Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

When research participants were asked to repeat a message coming in one ear and ignore a message coming in the other ear,what were the researchers attempting to demonstrate scientifically?

A) unconscious processing
B) flowing consciousness
C) depersonalization
D) bipolar consciousness

Answer 1

unconscious processing

Question 2

Barbara is reading a book she got as a Christmas gift.Her mind keeps wandering to other gifts she has received,and so she has to reread several pages.This is an example of

A) divided consciousness.
B) abnormal behavior.
C) obsessions
D) compulsive behavior

Answer 2

divided consciousness.

Question 3

The brain waves of a person having a vivid dream are most similar to

A) conscious awareness.
B) the hypnagogic state.
C) deep (stage 4)sleep.
D) light (stage 2)sleep.

Answer 3

conscious awareness.

Question 4

The term used to describe a split in conscious awareness that allows us to perform two or more tasks at the same time is

A) dissociated personality disorder.
B) multiple personality disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) divided consciousness.

Question 5

The semi-wakeful period that precedes light sleep is called

A) myoclonia.
B) the hypnagogic state.
C) REM sleep.
D) the transcendental state.

Question 6

Lindsay had just won the lottery.She drove to a friend's house to tell her the good news.After safely arriving at her friend's house,she realized she had very little recollection of how she got there.This is a demonstration of

A) directed consciousness.
B) flowing consciousness.
C) divided consciousness.
D) depersonalization.

Question 7

Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?

A) We begin the night in light sleep and end in deep sleep.
B) We pass from light sleep to dream sleep to deep sleep.
C) Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.
D) We alternate from the hypnagogic state to dream sleep about six times.

Question 8

Simply defined,consciousness is

A) limited to mammalian species.
B) the state between awake and asleep.
C) a feeling of moral obligation.
D) a state of awareness.

Question 9

When a person is aware of events taking place in her or his internal as well as external environment,that person is considered to be in a state of

A) consciousness.
B) transcendence.
C) divided perception.
D) heightened sensation.

Question 10

Compared to listening to the car radio or CD,talking on a cell phone

A) is less distracting.
B) has shown no increase in accidents.
C) causes an equal number of accidents.
D) is much more distracting.

Question 11

Mental processes that occur without a person being aware of them are

A) daydreams.
B) unconscious.
C) hypnagogic.
D) conscious.

Question 12

While driving a long distance on a familiar route,Jim finds his mind wandering from work to family to thoughts of dead relatives and winning the lottery.He has no memory of the actual drive.This is an example of

A) normal dreams.
B) daydreams.
C) abnormal obsessions.
D) divided consciousness.

Question 13

According to research,when you are driving,which of the following is the most distracting?

A) reviewing the day in your head
B) listening to the radio
C) conversation on a cell phone
D) listening to pre-recorded music

Question 14

You have just read your psychology assignment for the third time in the last hour.You know you looked at each word and turned all the pages.However,you cannot remember a single word you've read because you keep thinking about your job interview tomorrow.What have you just experienced?

A) manifest consciousness
B) flowing consciousness
C) transcendental consciousness
D) divided consciousness

Question 15

Research about daydreams suggests that daydreams ______ tension.

A) release
B) create
C) negate
D) dissipate

Question 16

A concerned friend told you that as her spouse goes to sleep his body is prone to sudden jerks.What should you tell her?

A) Her spouse is a victim of sleep apnea.
B) Her spouse is experiencing abnormal hypnogogia.
C) Her spouse may have narcolepsy.
D) Her spouse is experiencing normal myoclonia.

Question 17

The cocktail party phenomenon describes a situation in which individuals

A) process incoming information even if they are not consciously attending to it.
B) when spending time in groups start to think with one mind,following a strong leader.
C) who consume alcohol lose their inhibitions and process information differently.
D) invited to the party exhibit feelings of superiority compared to those not invited.

Question 18

When two activities are simultaneously attended to,consciousness is said to be

A) repressed.
B) transcendent.
C) divided.
D) additive.

Question 19

If a sleeping person's eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under the eyelids,it is likely that this individual is

A) in the deepest level of sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) in a hypnagogic state.
D) awakening.

Question 20

You are at a party,and having a nice conversation with someone.All the way across the room someone says your name,and you immediately hear it and pay attention to it? When this happens,it is known as the ______ phenomenon.

