Deck 6: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence: What Humans Do Best

Question 1

The basic meaningful units of any language are called ______.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) sound bytes

Answer 1

morphemes

Question 2

What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

A) words
B) syntax
C) phonemes
D) morphemes

Answer 2

morphemes

Question 3

The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called ______.

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) morphology
D) phonology

Answer 3

syntax

Question 4

You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?

A) syntax
B) phonemes
C) morphemes
D) audiograms

Question 5

The sentence, "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has ________.

A) proper syntax but poor semantics
B) proper syntax and good semantics
C) improper syntax and poor semantics
D) improper syntax but good semantics

Question 6

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called ________.

A) a letter
B) a phoneme
C) syntax
D) a morpheme

Question 7

What is phonology?

A) the study of babbling
B) the meaning of the sounds that can be used to produce words in a language
C) the structure of the sounds of the words in a language
D) the actual letters

Question 8

The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.

A) morphemes
B) phonemes
C) semantics
D) sound bytes

Question 9

In language, syntax refers to ________.

A) the meaning of words in a sentence
B) the arrangement of morphemes
C) the acceptable internal structure or arrangement of words in a given sentence for a language
D) the pragmatics of language

Question 10

The semantics of the sentence "He ran" refer to its ________.

A) sound
B) meaning
C) comprehension
D) syntactic structure

Question 11

The phrase "I tried" has ________.

A) one morpheme
B) two morphemes
C) three morphemes
D) four morphemes

Question 12

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ____________.

A) morphology
B) phonics
C) syntax
D) semantics

Question 13

The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ______.

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) phonology
D) regularization

Question 14

Language is based on universal sound units called ______.

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) registers

Question 15

The words "care" and "bear" differ in one ________.

A) morpheme
B) phoneme
C) gesture
D) syntax

Question 16

Einstein's out-of-the-box thinking is characterized by ________.

A) his intellectual flexibility
B) his intellectual inflexibility
C) his years of public education
D) his leaps of logic

Question 17

The sentences "The dog bit the boy" and "The boy was bit by the dog" have the same meaning, but differ in ________.

A) syntax
B) pragmatics
C) semantics
D) morphology

Question 18

Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.

A) pragmatics
B) propositional representation
C) syntax
D) nativism

Question 19

One advantage of learning the grammar of a foreign language early in life is that it becomes ________.

A) a flashbulb memory
B) a working memory
C) automatic
D) declarative knowledge

Question 20

The English language makes use of (about) ________ phonemes.

A) 45
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) an infinite number of

Question 21

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A) Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B) Gary now uses heuristics.
C) The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D) The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Question 22

When subjects are asked to scan a mental image, the relationship between the scan time and the size of the image is ________.

A) negative
B) zero
C) positive
D) curvilinear

Question 23

What is a concept?

A) an agreed upon external representation of a set of objects or events
B) an idea that underlies the meaning of a word or image
C) an ambiguous internal representation that defines a set of objects or events
D) an abstract proposition that defines one object or event

Question 24

Difficulty in the "hiking monk problem" is usually a result of how you set the problem up. This is called ________.

A) the representation problem
B) functional fixedness
C) an algorithm
D) a heuristic

Question 25

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called ________.

A) classes
B) concepts
C) attributes
D) classifications

Question 26

An ostrich and a robin differ in how representative they are of the category birds. The robin has more ________.

A) typicality
B) generality
C) prototypeness
D) conceptual rigor

Question 27

When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ______________.

A) doesn't depend on the number of windows
B) depends on the number of windows
C) depends on the size of the windows
D) depends on whether the house had one or two stories, not the number of windows

Question 28

Consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) People from New England and England think very differently.
B) People from New Mexico and New England think very differently.
C) People from China and New England think very differently.
D) People from China and New England think very similarly.

Question 29

Solving a problem critically depends on ________.

A) one's general intelligence
B) manipulation of mental images
C) how you represent it
D) the use of language

Question 30

Imagine your friend has a pet parakeet named Peewee. At the basic level, what is Peewee?

A) an animal
B) a pet
C) a bird
D) a parakeet

Question 31

Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?

A) Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn't the sole basis of thought.
B) Language is the sole basis of thought.
C) When we think, we always make use of language.
D) Language usually is not required in thought processes.

Question 32

The term ________ refers to the most intermediate level of specificity that is likely to be applied to an object.

A) concept
B) typicality
C) prototype
D) basic level

Question 33

What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?

A) classes
B) concepts
C) attributes
D) classifications

Question 34

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?

A) grape
B) apple
C) orange
D) olive

Question 35

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________.

A) schema
B) prototype
C) concept marker
D) category marker

Question 36

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A) glider
B) car
C) scooter
D) bicycle

Question 37

What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?

A) the dynamic hypothesis
B) the language reaction hypothesis
C) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
D) the cognitive linguistic hypothesis

Question 38

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to _________.

A) recite a rote list of directions he memorized
B) give you the GPS location of his dorm room
C) walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
D) none of these

Question 39

Mental images are internal representations similar to images that arise during perception, except that mental images are based on ________.

A) immediate sensory input rather than on stored information
B) stored information rather than on immediate sensory input
C) categories rather than actual images
D) concepts rather than actual images

Question 40

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______.

A) one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
B) one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language
C) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand
D) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence

Question 41

Tyrone's teacher instructs him to try to solve a particular math problem by thinking about how the class solved a similar problem. This scenario illustrates solving problems by ________.

A) working backwards
B) analogy
C) recognizing one alternative solution
D) insight

Question 42

Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip?

A) functional fixedness
B) the representational problem
C) the representative heuristic
D) the confirmation bias

Question 43

Imagine this situation. You give yourself an ice cream cone when you make an A on a test. You are having an ice cream cone, therefore, you made an A on a test. This illustrates ________.

A) the confirmation bias
B) affirming the consequent
C) inductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning

Question 44

In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.

A) heuristics
B) algorithms
C) mnemonic devices
D) cognitive shortcuts

Question 45

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call ___________.

A) heuristics
B) logarithms
C) algorithms
D) convergence

Question 46

Condolisa is a good problem solver because she considers solutions to previously solved problems to help her with new ones. This illustrates ________.

A) working backwards
B) analogical thinking
C) an algorithm
D) insight

Question 47

________ refers to a set of rules that determines which conclusions follow from particular assumptions.

A) Strategy
B) Deductive reasoning
C) Logic
D) Thinking

Question 48

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

A) an algorithm
B) a heuristic
C) a means-end strategy
D) a hunch

Question 49

Wug is a Martian and all Martians are green. Therefore, Wug is green. This is an example of ________ logic.

A) inductive
B) incorrect
C) invalid
D) deductive

Question 50

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ______.

A) mental set
B) means-end analysis
C) noncompensatory modeling
D) prototypical idealization

Question 51

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

A) heuristics
B) algorithms
C) mnemonic devices
D) cognitive shortcuts

Question 52

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe________.

A) the scientific method as true
B) information that agrees with our thinking
C) information that refutes our thinking
D) logical thinking

Question 53

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ____________.

A) mental set
B) confirmation bias
C) stereotype threat
D) mindlessness

Question 54

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

A) confirmation bias
B) convergent thinking
C) availability heuristic
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 55

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.

A) the heuristic insures a correct answer
B) the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate
C) the heuristic can be quicker
D) the heuristic always works the same way

Question 56

An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is ________.

A) algorithms are much faster
B) algorithms guarantee a correct answer
C) algorithms are short-cuts
D) algorithms use rules-of-thumb

Question 57

Deductive reasoning appears to rely on ________.

A) the form that is implied in the question
B) genetic programming
C) preset schemas
D) inductive logic

Question 58

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A) relative comparison
B) functional fixedness
C) poor problem representation
D) the representative heuristic

Question 59

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

A) heuristic method
B) algorithmic method
C) mnemonic device
D) cognitive shortcut

Question 60

Analogical thinking involves which of the following?

A) persisting with a particular solution attempt until it works.
B) avoiding the use of previous successful solutions to problems.
C) spotting differences between a new and a previous problem
D) seeking a particular kind of solution to the present problem

Question 61

Which of the following tests would be bested suited to an 8-year-old child?

A) WAIS-IV
B) WISC-IV
C) WPPSI-R
D) DSM-IVR

Question 62

Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter "k" than there are with the letter "k" in the third position due to the ________.

A) representativeness heuristic
B) availability heuristic
C) planning fallacy
D) confirmation bias

Question 63

Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test.

A) aptitude
B) performance-based
C) perception
D) intelligence

Question 64

Assuming that a series of coin tosses is random because the ratio of heads and tails look randomly distributed is an example of ________.

A) availability heuristic
B) representativeness heuristic
C) base-rate rule
D) cognitive illusion effect

Question 65

Lewis Terman and his colleagues revised the Binet-Simon test. The new test was called the ________.

A) Stanford-Binet
B) Terman-Binet
C) Simon-Terman
D) Terman-Stanford

Question 66

Playing the lottery and overestimating your chances of winning is probably due to ________.

A) a representativeness heuristic
B) ignoring the availability heuristic
C) ignoring the base-rate rule
D) a confirmation bias

Question 67

People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly__________ years ago.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 200
D) 500

Question 68

The problem with inductive reasoning is ________.

A) it may lead to false conclusions
B) it takes too much time
C) it cannot be used in science
D) it unambiguously confirms our ideas

Question 69

Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.

A) the ability to speak different languages
B) the Y chromosome
C) the ability to adapt to the environment
D) only accurate for males

Question 70

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________.

A) devising a universal definition of intelligence
B) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligence
C) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasks
D) creating the first intelligence test

Question 71

According to your textbook, researchers generally agree that solving a problem well implies ________.

A) in a reasonable amount of time
B) nothing about the time it takes
C) that problems are all easy
D) that problems are usually too difficult

Question 72

The most widely used IQ tests in the United States were developed by ________.

A) Theodore Simon
B) David Wechsler
C) Alfred Binet
D) Lewis Terman

Question 73

Some researchers have operationalized and measured "hunches" by using ________.

A) self-reports
B) tests of ESP
C) skin-conductance response
D) observations

Question 74

If you took the WAIS-III, you would be taking two major parts. These subtests measure what abilities?

A) verbal and math
B) verbal and performance
C) writing and math
D) spatial and interpersonal

Question 75

What two categories of subtests make up the earlier Wechsler intelligence tests?

A) performance and verbal
B) objective and subjective
C) analytical and visual-motor
D) crystallized and visualization

Question 76

Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their ________.

A) mental age equals their chronological age
B) mental age is lower than their chronological age
C) mental age is higher than their chronological age
D) mental age does not equal their chronological age

Question 77

Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from _____________.

A) France
B) United States
C) United Kingdom
D) Soviet Union

Question 78

After eating two different meals in Bermuda that were spicy, Zelda assumes that all Bermuda cuisine is spicy. This example illustrates ________.

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) affirming the consequent
D) the confirmation bias

Question 79

The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems are all factors that would be related to the definition of ____________.

A) divergent problem solving
B) creative thinking
C) heuristic usage
D) intelligence

Question 80

According to your textbook, intelligence is ________.

A) a concrete entity
B) a mythic entity
C) a concept
D) universally understood