D) the limits of procedural memory

Question 36

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________.

A) chunking
B) decoding
C) rote rehearsal
D) data compression

Question 37

Short-term memory is another name for ______ memory.

A) tertiary
B) working
C) sensory
D) long-term

Question 38

As you sit in class, the words to your favorite song keep running through your head. You are using what part of working memory?

A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the central executive
C) the articulatory loop
D) the semantic editor

Question 39

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ______.

A) cueing
B) shadowing
C) rote rehearsal
D) chunking

Question 40

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?

A) the articulatory loop
B) the visuospatial sketch pad
C) the internal executive
D) the control sequence

Question 41

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the start of the list demonstrates the ____________.

A) encoding specificity effect
B) primacy effect
C) recency effect
D) TOT effect

Question 42

Primacy effects occur for material that is ________.

A) most recently encoded
B) encoded first in a series
C) encoded last in a series
D) in the middle of the series

Question 43

What was Ebbinghaus' major contribution to the study of memory?

A) He provided neurological evidence that STM and LTM are distinct.
B) He established reinforcement and punishment as the means of memory.
C) He provided behavioral evidence that STM and LTM are distinct.
D) He demonstrated that most of memory is unconscious.

Question 44

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the ________.

A) elaboration effects
B) recency effect
C) primacy effect
D) maintenance effect

Question 45

When does consolidation occur?

A) immediately
B) after a couple of years, but it may continue for much longer
C) soon after encoding
D) at encoding

Question 46

In the depth-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A) deeper; shallower
B) shallower; deeper
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 47

According to Craik and Lockhart, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a _______________ level.

A) deeper
B) medium
C) shallower
D) any of these, depending on the information

Question 48

When you are learning a list of items, recency effects occur for material that is __________________.

A) at the beginning of the list
B) at the end of the list
C) in the middle of the list
D) encoded most strongly

Question 49

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

A) depth-of-processing model
B) parallel distributed processing model
C) information-processing model
D) three stage processing model

Question 50

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) implicit memory

Question 51

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ______.

A) phi phenomenon
B) recency effect
C) chunking effect
D) primacy effect

Question 52

According to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of the textbook, you are most likely to forget ________.

A) the information you first read
B) the information you most recently read
C) the information in the middle of the chapter
D) the information from the summary

Question 53

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________________.

A) encoding specificity effect
B) primacy effect
C) recency effect
D) TOT effect

Question 54

Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class?

A) He described the limits of sensory storage.
B) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.
C) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a "pure" form.
D) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.

Question 55

Specifically, what is a code?

A) a particular method for specifying information
B) a set of mental pictures
C) a set of mental calculations
D) memory procedures

Question 56

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______.

A) primary memory
B) working memory
C) eidetic memory
D) long-term memory

Question 57

The depth of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 58

If you have used a variety of operations when processing information, you have utilized ________.

A) a dual code
B) transfer appropriate processing
C) elaborative encoding
D) depth of processing

Question 59

Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in ________.

A) transfer appropriate processing
B) inappropriate learning
C) intentional learning
D) state-dependent retrieval

Question 60

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 61

In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________.

A) procedural
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) working

Question 62

Flashbulb memories ______.

A) are not subject to periodic revision
B) usually concern events that are emotionally charged
C) are almost always highly accurate
D) usually concern events from early childhood

Question 63

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?

A) Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.
B) People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories.
C) A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory.
D) Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.

Question 64

Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) working
D) implicit

Question 65

Talia, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talia thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?

A) Talia will be using her episodic memory only.
B) Talia will be using her semantic memory only.
C) Talia's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory.
D) Talia's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory.

Question 66

Declarative memories are sometimes referred to as ________ memories.

A) nondeclarative
B) explicit
C) sensory
D) structural

Question 67

Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.

A) episodic memory
B) procedural memories
C) declarative memories
D) factual memory

Question 68

Jerome is preparing for his philosophy essay exam and has decided to just employ basic memorization skills. What does transfer appropriate processing predict in this case?

A) He will probably do more poorly on the test than if he used another strategy.
B) He will perform just as well as if he had used a more complicated strategy to integrate the material.
C) He will probably do well on the exam and retain the information.
D) He will probably do well on the exam but won't retain much of the information.

Question 69

Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________.

A) episodic memory
B) procedural memories
C) declarative memories
D) semantic memory

Question 70

When Tiger Woods has a certain "feel" for how hard to putt the ball (touch memory) depending on the slope and distance to the hole, he is utilizing his ________ memory.

A) structural
B) iconic
C) sensory
D) modality-specific

Question 71

A(n) ________ memory can be easily called to mind whereas a(n) ________ memory cannot.

A) implicit; explicit
B) declarative; nondeclarative
C) flashbulb; autobiographical
D) working; semantic or episodic

Question 72

Production of noradrenaline in the brain is associated with ________.

A) experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
B) trying to consolidate information
C) diminished memory encoding
D) experiencing some emotional event

Question 73

Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________.

A) episodic memory
B) semantic memory
C) working memory
D) implicit memory

Question 74

In the Bower (1972) research described in your text, the difference between the intentional learning condition and the incidental leaning condition was ________.

A) the intentional group were deceived
B) the intentional group were explicitly told to use the images
C) the incidental group were explicitly told to use the images
D) the incidental group saw random images

Question 75

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.

A) eidetic images
B) elaborative rehearsals
C) flashbulb memories
D) eyewitness images

Question 76

General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ___________.

A) episodic memory
B) procedural memories
C) declarative memories
D) semantic memory

Question 77

Modality-specific memory stores retain input from ________.

A) iconic memory
B) long-term memory
C) several senses and processing systems
D) a single sense or processing system

Question 78

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of ______.

A) an eidetic image
B) a flashbulb memory
C) a semantic memory
D) a procedural memory

Question 79

Your memory for the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers would be most appropriately termed a(n) ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) autobiographical
C) flashbulb
D) repressed

Question 80

Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people?

A) a photograph of a dead soldier
B) a photograph of a bird
C) a photograph of the earth from space
D) a random photograph