A) Ebbinghaus
B) mnemonic device
C) tip-of-the-tongue
D) cocktail party

Question 21

In a sensory deprivation experiment,Bob was required to remain in a windowless room for several weeks.Based on results from previous research,it is likely that his sleep-wake cycle

A) shortened from 24 hours to 22 hours.
B) remained the same during the experiment.
C) lengthened from 24 hours to 25 hours.
D) adjusted to a lunar cycle of 28 days.

Question 22

Dreams occurring during ________ sleep are briefer,less fragmented,and less likely to involve visual images compared to ________ sleep.

A) REM;non-REM
B) non-REM;REM
C) hypnagogic;REM
D) hypnagogic;non-REM

Question 23

It is 2:00 a.m.and Allison has been sleeping for several hours.Her heart begins to pound and flutter,her fingers twitch,her eyelids flicker,and her breathing becomes shallow and irregular.A sleep researcher would best describe these phenomena as an example of

A) a night terror.
B) an autonomic storm.
C) non-REM dream patterns.
D) stage one sleep.

Question 24

During REM sleep,______ dreams take place.

A) all
B) about half of
C) less than 10% of
D) about 80% of

Question 25

For men who sleep less than four and a half hours per night,this behavior is associated with a ______ in death rates.

A) 50% increase
B) 15% increase
C) 5% decrease
D) 65% decrease

Question 26

The twilight stage in between wakefulness and sleep is referred to as the

A) myoclonia nervosa.
B) hypnotic stage.
C) hypnagogic state.
D) somnambulism effect.

Question 27

The hormone ______ is a key factor in regulating a person's level of sleepiness.

A) testosterone
B) melatonin
C) estrogen
D) glutamate

Question 28

Internally generated cycles lasting about 24 hours a day that regulate sleep and wake cycles,as well as hormone secretion,are called

A) sleep disorders.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) REM periods.
D) astral projections.

Question 29

The difference between REM and non-REM dreams is that

A) non-REM dreams have more imagery.
B) REM dreams are less frequent.
C) non-REM dreams have bizarre content.
D) non-REM dreams are closer to normal thinking.

Question 30

In general,sleep consumes ______ of our lives.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%

Question 31

How does body temperature change in relation to the circadian rhythm linked to the sleep cycle? Body temperature

A) falls during REM sleep but rises again during the periods of non-REM sleep.
B) falls at the beginning of sleep and starts to rise by the middle of your sleep cycle.
C) falls at the beginning of sleep and continues to fall until the middle of your sleep period.
D) rises during dreams that are anxiety-provoking but rises during dreams that are calm.

Question 32

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period.When the data were graphed,it became clear that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis.The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are

A) determined by subconscious expectations.
B) governed by circadian rhythms.
C) controlled by daily lunar cycles.
D) correlated with lunar rotation.

Question 33

The average college student spends about ______ a night in REM sleep.

A) 1 hour
B) 2 hours
C) 30 minutes
D) 4 hours

Question 34

The term "sleep debt" describes a condition in which

A) the sleeper goes immediately into REM sleep.
B) insomnia develops at night,and narcolepsy occurs during the day.
C) daily naps interfere with normal sleeping patterns.
D) a person falls asleep more quickly and sleeps longer.

Question 35

Most adults sleep ______ hours per night.

A) 7 to 8
B) 9 to 10
C) 5 to 6
D) 11 to 12

Question 36

Short-term sleep deprivation ______ the body's immune system.

A) improves
B) accelerates
C) stops
D) slows down

Question 37

The biological cycle of approximately 24 hours in length that regulates our pattern of sleep is called a/n

A) circadian rhythm.
B) myoclonic event.
C) non-REM sequence.
D) out-of-body experience.

Question 38

Which of the following would be an example of myoclonia?

A) your neck being sore from sleeping in the "wrong" position
B) your chest throbbing with heartburn
C) your leg cramping up at night
D) your body experiencing a sudden jerk

Question 39

Which hormone follows a circadian rhythm and peaks just before a person wakes from sleep?

A) melatonin
B) growth
C) cortisol
D) prolactin

Question 40

During a night of sleep,when does REM sleep occur?

