Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

In the stage theory of memory,what is a major difference between the stages?

A) Control processes can occur only during the first stage.
B) The length of time information is stored during each stage.
C) Rehearsal can happen only during the first stage.
D) Processing in each stage occurs independently of the others.

Answer 1

The length of time information is stored during each stage.

Question 2

In the sensory register,a/n ______ image of each sensory experience is held until that sensory experience can be processed.

A) replicated
B) exact
C) approximate
D) duplicate

Answer 2

exact

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the stage model of memory?

A) sensory register
B) procedural memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Answer 3

procedural memory

Question 4

According to the information-processing model,attention serves as a

A) temporary memory buffer.
B) control mechanism.
C) retrieval mechanism.
D) sensory register.

Question 5

Information processing theories of memory emphasize the apparent similarities between the operation of the ______ and the ______.

A) human brain;computer
B) sensory register;short-term storage
C) human brain;human spinal cord
D) calculator;computer

Question 6

The stage theory of memory is best described as

A) three separate memories.
B) closely linked memory stores.
C) a computer model.
D) a psychoanalytic memory model.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a control mechanism?

A) retrieval
B) inhibition
C) fluctuation
D) transduction

Question 8

You are reading a book and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you say,"What did you say?" you hear his question.This is due to storage of information in _______ for audition.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) working memory
D) the sensory register

Question 9

Which of the following are the operations associated with the information-processing model of memory?

A) input,storage,and retrieval
B) encode,rehearse,and condition
C) condition,association,and recall
D) input,rehearsal,and output

Question 10

The raw sensory information that is selected and then represented in memory describes the process of

A) storage.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) recognition.

Question 11

The stage theory of memory suggests that there are ______ stages.

A) five
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 12

Weaker sensory "echoes" from auditory information can be held in the sensory register for up to ______ seconds.

A) 60
B) 24
C) 4
D) 12

Question 13

According to the stage model of memory,which stage is the most permanent memory store?

A) first stage
B) second stage
C) third stage
D) fourth stage

Question 14

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of short-term memory?

A) It holds an exact sensory representation of a stimulus.
B) It is good for only temporary storage of information.
C) It is best at storing information in the form of visual codes.
D) It can store information for up to 12 hours.

Question 15

Visual information remains in the sensory register for about

A) 1/4 second.
B) 1 second.
C) 10 seconds.
D) 1 minute.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the memory capacity of the sensory register?

A) Capacity is limited on the average to 7 chunks of information.
B) There is the potential for partial recall of everything ever experienced in episodic memory.
C) It is designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience.
D) It depends on the effort put into the process of attention.

Question 17

In the stage theory of memory,the different stages are the

A) anterograde and retroactive memory stages.
B) short-term and long-term memory stages.
C) retrieval,recognition,and recall memory stages.
D) sensory register,short-term memory,and long-term memory stages.

Question 18

Memory theories based on the similarities between the operation of the human brain and the computer are called _______ theories.

A) information processing
B) megabyte
C) synaptic engram
D) serial processing

Question 19

Which control process would be used to maintain a phone number in short-term memory?

A) rehearsal
B) encoding
C) decoding
D) chunking

Question 20

Visual information is retained in the sensory register for about ______ of a second.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-quarters

Question 21

Semantic codes and the storage of memories are best associated with ______ memory.

A) long-term
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) visual-spatial

Question 22

The phrase "7 plus or minus 2" refers to the

A) time it takes for the sensory register to work.
B) number of events that can be in the sensory register.
C) length needed for long-term memory encoding.
D) storage capacity of short-term memory.

Question 23

To stretch the storage capacity of short-term memory,individuals are capable of grouping like items together.For instance,the directions north,south,east,and west can be group as "directions," and "directions" could be one item in memory.This process of stretching the limits of short-term memory in this fashion is called

A) stretching.
B) including.
C) chunking.
D) grouping.

Question 24

On Lincoln's birthday Mary recited the Gettysburg Address.While she was reciting,the information was being held in _______ memory.

A) working
B) long-term
C) procedural
D) sensory

Question 25

The limited capacity of short-term memory can be expanded by

A) encoding.
B) rehearsal.
C) chunking.
D) recall.

Question 26

Short-term memories are primarily handled by the _____ of the brain.

A) hypothalamus
B) occipital lobes
C) frontal lobes
D) hippocampus

Question 27

Our working memory space tends to overlap with the functions of

A) metamemory.
B) short-term memory.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) long-term memory.

Question 28

One way in which long-term memory is different from short-term memory is that the information in long-term memory is

A) all auditory.
B) all visual.
C) alphabetized.
D) indexed.

Question 29

The storage capacity of short-term memory is about ______ bits of information.

A) five to nine
B) one to four
C) 10 to 15
D) 20 to 30

Question 30

How does forgetting differ between short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory loss appears to be better explained by _______ theory than long-term memory failure.

