Deck 16: Social Psychology

Question 1

The study of group interactions,relationships,perceptions,and attitudes is the study of ________ psychology.

A) behavioral
B) social
C) cognitive
D) group

Answer 1

social

Question 2

When a person can blend into a group and not worry about his or her own personal responsibilities,________ has occurred.

A) altruism
B) normalization
C) social loafing
D) deindividuation

Answer 2

deindividuation

Question 3

A person under the influence of deindividuation acts in such a way that they are ______ aware of their own behavior and ______ concerned with what others think.

A) more;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) less;less

Answer 3

less;less

Question 4

When groups of people are asked for their advice,they will sometimes take extreme positions and recommend risky options.This is known as

A) conformity.
B) polarization.
C) facilitation.
D) dissonance.

Question 5

Adam has noticed that he can get more work out of his production crew when each member is given individual assignments than when an assignment is given to the crew as a whole.The reduction in output is likely to be the result of

A) social loafing.
B) deindividuation.
C) forced compliance.
D) disinhibition.

Question 6

Which of the following concepts helps to explain why a group of bystanders would not help another person in need?

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) cognitive dissonance
C) groupthink
D) obedience to authority

Question 7

When being in a group improves the performance of individual members of that group,______ is said to have occurred.

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) social facilitation
C) obedience to authority
D) social loafing

Question 8

Social loafing is more likely to occur in which types of groups?

A) small groups of strangers
B) larger groups
C) same-sex groups
D) groups of high-income persons

Question 9

The individual who joins a lynch mob or a vigilante group almost never has a previous history of violent behavior.This fact demonstrates the powerful effects of

A) the diffusion of responsibility.
B) latent aggressive tendencies in people.
C) group actions upon individuals' behavior.
D) dispositional attributions.

Question 10

When a person feels anonymous and unidentifiable as a part of a group,______ has occurred.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) groupthink
C) deindividuation
D) social facilitation

Question 11

In terms of helping behavior and the number of bystanders present,we help most when there

A) is much to be gained.
B) is little to be gained.
C) are many people around.
D) are few people around.

Question 12

You are interested in how having other people around influences your own behavior.You have interests similar to a ________ psychologist.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) developmental
D) environmental

Question 13

People working in groups will often exert less effort than if they worked alone.This tendency is known as

A) social inhibition.
B) social loafing.
C) social dissonance.
D) personal inconsistency.

Question 14

You have gone to your car after attending a basketball game with 12,000 fans present.You are unable to start your car.The bystander effect suggests that you will have a better chance of getting help if

A) it is very cold outside.
B) it is very warm outside.
C) few people are left in the parking lot.
D) many people are left in the parking lot.

Question 15

The more people who are present during an emergency,the

A) more likely they are to intervene.
B) less responsible each feels for intervening.
C) less likely the victim will be noticed.
D) less diffuse responsibility becomes.

Question 16

Sometimes a member of a group will not do his fair share of the work because he knows others will cover for him and that his individual effort cannot be identified.This phenomenon is known as

A) dissonance.
B) conformity.
C) social loafing.
D) authority disrespect.

Question 17

You are a psychologist interested in how groups behave.You study groups in the laboratory,at the workplace,and in informal settings.Most likely,you are a ________ psychologist.

A) work
B) school
C) educational
D) social

Question 18

Eileen was not sure she knew the poem well enough and stammered while reciting it in her English class.After class,she recited it perfectly for the teacher.Eileen was probably demonstrating social

A) facilitation.
B) impairment.
C) loafing.
D) comparison.

Question 19

A bicyclist finds that she can cycle faster during competition than when she is riding alone.This is likely to be caused by

A) social learning.
B) counter-conditioning.
C) social facilitation.
D) deindividuation.

Question 20

Bob saw a child crying as if she had lost her mother,and he assumed someone else in the crowd at the mall would take care of the situation.This is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 21

Zimbardo's famous study involving the manipulation of social roles was conducted in a simulated ______ setting.

A) classroom
B) prison
C) factory
D) home

Question 22

If ten people say that a color is blue when it actually is not,what is the eleventh person likely to do?