A) in one long episode at the beginning of the night
B) in one long episode at the end of the night
C) in about four to six episodes distributed across the night's sleep
D) in two long episodes,one at the beginning and one at the end of the night

Question 41

If your spouse engages in frequent sleeptalking,you know that this is a

A) common sleep phenomenon.
B) phenomenon that only occurs in stage one sleep.
C) serious sleep disorder associated with sleepwalking.
D) phenomenon that occurs only in REM sleep.

Question 42

Night terrors tend to occur

A) in women much more often than men.
B) during the deepest phases of non-REM sleep.
C) with the temporary stoppage of breathing.
D) with individuals who are malnourished.

Question 43

Taylor dreamt she was hearing a phone ringing,but could not find the phone.When she woke up she realized her real phone had wrung while she was asleep.This is an example

A) latent content.
B) stimulus incorporation.
C) day residue.
D) residual sensation.

Question 44

The phenomenon of ______ involves components of the real environment you are in to be included as part of your actual dream.

A) mesmerism
B) somnambulism
C) stimulus incorporation
D) day residue

Question 45

Which of the following is true regarding the dreams we remember?

A) We remember negative dreams because they tend to wake us up.
B) We don't remember positive dreams because there are so many of them.
C) We remember negative dreams because they are the first dreams of REM sleep.
D) We don't remember negative dreams because our defense mechanisms protect us.

Question 46

You are experiencing ______ if your dream during REM sleep is particularly frightening and you are upset enough to wake up from your dream.

A) nightmares
B) night terrors
C) night sweats
D) narcolepsy

Question 47

What did Freud consider to be the "royal road to the unconscious"?

A) dreams
B) meditation
C) the ego
D) hypnosis

Question 48

Of the following,which occurs in your dreams most often?

A) animals
B) family members
C) friends
D) you

Question 49

A sleep research participant awoke suddenly during non-REM sleep screaming,heart pounding,and sweating heavily.What else might the participant report to the sleep researcher?

A) a vividly frightening dream
B) a sensation of falling
C) a strong urge to go back to sleep
D) no clear recollection of a dream

Question 50

A terrifying kind of dream that occurs during REM sleep and whose content is exceptionally frightening or uncomfortable is called a(n)

A) nightmare.
B) night terror.
C) autonomic storm.
D) REM fright.

Question 51

Sigrid has been studying very hard for her medical school entrance exam.Last night she dreamt she was taking the test and had nothing to write with.Sigrid's dream is an example of

A) stimulus incorporation.
B) the influence of day residue.
C) the protective feature of dreams.
D) a night terror.

Question 52

What percentage of dreams include tastes or smells?

A) About 25%
B) About 50%
C) Less than 1%
D) Over 99%

Question 53

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job.Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now.Which disorder would he most likely have developed?

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) insomnia
D) sleeptalking

Question 54

While preparing a paper on dreaming,you came across a book that described the meaning of various dream images.The assumption made by the author is that dreams

A) have symbolic meaning.
B) recycle daily residue.
C) are stimulated by real-life events.
D) are analogous to hallucinations.

Question 55

Regarding our dreams,the term 'day residue' refers to the idea that

A) the amount of sleep at night is related to the number of hours awake during the day.
B) dreams seem to contain one character or event from the preceding day.
C) in the morning after a dream,an amount of day residue can be found on your eyes.
D) the hormonal changes during sleep at night are evident in behavioral changes the next day.

Question 56

In Freud's theory of dreaming,the story you remember when you wake up is the

A) manifest content.
B) latent content.
C) event sequence.
D) surface structure.

Question 57

Freud was mostly interested in the ______ of dreams.

A) day residue
B) manifest content
C) stimulus incorporation
D) latent content

Question 58

Of the following,which sensation is least likely to be reported after waking from a dream?

A) smelling a floral aroma
B) hearing crowd noise
C) seeing strange people
D) feeling sexually aroused

Question 59

According to research,which term would best describe the actual frequency of sexual dreams?

A) nonexistant
B) rare
C) frequent
D) constant

Question 60

Sleeptalking occurs during ______ phase of the sleep cycle.

A) the deepest
B) the non-REM
C) any
D) the REM

Question 61

What do drugs,trauma,fatigue,hypnosis,and sensory deprivation have in common?

