Deck 3: Biological Foundations in Behavior

Question 1

How do nerves differ from neurons?

A) They do not differ;they are synonymous terms.
B) Neurons are clusters of nerves.
C) Nerves are bundles of long neurons.
D) Neurons do not have a cell body.

Answer 1

Nerves are bundles of long neurons.

Question 2

The part of the neuron primarily responsible for keeping the cell healthy is the

A) axon.
B) nerve.
C) dendrite.
D) cell body.

Answer 2

cell body.

Question 3

Which of the following is the most important individual nerve cell in the brain?

A) neuron
B) glial cell
C) axon
D) dendrite

Answer 3

neuron

Question 4

When a neuron is at rest,which ions are highly concentrated just outside the cell membrane?

A) negative polarization ions
B) positive neurotransmitters
C) positive sodium ions
D) negative potassium ions

Question 5

A ______ is a bundle of many long neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord.

A) nerve
B) node of Ranvier
C) synaptic cleft
D) terminal stub

Question 6

When a neuron is at its resting state,what is the status of sodium ions?

A) There are no sodium ions present at all.
B) They are not let into the neuron.
C) All the sodium has been completely absorbed.
D) Potassium negates the effect of sodium.

Question 7

In neuron functioning,the role of the synaptic vesicle is to

A) accumulate sodium ions inside the semipermeable membrane.
B) create new myelin sheaths on demand from the nervous system.
C) send the electrochemical signal to the axon hillock.
D) store neurotransmitters in the synaptic knob.

Question 8

When positively charged ions rush into a neuron,this process is called

A) semipermeation.
B) depolarization.
C) myelinization.
D) ionid plasticity.

Question 9

The primary function of dendrites is to

A) keep the cell alive.
B) transmit outgoing information.
C) secrete hormones.
D) receive incoming information.

Question 10

The nucleus of a neuron is located in the

A) axon hillock.
B) terminal stub.
C) cell body.
D) synapse.

Question 11

What is the relationship between a nerve and a neuron?

A) Nerves are part of the sympathetic system;neurons are part of the parasympathetic system.
B) A nerve follows an afferent pathway and a neuron follows an efferent pathway.
C) The term "nerve" is the plural for neurons found within the brain.
D) A nerve is a bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

The chain of events that is instigated by depolarization leads to a(n)

A) myelinization.
B) parasympathetic reaction.
C) glial decay.
D) action potential.

Question 13

If a neuron is polarized,which of the following conditions exists?

A) The inside of the cell has a more negative charge than the outside.
B) The inside of the cell has a more positive charge than the outside.
C) The cell has fired and no electrical charges are present.
D) Electrical charges are equally balanced between the inside and outside of the cell.

Question 14

In its resting state (when a neuron is said to be composed of mostly negative ions on the inside and surrounded by mostly positive ions on the outside)a neuron is called

A) sympathetic.
B) hyperphagic.
C) polarized.
D) de-ionized.

Question 15

The general name for the chemicals that travel across a synaptic gap are called

A) chromosomes.
B) interneurons.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) hormones.

Question 16

The neuron's cell membrane permits some substances to pass through but not others;this is because the membrane is

A) depolarized.
B) semipermeable.
C) electrically charged.
D) covered with myelin.

Question 17

Are neurons physically connected to one another?

A) No,they are separated by a myelin sheath.
B) No,they are separated by a synaptic gap.
C) Yes,each neuron connects to one other neuron.
D) Yes,each neuron connects to two other neurons.

Question 18

Which of the following destroys the myelin sheath?

A) multiple sclerosis
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) cystic fibrosis
D) alcoholism

Question 19

Approximately how many neurons compose the nervous system?

A) 20 to 50 thousand
B) 100 million
C) 5 billion
D) 100 billion

Question 20

Small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called

A) ganglia.
B) synaptic knobs.
C) axons.
D) dendrites.

Question 21

In the somatic nervous system,by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow?

A) in from the rest of the body to the central nervous system
B) from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere
C) from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
D) from the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere

Question 22

It is ______ neurons that carry the electrochemical messages from the body to the central nervous system.

A) indigent
B) afferent
C) efferent
D) indifferent

Question 23

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A) It causes a neuron to depolarize.
B) It makes the cell membrane permeable to sodium ions.
C) It makes the cell membrane impermeable.
D) It decreases the chance of depolarization.

Question 24

What happens to the neuron just before a neural message is transmitted to adjacent neurons?

A) The cell membrane near the axon becomes more permeable.
B) Sodium ions exit at the end of the axon.
C) Neurotransmitters are not allowed to permeate the cell.
D) The neuron becomes more and more negatively charged.

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding the action potential?

A) The strength of the polarization determines the strength of the action potential.
B) The strength of the depolarization determines the strength of the action potential.
C) Once an action potential is produced,its strength is determined by the neurotransmitter.
D) Once an action potential is produced,its shape and size are always the same.

Question 26

Which division of the nervous system is composed of all the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord?

A) peripheral nervous system
B) afferent nervous system
C) central nervous system
D) somatic nervous system

Question 27

It is the ______ that transfers a signal from an afferent nerve to an efferent neuron.

A) nucleus
B) synaptic cleft
C) axon hillock
D) interneuron

Question 28

Originally it was thought that neurons transmitted signals through an all or none principle,where the neuron fired at full strength or not at all.It is now understood that this is not the case,and that neurons transmit messages through

A) poly-synaptic hyperpolarization.
B) enzymatic degradation depolarizations.
C) graded electrical potentials.
D) potassium reuptake pumps.

Question 29

Under what condition does an action potential occur?

A) a large polarization of the neuron
B) when sodium ions leave the neuron
C) a strong depolarization of the cell membrane
D) when a neurotransmitter enters the myelin sheath

Question 30

The physical junction between two neurons is called the

A) node of Ranvier.
B) myelin sheath.
C) synapse.
D) interneuron.

Question 31

Is the peripheral nervous system part of the central nervous system?

A) No,but the peripheral nervous system is divided into two subsystems.
B) No,there is no such thing as a peripheral nervous system in the body.
C) Yes,it is what connects the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere.
D) Yes,it is the junction between the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 32

As you are driving,the traffic light ahead of you turns red and you step on the brakes.The information about the nature of the light was conveyed to your brain by ________ neurons.

A) afferent
B) efferent
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

Question 33

The central nervous system is comprised of the

A) thalamus and hypothalamus.
B) corpus callosum and the basal ganglia.
C) brain and spinal cord.
D) hindbrain,midbrain,and forebrain

Question 34

Which of the following is true about efferent neurons?

A) They carry information to the central nervous system.
B) They carry information to the muscles and organs.
C) They carry information between brain areas.
D) They carry information up and down the spinal cord.

Question 35

Susan stepped on a bee with her bare foot.Pain receptors transmitted information to her brain on

A) hormonal systems.
B) association neurons.
C) efferent neurons.
D) afferent neurons.

Question 36

Input is to output as

A) inhibitory substance is to excitatory substance.
B) peripheral nervous system is to afferent neurons.
C) afferent neuron is to efferent neuron.
D) association neuron is to peripheral nervous system.

Question 37

The terms spinal cord,somatic nerves,and parasympathetic division are best associated with the

A) somatosensory area.
B) central nervous system.
C) limbic system.
D) peripheral nervous system.

Question 38

The activity of a single neuron was recorded after its membrane was bathed with a neurotransmitter.If the neuron's firing rate increased after the bath,what would you conclude?

A) The neurotransmitter blocked the receptor sites.
B) The neurotransmitter was excitatory.
C) The neurotransmitter caused polarization.
D) The neurotransmitter was inhibitory.

Question 39

It is the ______ cell that transports nutrients from the blood vessels to neurons.

A) glial
B) Purkinjie
C) Ranvier
D) cerebral

Question 40

The most common cell in the brain is the

A) glial cell.
B) blood cell.
C) neuron.
D) myelin sheath.

Question 41

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the

A) central nervous system.
B) afferent nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) somatic nervous system.

Question 42

Essential body functions such as heartbeat,breathing,digestion,sweating,and sexual arousal are under the control of the

A) somatic nervous system.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) interneuron system.
D) autonomic nervous system.

Question 43

After finishing a psychology test,you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques.Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ________ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and less muscular tension.

A) somatic
B) central
C) parasympathetic
D) sympathetic

Question 44

Which of the following are the two integrated parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
B) central and the peripheral nervous systems
C) afferent and efferent nervous systems
D) thalamic and hypothalamic nervous systems

Question 45

Which of the following occurs as a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A) increased salivation to aid digestion
B) dilatation of the pupils in the eyes
C) slowed heartbeat
D) excited digestive tract

Question 46

Which part of the peripheral nervous system would be particularly important to a backpacker being chased by an angry bear?

A) sympathetic
B) intrinsic
C) parasympathetic
D) involuntary muscles

Question 47

The division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is the

A) autonomic division.
B) somatic division.
C) central division.
D) association cortex.

Question 48

The part of the nervous system that prepares the body for exertion or other stress is the

A) sympathetic nerves.
B) parasympathetic nerves.
C) efferent nerves.
D) afferent nerves.

Question 49

A common way of classifying the brain is to divide it into three major parts.What are they?

A) medulla,midbrain,forebrain
B) midbrain,hindbrain,cerebellum
C) hindbrain,midbrain,forebrain
D) medulla,cerebrum,cerebellum

Question 50

The ______ is the part of the hindbrain that is primarily responsible for breathing and upright posture.

