Deck 10: Developmental Psychology

Question 1

The more-or-less predictable changes in behavior associated with age characterize the process of

A) development.
B) socialization.
C) learning.
D) materialization.

Answer 1

development.

Question 2

In terms of variations in development,different children develop

A) at the same rate.
B) the ability to skip developmental stages.
C) at different rates.
D) through different orders of stages.

Answer 2

at different rates.

Question 3

Developmental psychology is best described as a study of

A) the physical human growth process.
B) how people become individuals.
C) how the environment shapes human beings.
D) changes in behavior across the entire life span.

Answer 3

changes in behavior across the entire life span.

Question 4

What does research suggest about the permanence of early abnormal experiences on human development?

A) Early abnormal experiences produce irreversible damage to social development.
B) Humans are affected by early abnormal experiences in a manner similar to Harlows's monkeys.
C) Psychologists agree that abnormal early experiences can be reversed before the age of 15 years.
D) Psychologists disagree about the permanence of abnormal early experiences on human development.

Question 5

The term "maturation" refers to systematic changes of the body brought about by

A) environment.
B) learning.
C) physical growth.
D) nurture.

Question 6

Imprinting can only occur during the

A) critical period.
B) sensorimotor stage.
C) integrity vs.despair stage.
D) climacteric period.

Question 7

The nature or nurture issue involves a debate about the relative contributions to development by

A) genes and chromosomes.
B) learning and culture.
C) society and family.
D) genes and environment.

Question 8

Based on the research by the Harlows,what happened when mother-deprived monkeys became mothers themselves?

A) They tended to prefer nurturing the offspring of others.
B) They rejected and attacked their own infants.
C) They forced the fathers to complete all infant-related tasks.
D) They were normal and nurturing mothers.

Question 9

Which of the following terms is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate?

A) maturation
B) critical period
C) genetics
D) learning

Question 10

Fred read that children usually learn to walk by the age of 12 months.If Fred's little boy is not walking at 13 and 1/2 months,should Fred be concerned?

A) Yes,the child has passed the critical period for walking.
B) Yes,the child is maturationally delayed.
C) Yes,the child's sensorimotor skills are lagging.
D) No,children develop at different rates.

Question 11

If an infant begins talking at a very early age,what can you conclude about the child's future abilities?

A) He child will continue talking.
B) He child will learn to write early.
C) He child will be a good debater.
D) He child is very intelligent.

Question 12

In helping to understand how we develop,the ______ approach suggests we are controlled by biological factors,while the ______ approach suggests that the psychological environment determines who we are.

A) continuity;discontinuity
B) nature;nurture
C) sensorimotor;preoperational
D) identity;despair

Question 13

A stage theorist is likely to believe that development proceeds according to

A) the laws of learning.
B) the influences of society.
C) genetic blueprint.
D) the stages of personal experience.

Question 14

Monkeys who were reared alone for the first 6 months of their lives and placed with an opposite-sex monkey at adulthood

A) were fearful or clumsy in sexual situations.
B) usually behaved in hypersexual ways.
C) were as sexually adjusted as monkeys reared with peers.
D) did not engage in any sexual behaviors.

Question 15

Which of the following illustrates the principle of a critical period?

A) learning to ride a bicycle when physically mature
B) developing secondary sexual characteristics
C) an animal who must reach a certain age before it learns to hunt
D) learning to hop only after learning to walk

Question 16

The fact that a two-year-old child cannot catch a ball with one hand would emphasize the importance of _______ in development.

A) experience
B) interest
C) critical periods
D) maturation

Question 17

What impact did the Harlows's research with monkeys have on Freud's beliefs about development?

A) The Harlows's research supported Freud's belief about critical periods.
B) The Harlows's research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important.
C) The Harlows's research conflicted with Freud's theory of moral development.
D) The Harlows's research did not support Freud's beliefs about the influence of early experiences.

Question 18

A gosling's inborn tendency to follow anything that moves just after hatching is an example of a type of learning called

A) stimulus generalization.
B) one-trial learning.
C) observational learning.
D) imprinting.