A) identify the color correctly
B) say that the group is wrong
C) say that the color is blue
D) show signs of reactance

Question 23

Asch asked college students to make judgments about lengths of lines.Confederates of the researcher purposely made errors,causing the research participants to do the same.This experiment illustrates the phenomenon of

A) conformity.
B) compliance.
C) attribution.
D) reactance.

Question 24

The idea that when in a group we tend to behave like others in the group is known as

A) attribution.
B) conformity.
C) dissonance.
D) prejudice.

Question 25

The definition of conformity involves the notion of yielding to group pressure

A) because of some social threat.
B) because of a fear of negative consequences.
C) for fear of retribution.
D) without a direct request to comply.

Question 26

A researcher asks participants if they can hear the radio over the background static when actually only pure static is present.Participants are more likely to hear the radio when other participants say they do.This research is most similar in interpretation to

A) Milgram's shock study.
B) Zimbardo's prison study.
C) Sherif's autokinetic effect study.
D) Latané and Darley's decision tree.

Question 27

Conformity is the idea of _______ when ______.

A) opposing group action;you have much to gain from your opposition
B) yielding to group pressure;you have been asked to do so
C) yielding to group pressure;no direct request has been made
D) standing up to group;you know your stand will be unpopular

Question 28

John is relatively certain that his company should hire a particular job candidate.If he feels even more strongly about the candidate after a company meeting,what has occurred?

A) a risky shift
B) majority influence
C) groupthink
D) polarization

Question 29

One method to help avoid groupthink from occurring would be to have someone in the group

A) recruit more group members.
B) bring the group closer together.
C) give a serial monologue.
D) be a devil's advocate.

Question 30

What process tends to maintain harmony and unanimity within group decision making while suffocating differences of opinion?

A) group influence
B) group consensus
C) deindividuation
D) groupthink

Question 31

In the context of social psychology,social roles tell people

A) how to behave.
B) their place in society.
C) what is expected.
D) their future.

Question 32

Highly cohesive groups often think in ways that foster unanimous agreement rather than critical evaluation.This tendency is known as

A) collective behavior.
B) social facilitation.
C) groupthink.
D) forced compliance.

Question 33

Groupthink tends to occur more often if the group is

A) highly diverse.
B) quite small.
C) very cohesive.
D) paid to decide.

Question 34

We all behave according to spoken and unspoken rules known as

A) attributions.
B) stereotypes.
C) social norms.
D) polarizations.

Question 35

An interactive dialogue is a process where group members influence each other by

A) speaking back and forth to one another.
B) giving speeches to large groups of people.
C) minimizing the dissonance the crowd feels.
D) using polarization to bring the group together.

Question 36

The recommendation of risky options is much more likely to occur

A) during groupthink.
B) in one-on-one discussions.
C) in an informal group discussion.
D) within tightly knit groups.

Question 37

When Brenda showed up at her supervisor's party,she noticed she had dressed rather formally and everyone else had dressed casually.She quickly went home,changed,and returned.Brenda's behavior is best explained by

A) deindividuation.
B) conformity.
C) embarrassment.
D) social facilitation.

Question 38

When others in the group all agree on the same answer,a person is most likely to

A) polarize.
B) dissent.
C) conform.
D) disagree.

Question 39

Which of the following factors would increase the likelihood of group conformity?

A) when the group is not well known
B) when the person is from an individualistic culture
C) when the group is extremely small
D) when the group is unanimous

Question 40

Whereas group decisions are generally superior to individual decisions,there are some conditions under which the group can be faulty.The key factors are all but which of the following?

A) polarization of the group
B) cohesiveness of the group
C) size of the group
D) age of the group members

Question 41

Because society expects us to behave differently in different social settings we have

A) a single social role.
B) many gender roles.
C) several levels of obedience.
D) many different social roles.

Question 42

According to principles of classical conditioning,attitudes are developed when the

A) child identifies with the parent.
B) child acts in a particular way to receive reinforcement.
C) child models behavior on the parent's attitudes.
D) the stimulus causing the attitude is paired with positive or negative events.

Question 43

When Milgram asked a panel of psychiatrists how many individuals would continue to "deliver" electric shocks beyond the "extremely dangerous" shock,the panel suggested that about ______ of the individuals would continue.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 44

Which is one of the least important factors in the persuasiveness of the speaker?