A) decay
B) reconstruction
C) interference
D) motivated forgetting

Question 31

If you remember the 12-letter series NBCIBMCBSFBI in the form of three letter abbreviations for well-known organizations NBC IBM CBS FBI,you improve your ability to recall the series by means of

A) reconstructive memory.
B) procedural rehearsal.
C) transference.
D) chunking.

Question 32

If you look up a telephone number in a phone book,how long will you remember the number if it is not renewed in some way?

A) less than 1 second
B) up to 30 seconds
C) about one minute
D) two to three minutes

Question 33

You were introduced to your date's best friend just 10 minutes ago.Now you need to get her attention but you cannot remember her name.You forgot because of the limits of

A) transference.
B) transference strategies.
C) short-term memory.
D) sensory register fading.

Question 34

If you believe that long-term memories are permanently stored,then which of the following is the most logical explanation for forgetting long-term memories?

A) There is a memory overload and no new items can be stored.
B) There is not a strong enough retrieval cue to recover the memory.
C) New memories are continuously pushing older memories out of long-term storage.
D) The only permanent memories are for echoic information and not visual information.

Question 35

Long-term memory is to short-term memory as

A) exhaustive search is to cued search.
B) acoustic code is to semantic code.
C) chunking is to deep processing.
D) permanent storage is to temporary storage.

Question 36

As often as it is possible,we store information in short-term memory in the form of

A) sensory vibrations.
B) acoustic codes.
C) images.
D) episodes.

Question 37

Of the following,the best way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to

A) visualize the spelling of each word.
B) repeat the material over and over.
C) rest momentarily before trying to recall the material.
D) organize the material into chunks.

Question 38

Information must be retrieved from STM and LTM differently because

A) there is much more information in LTM.
B) short-term memories are stored in a permanent fashion.
C) forgetting only occurs in LTM.
D) memories are semantically coded in STM.

Question 39

Rehearsal is a process that helps renew the information being held in

A) dichotic listening.
B) the sensory register.
C) long term memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 40

In a short-term memory experiment,Peterson and Peterson asked experimental participants to remember a single combination of three consonants while counting backward by threes.The purpose of the counting was to

A) diminish the effects of anterograde interference of memory.
B) have a control group that was not exposed to the experimental condition.
C) prevent rehearsal from prolonging memory retention.
D) improve retention of numbers included in the counting task.

Question 41

Which of the following is the best explanation of the spreading activation model of long-term memory?

A) We sometimes process long-term memories independently of short-term memory.
B) We organize episodes in memory in chronological order.
C) We form connections between concepts based on experience.
D) We organize the contents of memory alphabetically.

Question 42

Researchers who study memory sometimes group semantic and episodic memories together under the category ______ memories.

A) deep
B) synaptic
C) procedural
D) declarative

Question 43

Jill reminisced about her first date and how she felt when she received her first kiss.Memories associated with life experiences like Jill's are called

A) episodic memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) anterograde memories.
D) associative memories.

Question 44

The organization of long-term memory is not necessary to increase storage capacity,but it is necessary to

A) facilitate memory retrieval.
B) retrieve only episodic information.
C) facilitate memory destruction.
D) retrieve only semantic information.

Question 45

If I were to tell you that I was recalled an episodic memory,that would mean that I was remembering

A) how to perform a specific skill or ability.
B) a specific time or event from my life.
C) the meaning for a specific behavioral context.
D) the steps involved in achieving a specific goal.

Question 46

The functioning of the brain's hippocampus is most closely linked with the memory operation of

A) short-term memory.
B) sensory registers.
C) long-term memory.
D) serotonin theory of forgetting.

Question 47

In a research study,participants were shown real words and made-up words and asked to respond to them by pressing a yes or no button.The researchers were interested in the reaction times for the responses to real words.According to the results of the study,the reaction time for the word "cow" would be increased if a(n)_______ word preceded its presentation.

A) made-up
B) elaborative
C) look-alike
D) related

Question 48

When asked what your parent's phone number is,you cannot repeat it,but a moment later you can dial it from memory without looking it up.In this case,which memory system has served you well?

A) procedural memory
B) declarative memory
C) effortful encoding
D) proactive disinhibition

Question 49

In studying long-term memory,if you believe that memories are linked together through experience,then you believe in the ______ theory of long-term memory.

A) sensory register
B) associative network
C) retrograde interference
D) forgetting curve

Question 50

Memory for meaning is known as _______ memory.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 51

A semantic memory is a type of memory where one remembers

A) the meaning of something.
B) how to do something.
C) a specific event from the past.
D) what they meant to do.

Question 52

Memory for experiences that can be defined in terms of time and place is called

A) eidetic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) consolidated memory.

Question 53

Of all the types of long-term memories,which type appears to be the most fragile?

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) semantic
D) episodic

Question 54

If you are using a cue to retrieve information in memory,the information you are looking for is stored in _______ memory.

A) working
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 55

Mary,whose hobby is the study of whales,tells her teacher all about the buluga whale,even though she has never actually seen one.Mary's information is stored as a(n)_______ memory.