Question 19

When monkeys were raised in isolation for the first few months of their lives and then introduced into a normal environment,

A) it took three years to overcome the effects of deprivation.
B) they were able to adjust and relate well with other monkeys.
C) their behavior was affected,even three years later.
D) the initial harmful social effect wore off after three years.

Question 20

Most psychologists believe the roles of nature and nurture

A) are equal across many aspects of development.
B) vary in importance.
C) combine to form our behavior but not our thoughts.
D) combine to influence behavior and our thoughts.

Question 21

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club.The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him.According to Kohlberg,the child is operating at the _______ level.

A) premoral
B) conventional
C) principled
D) social influence

Question 22

Mahatma Gandhi,Martin Luther King,and Eleanor Roosevelt are all believed to be examples of people who make moral choices mostly in the _______ stage.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) premoral
D) principled

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?

A) Individuals make choices based on a set of ethical principles they believe in.
B) Individuals make choices based on what they think they can get away with.
C) Individuals make choices based on what others will think of them.
D) Individuals make choices based on what will reap the most rewards.

Question 24

After age 11,______ moral reasoning predominates according to Kohlberg.

A) conventional
B) concrete
C) premoral
D) principled

Question 25

Individual survival,self-sacrifice,and equity are components of _______ theory of moral development.

A) Gilligan's
B) Kohlberg's
C) Erickson's
D) Heinz's

Question 26

When a child has no sense of morality,as adults understand the term,Kohlberg would say that the child is at the _______ level of moral reasoning.

A) principled
B) conventional
C) premoral
D) sensorimotor

Question 27

According to Kohlberg,higher levels of moral development reflect an increase in

A) understanding rules and laws.
B) concern over the ethics of a person's actions.
C) the consequences of a person's actions.
D) doing what society thinks is right.

Question 28

Stage theorists believe that all children pass through different stages

A) in the same way.
B) at the same age.
C) at the same time.
D) in the same order.

Question 29

In the premoral level of moral thinking,decisions are based on

A) internally determined punishments and rewards.
B) externally determined punishments and rewards.
C) the standards of parents and authorities.
D) the laws set by the society the person lives in.

Question 30

Which of the following behaviors is an example of Kohlberg's premoral level?

A) getting good grades because your parents got good grades
B) getting good grades because the school requires it
C) getting good grades to earn money from your parents
D) getting good grades because you want good grades

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) premoral,conventional,principled
B) preconventional,principled,moral
C) preoperational,conventional,principled
D) premoral,principled,conventional

Question 32

At the _________ level of cognitive development,individuals decide right and wrong depending on personal consequences of good or bad.

A) premoral
B) conventional
C) principled
D) post-principled

Question 33

In the first level of Gilligan's theory of moral development,children are concerned with

A) what is good for them.
B) the approval of others.
C) whether their parents will love them.
D) their own sense of right and wrong.

Question 34

According to Kohlberg,nearly all children use only ______ reasoning at age of 7 years.

A) principled
B) abstract
C) conventional
D) premoral

Question 35

If Elena does not cheat on tests because she feels it is important to obey rules set down by her teachers,then she is probably functioning at the _______ stage of moral development.

A) authoritarian
B) survival
C) principled
D) conventional

Question 36

At Kohlberg's _______ level of moral development,individuals make choices to obtain rewards and avoid punishment.

A) conventional
B) premoral
C) principled
D) postmoral

Question 37

In Gilligan's second level of moral development,there is increased awareness

A) that sacrifices should be shared.
B) of the consequences of behavior.
C) of the rules of society.
D) of the needs of others.

Question 38

What do stage theorists mean when they discuss that the transition between stages is a gradual blending?

A) A child may have mastered part of the next stage while still struggling with part of the previous stage.
B) A child can be fully encompassed in both an earlier stage and the next stage at the exact same time.
C) Stage theorists truly believe that there are no stages at all but that children develop at a gradual pace.
D) No matter what stage theory you believe in,there are seven parts to it,just like the colors of the rainbow.