A) logic
B) credibility
C) attractiveness
D) intent

Question 45

Which of the following is a component of the definition of an attitude?

A) nature of the environment
B) level of homeostasis
C) the situation encountered
D) disposition to behavior

Question 46

In Milgram's classic obedience to authority study,how many participants completed the study by giving the highest levels of "shocks" available to give?

A) 75%
B) 65%
C) 85%
D) 95%

Question 47

What was the main finding of Zimbardo's prison study?

A) Regular techniques are not effective in changing the attitudes of prisoners.
B) The prison experience makes inmates more likely to reject attitude-change attempts.
C) Social situations can have a powerful influence on behavior.
D) Prison reform should include more opportunity for self-expression.

Question 48

Culturally determined rules and guidelines that tell us how to behave in groups are called

A) obedience rules.
B) gender roles.
C) social roles.
D) rules of decorum.

Question 49

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience indicate that

A) most people will obey inappropriate demands if they are received from an authority figure.
B) less than half the people will obey inappropriate demands,even if they are received from an authority figure.
C) only a few people will obey inappropriate demands,even if they are received from an authority figure.
D) most people will obey a demand from an authority figure,unless it will result in hurting someone else.

Question 50

Speakers are generally less persuasive if they obviously want to change our opinions,such as a salesperson trying to convince us to buy a car.Which speaker characteristic does this demonstrate?

A) attractiveness
B) intent
C) source power
D) context

Question 51

The process of changing another person's attitudes through arguments and other related means is called

A) conformity.
B) obedience.
C) persuasion.
D) attribution.

Question 52

Children develop some of their own attitudes about the behavior of others through parental modeling.This means that children

A) may pick up the attitudes they see in their parents.
B) have a natural tendency to want to dress nicely.
C) are preferred to be seen and not heard.
D) are preferred to be heard but not seen.

Question 53

When we do what we are told to do by people in authority,we are being

A) attributed.
B) dissonanced.
C) polarized.
D) obedient.

Question 54

The most serious criticism about how the subjects in Milgram's studies were handled was the

A) amount they were paid for participation.
B) unethical practices used.
C) failure to replicate the study.
D) usefulness of the results.

Question 55

According to social psychologists,______ are beliefs that predispose us to act and feel certain ways.

A) conforms
B) stereotypes
C) attitudes
D) social roles

Question 56

In Milgram's shock experiment,what effect did issuing orders over the telephone and lowering the prestige of the authority figure have on the behavior of research participants?

A) It reduced the tendency to obey.
B) It increased the tendency to obey.
C) It increased the transfer from one experimental session to the next.
D) It increased the validity of the experiment.

Question 57

When an authority figure gives you specific instructions and you follow them to the letter,________ has occurred.

A) attribution
B) obedience
C) dissonance
D) groupthink

Question 58

Tina appears very professional and diligent at work.When she is with her family,she kicks back and lets her mother take care of her needs.When she is with friends,she lets loose,jokes,and plays interactional games.Tina behaves very differently in each situation due to varying

A) levels of conformity.
B) social roles.
C) degrees of arousal.
D) gender rules.

Question 59

Which of the following are beliefs and opinions that influence people to behave in certain ways?

A) attitudes
B) tenets
C) laws
D) theories

Question 60

When a person thinks,feels,and acts toward something in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way,a(n)________ has developed.

A) attitude
B) trait
C) disposition
D) attribution

Question 61

One should deliver ________ messages to individuals who are initially favorable to the message and ________ messages to individuals who are initially unfavorable toward it.

A) one-sided;two-sided
B) two-sided;two-sided
C) one-sided;one-sided
D) two-sided;one-sided

Question 62

Terry was asked to participate in a brief phone survey.After she answered the survey questions,the interviewer asked her if she would complete a lengthy mailed survey.What technique of persuasion was used by the interviewer?

A) primacy technique
B) message framing technique
C) low-ball technique
D) foot-in-the-door technique

Question 63

Which of the following is true regarding listener characteristics and persuasion?

A) More intelligent people are easier to persuade.
B) People are easier to persuade when they are listening alone.
C) People with a high need for social approval are generally easier to persuade.
D) People with high self-concepts are easier to persuade.