A) They produce the same brain wave activity.
B) They produce extreme negative emotional states.
C) They produce high levels of consciousness.
D) They produce altered states of consciousness.

Question 62

Kathy says that when she meditates,she feels like she becomes one with the universe.Kathy has experienced

A) an altered state of consciousness.
B) latent mesmerism.
C) the hypnagogic state.
D) a period of divided consciousness.

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of an altered state of consciousness?

A) sense of division
B) illogical
C) clear perception
D) describable

Question 64

In terms of states of consciousness,hypnosis involves a

A) high degree of controlled processing.
B) strong defense against suggestibility.
C) sense of deep relaxation and altered body awareness.
D) dependence on a belief in supernatural powers.

Question 65

An altered state of consciousness that is sometimes achieved during meditation and that transcends normal human experience is called

A) a transcendental mantra.
B) a transcendental state.
C) supreme meditation.
D) astral meditation.

Question 66

Alan took a drug and then described how he had gained a unique insight into a social problem;however,he has no justification or proof to back up his thoughts.Which characteristic of altered states of consciousness best fits this example?

A) sense of unity
B) self-evident reality
C) transcendent
D) distortion of perception

Question 67

Charles has been told he must reduce his sympathetic autonomic arousal.What consciousness-altering technique may help Charles?

A) depersonalization
B) stimulus incorporation
C) meditation
D) astral projection

Question 68

Distortions of perception,intense positive emotions,and a self-evident reality are all characteristics that describe

A) circadian arrhythmia.
B) myoclonic narcolepsy.
C) altered states of consciousness.
D) night terrors.

Question 69

Those who wish to reach a more perfect state of consciousness often engage in

A) hypnotic control.
B) divided consciousness.
C) depersonalization.
D) meditation.

Question 70

Lucy wants to go to sleep at 10:00 p.m.because she gets up for work at 5:30 a.m.She has been trying for a month to fall asleep by 10:00 p.m.but can't seem to fall asleep until after 11:00 p.m.Lucy most likely has

A) manifest insomnia.
B) sleep-onset insomnia.
C) latent insomnia.
D) sleep-latency insomnia.

Question 71

When Pilar reached the top of a Himalayan peak,she experienced an intense,indescribable positive sensation.Her experience may best be described as

A) depersonalization.
B) stimulus incorporation.
C) an altered state.
D) astral projection.

Question 72

In ______ insomnia,individuals wake up sooner than desired,perhaps in the middle of the night or closer to the morning.

A) latent content
B) manifest content
C) sleep-onset
D) early-awakening

Question 73

A method of relaxation that involves focusing one's concentration on rhythmic breathing and not on thoughts or feelings is called

A) astral projection.
B) depersonalization.
C) meditation.
D) hypnosis.

Question 74

In considering the world around you,the opposite of meditation is

A) mindfulness.
B) sleepwalking.
C) mesmerism.
D) hypnosis.

Question 75

The sleep disorder of narcolepsy occurs when individuals

A) falls unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.
B) have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like.
C) wake up earlier than desired,sometimes several times a night.
D) stop breathing while they are sleeping.

Question 76

If you find that you are waking up frequently during the night or often wake up an hour or two before your alarm goes off,you may have

A) manifest insomnia.
B) sleep-onset insomnia.
C) sleep-latency insomnia.
D) early-awakening insomnia.

Question 77

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

A) sleepwalking and sleeptalking.
B) an anxious,panicky feeling.
C) irresistible urges to fall asleep.
D) excessively long sleep periods.

Question 78

Mindfulness involves a state of being where a person

A) concentrates on how past events will predict future events.
B) is completely aware of what is going on at the present moment.
C) watches the behavior of others while ignoring their own behavior.
D) relaxes to the point of sleepiness by the repeated use of a mantra.

Question 79

During a night's sleep,frequently occurring apnea may cause symptoms similar to

A) narcolepsy.
B) night terrors.
C) latent insomnia.
D) sleep-onset insomnia.

Question 80

While most people who master the practice of meditation report feeling relaxed,some report feeling a state that goes beyond normal experience.This altered state of consciousness is called

A) the transcendental state.
B) astral projection.
C) the universal state.
D) self-evident reality.