Question 39

Jean Piaget is notable for proposing a widely influential theory of _______ development.

A) personality
B) cognitive
C) physical
D) moral

Question 40

According to Kohlberg,which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?

A) Don't get caught.
B) Don't be a jerk.
C) We all have rights.
D) It's the law

Question 41

Which of the following describes the moral stage of morality as self-sacrifice?

A) The person acts for a higher purpose,following an internalized moral code.
B) A person acts in such a way as to obtain rewards for themselves and to avoid punishments.
C) The person views their own needs as equal to those needs of others.
D) To be good and receive approval,they must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.

Question 42

The period known as infancy lasts from about the ______ mark to the ______ mark.

A) 2-week;26-week
B) 2-week;1-year
C) 1-week;26-week
D) 2-week;2-year

Question 43

Gilligan objected to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning primarily because his stages

A) were biased,favoring male-styled morality.
B) did not show clear stage-like separation of behaviors.
C) were based on speculation other than objective research.
D) were not correlated with actual moral behavior.

Question 44

The first stage of Erikson's personality development theory is

A) autonomy vs.shame and doubt.
B) basic trust vs.mistrust.
C) initiative vs.guilt.
D) industry vs.inferiority.

Question 45

What do Kohlberg and Gilligan's first levels of moral development have in common?

A) Children have no sense of morality.
B) Rewards are sought and punishment is avoided.
C) Self-sacrifice and the approval of others is the impetus for behavior.
D) One's own principles of morality are employed.

Question 46

According to Gilligan,moral development in males begins with ______ and moral development in females begins with ______.

A) self-interest;self-interest
B) self-interest;abstract principles of justice
C) balanced concern for self and others;self-interest
D) balanced concern for self and others;abstract principles of justice

Question 47

The last stage of Erikson's personality development theory is

A) identity vs.role confusion.
B) intimacy vs.isolation.
C) integrity vs.despair.
D) generativity vs.stagnation.

Question 48

A two-week-old sleeps 16 hours a day.While his mother enjoys the rest,she is worried that he sleeps too much.What advice would you give her?

A) See a doctor because excessive sleeping is associated with crib death.
B) Although girls sleep longer,she should be concerned for a boy who sleeps that long.
C) It is normal for babies to sleep 16 hours a day.
D) She should wake up the baby and feed him more often.

Question 49

In Piaget's cognitive development theory,the infancy period occurs during the _______ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 50

In Gilligan's theory of moral development,girls begin at a stage of ______ and move toward a stage of ______.

A) balanced concern for self and others;self-interest
B) self-interest;balanced concern for self and others
C) abstract principles of justice;balanced concern for self and others
D) abstract principles of justice;self-interest

Question 51

In Erikson's stage theory of development,the stages are known as

A) crises.
B) blending points.
C) choice points.
D) milestones.

Question 52

What is the order,from earliest to latest,of Gilligan's stages of moral development for girls?

A) equity,self-sacrifice,individual survival
B) self-sacrifice,equality,individual survival
C) individual survival,self-sacrifice,equality
D) self-sacrifice,individual survival,equality

Question 53

During infancy and childhood,the outcome of Erikson's developmental crises are primarily influenced by the

A) actions of the child's parents.
B) child's genetic blueprint.
C) degree of cognitive and moral reasoning.
D) degree of self-concern.

Question 54

The Erikson's personality development stage where a person learns to feel comfortable and can rely on parents or develops a perception of the world that is unsafe is known as

A) basic trust vs.mistrust.
B) initiative vs.guilt.
C) identity vs.role confusion.
D) generativity vs.stagnation.

Question 55

If 30-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in,Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the _____________ stage.

A) intimacy vs.isolation
B) generativity vs.stagnation
C) autonomy vs.shame and doubt
D) identity vs.role confusion

Question 56

When young infants are touched on the cheek,they reflexively turn their heads in the direction of the stimulus and begin to "mouth" toward the stimulus.This response is known as the _______ reflex.