Question 64

Under what condition are more intelligent listeners easier to persuade than less intelligent listeners?

A) when social approval is involved
B) when the message is difficult to understand
C) when the message is overly simple
D) when the speaker has poor self-esteem

Question 65

An attempt to change someone's attitudes is generally called

A) persuasion.
B) groupthink.
C) polarization.
D) attribution.

Question 66

The tendency for low credibility speakers to influence our attitudes after a time is called

A) the sleeper effect.
B) delayed attraction.
C) the delayed effect.
D) delayed credibility.

Question 67

Sara learns that her attitudes regarding thinness contributed to the development of an eating disorder in her daughter.According to Festinger,why would Sara change her attitude regarding thinness?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) balance theory
C) reactance
D) self-perception

Question 68

Consistency between attitudes and behaviors is an indicator of ________ cognitive dissonance.

A) high
B) low
C) polarized
D) unmeasurable

Question 69

According to ______ theory,attitudes tend to shift to be consistent with behavior.

A) social role
B) polarization
C) cognitive dissonance
D) groupthink

Question 70

If you want to change someone's opinion about something,what is the optimum level of self-esteem for that person to possess?

A) no self-esteem
B) high self-esteem
C) low self-esteem
D) moderate self-esteem

Question 71

According to the theory of cognitive dissonance,if I wanted to change someone's attitude,I should

A) present a high-fear persuasive speech.
B) present a medium-fear persuasive speech.
C) present a low-fear persuasive speech.
D) get the person to change behavior first.

Question 72

The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior are uncomfortable,

A) causing people to engage in groupthink.
B) but attitude change does not reduce dissonance.
C) and people will therefore change their attitudes to reduce this discomfort.
D) and so people engage in attribution to reduce the discomfort.

Question 73

Generally speaking,a speaker who is attractive,popular,famous,and likeable will

A) be less effective in changing our opinions compared to an unattractive speaker.
B) not be taken seriously by anyone due to the impact of the halo effect.
C) be more effective in changing our opinions compared to an unattractive speaker.
D) not be able to persuade anyone because they don't look like their audience.

Question 74

The technique from persuasion called ______ means that a person makes a small request first to get you to agree,then makes a larger request second.

A) foot-in-the-door
B) door-in-the-face
C) obedience to authority
D) bait-and-switch

Question 75

Cedric saw an ad for a big screen television at a great price.When he went to the television showroom he was told that the model was completely sold out,but another similar model was available for a slightly higher price.This is an example of the

A) low-ball technique.
B) foot-in-the-door technique.
C) door-in-the-face technique.
D) too-good-to-be-true technique.

Question 76

If you were a car salesperson and you were instructed to use the low-ball technique,which of the following would be an example of that technique?

A) You would get the person to agree that in retrospect,they really don't need a car anyway.
B) You would get the person to buy the car under favorable conditions,then change the conditions.
C) You would get the person to buy the car at a higher price than necessary,improving the profit.
D) You would get the person to buy two cars for the price of one.

Question 77

You have been chosen to speak to the Young Republicans and the Young Democrats regarding the new nuclear plant to be built near your neighborhood.Regardless of the position you take,it is likely that the audience will be relatively intelligent and that opinion will be split.Therefore,it is imperative that you use a

A) fear-producing message.
B) one-sided presentation.
C) two-sided presentation.
D) message with a sleeper effect.

Question 78

In contrast to attribution theory,cognitive dissonance theory

A) assumes that tension is produced by an inconsistency between acts and attitudes.
B) also explains person perception and impression formation.
C) assumes that individuals do not have stable attitudes.
D) does not involve the notion of tension.

Question 79

Which technique used in the persuasion of a sale often works even though the buyer gets the worst end of the deal?

A) foot-in-the-door technique
B) low-ball technique
C) too-good-to-be-true technique
D) buyer-beware technique

Question 80

James states that he believes in conservation of energy and care for the environment.James drives a big SUV to work every day by himself rather than carpool or take the bus.When he becomes aware of the contradiction here,James will feel uncomfortable because of

A) sleeper effects.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) attitudinal diffusion.
D) responsibility diffusion.