A) pons
B) medulla
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum

Question 51

A person who walks in a jerky,uncoordinated way may well have a disorder most likely involving the

A) forebrain.
B) cerebellum.
C) hypothalamus.
D) midbrain.

Question 52

Which subpart of the brain is located at the rear base of the skull?

A) forebrain
B) corpus callosum
C) midbrain
D) hindbrain

Question 53

A paramedic arrives at an accident.One of the people injured has a problem breathing and cannot stand upright.Most likely,the area of the hindbrain damaged is the

A) pons.
B) medulla.
C) cerebrum.
D) thalamus.

Question 54

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing?

A) the hypothalamus
B) Wernicke's area
C) the medulla
D) the forebrain

Question 55

If a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident,you would expect the person to have a problem with

A) breathing and heart rate.
B) seeing and hearing.
C) talking and understanding.
D) balance and muscle coordination.

Question 56

Just before you went on a job interview you broke out into a cold sweat,experienced shortness of breath,and felt a need to go to the bathroom.These symptoms were most likely produced by your ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) somatic
C) parasympathetic
D) sympathetic

Question 57

A person is having trouble with reflexive movements of the eyes and postural reflexes.In which area of the brain would you suspect an injury?

A) limbic system
B) midbrain
C) cerebral cortex
D) forebrain

Question 58

If you are in a low stress-level situation,and you experience increases in salivation,constriction of the lungs,contraction of the bladder,and an activation of the digestive tract,you know that your ______ nervous system is primarily responsible for these operations.

A) somatic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) efferent

Question 59

The structure that plays an important role in maintaining attention and arousal by manipulation of various neurotransmitters is the

A) reticular formation.
B) frontal lobe.
C) hypothalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 60

What do the pons and medulla have in common?

A) They are both parts of the hindbrain.
B) They are both parts of the midbrain.
C) They are both parts of the forebrain.
D) They are both parts of the limbic system.

Question 61

We associate the function of the limbic system with

A) coordination and balance.
B) life support.
C) emotions.
D) higher mental processes.

Question 62

The reticular formation is primarily responsible for

A) breathing and maintaining an upright posture.
B) maintaining muscle tone and cardiac responsiveness.
C) balance,hearing,and parasympathetic function.
D) the coordination of complex muscle movements.

Question 63

Within the limbic system,the amygdala plays a key role in _____ and the hippocampus plays a key role in ______.

A) posture;aggression
B) aggression;memory
C) memory;balance
D) balance;posture

Question 64

Wernicke's area is located in the ________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 65

The area of the brain that controls the production of speech is ________ area.

A) Wernicke's
B) the auditory
C) the association
D) Broca's

Question 66

Which brain area is most directly linked to the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A) thalamus
B) hippocampus
C) corpus callosum
D) hypothalamus

Question 67

One of the pleasure centers of the brain is found in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) corpus callosum.
C) cingulate gyrus.
D) thalamus.

Question 68

What part of the brain controls conscious experience and intelligence?

A) cerebral cortex
B) cingulate cortex
C) hippocampus
D) limbic system

Question 69

Conscious experience and voluntary actions are mediated by the

A) limbic system.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) cingulate cortex.

Question 70

If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light,cells were stimulated in your ________ lobe.

A) temporal
B) frontal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 71

Broca's area is located in the ________ lobe.

A) temporal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) frontal

Question 72

The area critical for processing visual information is the

A) parietal lobe.
B) occipital lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) cerebellar cortex.

Question 73

Where is the hypothalamus located relative to the thalamus?

A) The hypothalamus lies within the thalamus.
B) The hypothalamus lies beside the thalamus.
C) The hypothalamus lies on top of the thalamus.
D) The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus.

Question 74

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely impair

A) autonomic functioning
B) disease resistance.
C) sexual functioning.
D) memory formation.

Question 75

Which structure links the upper and lower centers of the brain?

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 76

The gray matter of the brain is called the

A) hypothalamus.
B) cingulate gyrus.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) medulla oblongata.

Question 77

Body temperature,sleep,and resistance to disease are functions controlled by the

A) corpus callosum.
B) hippocampus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 78

Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain may result in an impaired ability to use or understand language,a condition called

A) dysgraphic.
B) dyslexia.
C) aphasia.
D) aplexia.

Question 79

A person diagnosed with expressive aphasia can _____ but have difficulty ______.

A) speak clearly;understanding what is said
B) identify objects;remembering the names of objects
C) remember names;understanding what objects are for
D) understand what is said;speaking

Question 80

Where is the midbrain located in relation to the hindbrain?

A) small area found inside the hindbrain
B) large area found beside the hindbrain
C) small area at the top of the hindbrain
D) small area found below the hindbrain