A) cued
B) motivated
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 56

After a head injury,a person cannot recall any information about past life events.In spite of the loss of memory about past events,the person knows can name the current president and today's date.This illustrates a deficit in _______ memory but not in _______ memory.

A) semantic;episodic
B) episodic;semantic
C) procedural;declarative
D) declarative;procedural

Question 57

Information stored in LTM is integrated in the _______ before it is transferred to _______ areas for permanent storage.

A) frontal lobes;limbic
B) hippocampus;cortical
C) cerebral cortex;cerebellar
D) cerebellum;frontal lobe

Question 58

Memories for how to ride a bike or other types of skills are known as ______ memories.

A) skill-based
B) declarative
C) semantic
D) procedural

Question 59

Unlike forgetting in short-term memory,forgetting in long-term memory is due to

A) memory decay.
B) elaborative transfer.
C) retrieval problems.
D) neurotransmitter regeneration.

Question 60

If you describe an event in detail including descriptions of the setting,objects,colors,smells,sounds,etc. ,you are probably using

A) kinetic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) descriptive memory.

Question 61

The spreading activation model explains how _______ are formed.

A) short-term memories
B) associative networks
C) serial positions
D) amnesias

Question 62

When trying to remember a list of items,usually the ______ are best remembered.

A) items at the end only
B) items in the middle
C) items at the beginning only
D) items at the beginning and end

Question 63

You wish to log on to your computer network and the system requests your password.You no longer have the piece of paper you wrote the password on,so you must rely on

A) recognition.
B) recall.
C) relearning.
D) working memory.

Question 64

The depth at which we process information determines how well it is encoded,stored,and retrieved.This statement is the central idea of the

A) long-term potentiation theory.
B) levels of processing model.
C) reconstruction theory.
D) spreading activation model.

Question 65

The savings method of memory retrieval is also know as the ______ method of memory retrieval.

A) reintegration
B) recall
C) relearning
D) recognition

Question 66

According to the spreading activation model of memory,which memories would be easiest to remember?

A) memories that are pleasant rather than emotionally negative
B) memories that are closely associated with the memory cue
C) memories that contrast strongly with one's expectations
D) memories that are learned early in life

Question 67

What best explains the degree of recall for items at the beginning of a list?

A) They are remembered better because they are stored in STM.
B) They are remembered better because they have more opportunity for rehearsal.
C) They are forgotten because of the strong influence of proactive interference.
D) They are more subject to forgetting through decay.

Question 68

During a test,if you were asked to answer the essay question "Who was the founder of experimental psychology?",this question would most require the use of ______ in order to answer the question.

A) reintegration
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) recall

Question 69

The tendency to recall the beginning and the end of a list of items is known as

A) the serial position effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) spreading activation effect.

Question 70

When we are trying to recall a fact that we can almost remember-that is,we know we know the fact but can't quite recall it,this experience is known as the

A) retrograde amnesia fugue.
B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) sensory deprivation experience.
D) word superiority effect.

Question 71

When remembering the last items from a long list,improved memory for those last items is thought to be because

A) those items are still in short-term memory.
B) those items are sensitive to the workings of the sensory register.
C) those items were permanently embedded into long-term memory.
D) both semantic and episodic encoding are occurring simultaneously.

Question 72

Which theory of the organization of long-term memory claims that concepts are linked by experience?

A) the levels of processing model
B) the spreading activation model
C) the stage theory of memory
D) the elaboration model

Question 73

You cannot quite recall a word,but you remember what letter it begins with.This is characteristic of the _______ phenomenon.

A) retrograde
B) serial position
C) tip-of-the-tongue
D) semantic code

Question 74

This multiple-choice item is best characterized as a question that requires ______ in order to answer it correctly (remember,one of the answers below is correct!).

A) recognition
B) relearning
C) recall
D) reinterpretation

Question 75

When you must choose correct information among alternatives,what type of memory test is being utilized?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) savings

Question 76

Generally speaking,when attempting to remember information,the ______ method leads to better memory performance than the ______ method.

A) recognition;reintegration
B) recognition;recall
C) reintegration;recognition
D) recall;recognition

Question 77

You cannot remember much of what you learned in high school chemistry but you learn the same chemistry material in college much faster than you did in high school.Which method of memory evaluation does this illustrate?

A) recognition
B) recall
C) reconstruction
D) relearning

Question 78

Essay examination is to multiple-choice test as

A) recognition is to relearning.
B) recall is to relearning.
C) recognition is to recall.
D) recall is to recognition.

Question 79

In a study of the serial position effect,what happened when recall was delayed for more than 30 seconds?

A) Items at the end of the list were poorly recalled.
B) Items at the beginning of the list were not recalled well.
C) Recall for items at the end of the list improved.
D) Recall for all items on the list was poor.

Question 80

In preparing for any test,which of the following would be most beneficial?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) elaboration
C) chunking
D) relearning