A) sensorimotor
B) neonatal
C) sucking
D) rooting

Question 57

The first two weeks of life are known as the ______ period.

A) gestational
B) neonatal
C) imprinting
D) critical

Question 58

During Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs.isolation,what happens?

A) Individuals gain the ability to plan for themselves or to live within the limits of others.
B) Individuals learn to meet the demands of life or start to believe in their own inferiority.
C) Individuals acquire a sense of self or become confused about their role in life.
D) Individuals form into couples or become separated from meaningful relationships.

Question 59

What best distinguishes the infancy stage from other stages of development?

A) Physical growth is most rapid in the first year.
B) Cognitive growth is 5 times greater than in any other developmental stage.
C) Emotions are fully developed before the next developmental stage.
D) It is the only stage that has no emotional development.

Question 60

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that

A) development is driven by personal choices,independent of the actions of parents and others.
B) life is full of disasters and the challenge we face is to suffer through without giving up.
C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
D) most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.

Question 61

You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles.While he is playing with them,you ask him how many blue marbles there are.He correctly answers,"Nine!" You ask,"How many green marbles?" Joe says,"Four!" You then ask,"Are there more blue or green?" He responds,"Blue!" Finally,you ask,"Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds,"Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?

A) concrete operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) equilibrational

Question 62

Studies with the visual cliff suggest that infants

A) cannot perceive depth until 9 months of age.
B) develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall.
C) are fearful of heights as early as 2-weeks old.
D) up to 1 year of age willingly crawl over a "drop" to reach their mom.

Question 63

Which of the following would indicate that a human parent and child have formed a strong attachment?

A) imprinting
B) infant egocentrism
C) separation anxiety
D) object permanence

Question 64

The first type of play that children engage in is called _______ play.

A) parallel
B) solitary
C) cooperative
D) abstract

Question 65

Between ages 7 and 11,many of the restrictions of earlier patterns disappear and children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented.Piaget calls this stage

A) concrete operations.
B) formal operations.
C) preoperational thought.
D) sensorimotor limits.

Question 66

Reversibility is a skill usually not achieved until Piaget's _______ stage.

A) formal operational
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 67

Which of the following would be an example of telegraphic speech?

A) Do you like me?
B) I love you.
C) Milk all gone.
D) Please get me the ball.

Question 68

If a child recognizes that changes in the shape of a clay ball do not change the amount of clay in the ball,the child has demonstrated

A) object permanence.
B) formal operations.
C) reversibility.
D) conservation.

Question 69

If a child can understand that 2+2=4 and 4-2=2,then the child possesses the characteristic of

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) algebra.
D) reversibility.

Question 70

The first time a child possesses the ability of conservation occurs during the ______ stage of cognitive development.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 71

What three emotions are neonates capable of expressing?

A) pleasure,fear,and anger
B) surprise,pleasure,and distress
C) shyness,pleasure,and anger
D) pleasure,anger,and distress

Question 72

Piaget's use of the term egocentric means that the child

A) cannot see things from another's perspective.
B) is very selfish at a particular age.
C) lacks the power of reversibility.
D) only has thoughts about themselves.

Question 73

"Out of sight,out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of

A) conservation.
B) separation anxiety.
C) attachment.
D) object permanence.

Question 74

Infants about 6 to 9 months in age experience crying and fussing when their parents leave and they are left with the baby-sitter.This phenomenon is known as

A) maturation.
B) egocentrism.
C) hindsight bias.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 75

A young child tells his parents not to put his new stuffed animal in the toy box because it will get lonely.This is an example of

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) irreversibility.
D) conservation.

Question 76

The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) hindsight bias.
D) conservation.

Question 77

In which stage of cognitive development does the child coordinate sensations and motor movements?

A) egocentric
B) initiative vs.guilt
C) premoral
D) sensorimotor

Question 78

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 79

The belief that inanimate objects are actually alive is known as

A) menarche.
B) climacteric.
C) animism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 80

The cognitive stage lasting from about 2-years old to 7-years old is known as the _______ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational