Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation concerns the ______ state that activates and gives direction to thought.

A) internal
B) external
C) neutral
D) extrinsic

Answer 1

internal

Question 2

A condition called hyperphagia will occur if which brain area is damaged?

A) paraventricular nucleus
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) feeding center
D) satiety center

Answer 2

satiety center

Question 3

Why are motivation and emotion closely linked concepts?

A) Motives are often accompanied by emotion.
B) Both involve homeostatic mechanisms.
C) They are opponent processes.
D) Emotions are primary motives.

Answer 3

Motives are often accompanied by emotion.

Question 4

The brain area responsible for controlling blood sugar levels is the

A) paraventricular nucleus.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) satiety center.
D) feeding center.

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a primary motive?

A) praise
B) satisfaction
C) food
D) money

Question 6

Jennifer had a craving for milk and dairy products,which she normally avoids.Later,she learned she had a calcium deficiency.Her craving could have been the result of

A) a specific hunger.
B) hyperphagia.
C) an incentive.
D) homeostasis.

Question 7

Internal mechanisms of the body that regulate essential life elements are known as

A) homeostatic mechanisms.
B) primary drives.
C) secondary drives.
D) maintenance mechanisms.

Question 8

The reason that the sex motive is considered a primary motive is that

A) sex is primarily instinctual rather than learned.
B) the sex drive is not a biologically regulated mechanism.
C) sex is not a bodily need necessary for personal health.
D) sex is essential for the survival of the species.

Question 9

The definition of emotion includes both ______ and ______ feelings that are accompanied by arousal and behavior.

A) intrinsic;extrinsic
B) positive;negative
C) past;future
D) internal;external

Question 10

Your hunger center is located in the __________ hypothalamus,and your satiety center is located in the __________ hypothalamus.

A) lateral;paraventricular
B) ventromedial;lateral
C) paraventricular;ventromedial
D) lateral;ventromedial

Question 11

If the feeding center in a rat's hypothalamus is destroyed,what will happen to the rat's behavior?

A) The rat will continue to eat normally.
B) The rat will crave fat laden foods.
C) The rat will stop eating.
D) The rat will overeat to obesity.

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary motive?

A) sex
B) acceptance
C) love
D) achievement

Question 13

Human body temperature fluctuates around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.The body maintains this temperature through a process called

A) primary motivation.
B) drive reduction.
C) homeostasis.
D) optimal arousal.

Question 14

How do stomach contractions cue the regulation of hunger?

A) They release glucose into the bloodstream.
B) They signal the lateral hypothalamus.
C) They stimulate the satiety center.
D) They produce a state of hyperphagia.

Question 15

The best definition of emotion would include

A) feelings,arousal,and behavior.
B) sensations and cognitions.
C) environmental changes and subjectivity.
D) homeostasis and primary motives.

Question 16

How are motivation and emotion similar?

A) They both develop incentives.
B) They both satisfy needs.
C) They both activate behavior.
D) They both regulate homeostasis.

Question 17

What is the direct role of homeostatic mechanisms?

A) to maintain a balance of the body's essential needs
B) to minimize pain and maximize pleasure
C) to seek daring sensations and to avoid danger
D) to avoid danger and seek out safety

Question 18

Because motivation cannot be directly observed,it must be inferred from

A) psychophysiology.
B) emotions.
C) behaviors.
D) EEG patterns.

Question 19

Primary motives are important because if we do not satisfy these motives,we

A) have low self-esteem.
B) are dissatisfied.
C) are lonely.
D) die.

Question 20

What do hunger,thirst,and temperature regulation have in common?

A) They are controlled by the thalamus.
B) They are under homeostatic control.
C) They are understood by the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) They are not self-regulating.

Question 21

Laboratory research with animals indicated that weight can be pushed above the natural set point by

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) homeostasis.
C) novel stimulation.
D) incentives.

Question 22

Which of the following people is displaying the highest achievement motivation? A person who

A) prepares nutritious meals for health purposes.
B) strives to prepare meals that bring enjoyment.
C) strives to master the fine art of cooking.
D) wants to reward a colleague with a fine meal.

Question 23

A message to drink is sent when

A) too little ADH is detected by the kidneys.
B) the kidneys detect too much glycogen.
C) ADH is detected by the hypothalamus.
D) angiotensin is detected by the hypothalamus.

Question 24

Experiments have shown that monkeys will work quite hard to peer through a window at such things as model trains going around.What best explains why they will do this?

A) It satisfies a homeostatic drive.
B) It provides novel stimulation.
C) It satisfies the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) Watching fulfills a biological incentive.

Question 25

The message to drink fluids is sent to the cerebral cortex when the level of sodium salts _______ on the _______ of body cells.

A) increases;outside
B) increases;inside
C) decreases;outside
D) decreases;inside

Question 26

You are working for a promotion to a higher-paying job.You learned that to qualify you must earn a score of 80 percent on a placement test.Therefore,you buy three practice books and take an expensive,time-consuming course to guarantee that your score will be much higher than the required 80 percent.You are expressing

A) the need for attention.
B) optimal arousal.
C) the need for power.
D) achievement motivation.

Question 27

A decrease in total body fluids causes an increase in cellular

A) activity.
B) hydration.
C) sodium concentration.
D) potassium concentration.

Question 28

Which of the following is a cue that regulates drinking?

A) blood potassium levels
B) blood sugar levels
C) total blood volume
D) intracellular blood volume

Question 29

The feeding system is located in the ______ hypothalamus and the satiety system is located in the ______ hypothalamus.

A) ventromedial;lateral
B) upper;lower
C) lateral;ventromedial
D) lower;upper

Question 30

If specialized cells in the drink center become dehydrated,what will happen next?

A) The kidneys will produce angiotensin.
B) The hypothalamus will produce sodium.
C) The pituitary gland will release ADH.
D) Sodium salts will enter body cells.

Question 31

When our bodies need certain food substances,like a vitamin or protein,

A) the thalamus initiates eating behavior.
B) blood fat and blood sugar levels rise.
C) specific hungers may develop.
D) homeostasis creates pituitary activation.

Question 32

The rate at which cells use energy is called

A) hyperphagia.
B) metabolism.
C) set point.
D) calorization.

Question 33

Which of the following plays the largest role in the control of hunger?

A) stomach
B) hypothalamus
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 34

When an antidiuretic hormone is secreted into the bloodstream and reaches the kidneys,the kidneys

A) release insulin into the bloodstream.
B) increase water consumption.
C) shut down.
D) conserve water.

Question 35

Even though the center for hunger and thirst is in the _______,different _______ are involved.

A) liver;incentives
B) kidneys;insulin levels
C) small intestine;receptor sites
D) hypothalamus;neurotransmitters

Question 36

Surgical destruction of the drink center causes an animal to

A) have a very dry mouth.
B) drink excessive amounts of water.
C) refuse water.
D) secrete ADH.

Question 37

Suppose you have noticed that people waiting to see a physician prefer to wait in a room with pictures and plants rather than in a room without them.This suggests a need for

A) affiliation.
B) belonging.
C) social stimulation.
D) novel stimulation.

Question 38

Concerning body weight,your set point is analogous to a

A) thermostat.
B) drill press.
C) dishwasher.
D) garden hose.

Question 39

If a person is satiated,it means that they are

A) hungry and they will gorge themselves for hours.
B) full but they still want more dessert.
C) hungry yet they have no desire to eat.
D) full and do not need to eat anymore.

Question 40

Avoidance of boredom is best classified as an example of which of the following needs?

A) a primary need
B) a psychological need
C) the need for affiliation
D) a homeostatic need

Question 41

How are psychological motives and biological motives related?

A) Psychological motives are not directly related to biological survival.
B) Psychological motives are completely driven by biological needs.
C) Biological needs are rarely influenced by psychological motives.
D) Psychology motives and biological motives are synonymous.

Question 42

A parent who pays a child for good grades is offering the child _______ motivation.

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic
C) incentive
D) internal

Question 43

Which of the following situations is a clear violation of the optimal level of arousal theory?

A) A tired new mother takes a relaxing bath while her child cries.
B) An overburdened student starts a new job during finals week.
C) An anxiety-ridden secretary decides to change jobs.
D) A stressed executive watches a movie during lunch break.

Question 44

Jami has traced his restless feelings to the dull,repetitious,unexciting lifestyle he has been leading.He plans to bring some fun into his life by doing at least one highly physical activity each week.The source of Jami's motivation is most likely

A) drive reduction.
B) opponent processes.
C) need for affiliation.
D) optimum arousal.

Question 45

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,performance is generally best under which condition?

A) high arousal
B) low arousal
C) moderate arousal
D) no arousal

Question 46

The opponent-process principle of emotions is exemplified in which of the following situations?

A) Tom became angry when Jim asked Darlene to the prom before Tom had a chance to ask her.
B) The promotion was thrilling,but once the novelty wore off there was somewhat of a letdown.
C) Foot racers run faster when they are in actual competition than in practice alone.
D) Performance on a history test will deteriorate if you are either too nervous or too apathetic about it.

Question 47

A child who cleans up his room every day because he wants his $2 allowance on Saturday is

A) self-actualizing.
B) extrinsically motivated.
C) intrinsically motivated.
D) probably a Type B personality.

Question 48

Which of the following is best linked to the activity of the reticular formation?

A) hunger
B) arousal
C) thirst
D) affiliation

Question 49

If you work very hard in your psychology class to avoid getting a low grade,then you would be said to have

A) performance-avoidance goals.
B) mastery goals.
C) performance approach goals.
D) low grade orientation.

Question 50

An internal desire to do good just for the sake of doing good is evidence of _______ motivation.

A) competence
B) incentive
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic

Question 51

Generally speaking,humans prefer to have regular contact with other people,and this preference is known as

A) self-actualization.
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) optimal arousal theory.
D) need for affiliation.

Question 52

In a research study of achievement motivation,students who made the lowest grades in a course rated themselves low in the area of _______ at the beginning of the course.

A) performance-avoidance goals
B) opponent goals
C) mastery goals
D) extrinsic performance goals

Question 53

Jim drinks on a daily basis because of the euphoria he feels.If you follow the opponent-process model,you would predict that over time Jim would feel his euphoria _______ intensely and his withdrawals _______ intensely.

A) less;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) more;less

Question 54

Which of the following statements most accurately depicts what is meant by seeking novel stimulation? Humans and other animals tend to

A) prefer physical stimulation over psychological stimulation.
B) try to find novel situations and environments.
C) stimulate themselves prior to stimulating others.
D) seek out the most soothing environments available.

Question 55

Too little arousal and performance may be inadequate;too much arousal and performance may be disrupted and disorganized.The notion that the optimal arousal level is somewhere between these two extremes is known as the

A) Nelson hypothesis.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 56

If you were a very good tennis player,having lots of people in the stands would likely

A) not affect your performance.
B) detract from your performance.
C) enhance your performance.
D) minimize your arousal.

Question 57

Which theory proposes that behavior may be aimed at increasing or decreasing alertness and activity depending on the circumstances?

A) the optimal level of arousal
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law
C) the James-Lange theory
D) novel stimulation theory

Question 58

In spite of the fact that he sold only two paintings in his entire life,Van Gogh painted for hours each day.He most likely was motivated by

A) opponent-processes.
B) extrinsic factors.
C) intrinsic factors.
D) novel stimulation.

Question 59

Which of the following is the opponent-process theory particularly good at explaining?

A) motives that are difficult to understand
B) how primary motives are learned
C) the motivation for novel stimulation
D) how people become self-actualized

Question 60

Which of the following statements is a component of Solomon's opponent-process theory of motivation?

A) A positive feeling is followed by a feeling of numbness.
B) Positive feelings turn out to just be nonnegative feelings.
C) A positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling.
D) Feelings are neither positive or negative,but merely neutral.

Question 61

The lowest or most basic needs in Maslow's classification system are called _______ needs.

A) biological
B) safety
C) social
D) self-esteem

Question 62

Changes in physiological arousal are first detected in the _______ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) plateau
B) resolution
C) orgasmic
D) excitement

Question 63

Masters and Johnson identified four components of the human sexual response cycle.What are they (in the order that they occur)?

A) resolution;excitement;orgasmic;plateau
B) resolution;excitement;plateau;orgasmic
C) excitement;plateau;orgasmic;resolution
D) plateau;resolution;excitement;orgasmic

Question 64

In Maslow's hierarchy of motives,lower needs

A) tend to be satisfied last.
B) are never really satisfied.
C) must be satisfied before higher needs.
D) are just as important as all other needs.

Question 65

If the inherent nature of an activity is rewarding to you,then ______ motivation may be the explanation for why you participate in that activity.

A) extrinsic
B) medial
C) external
D) intrinsic

Question 66

Research indicates that if a behavior is intrinsically motivated,giving a reward will

A) heighten intrinsic motivation.
B) diminish intrinsic motivation.
C) not affect motivation.
D) increase the behavioral repertoire.

Question 67

The involuntary and simultaneous experience of involuntary spasms of many muscle groups during a sexual experience is known as

A) resolution.
B) an orgasm.
C) nirvana.
D) the plateau.

Question 68

The shortest phase of the sexual response cycle is the

A) refractory period.
B) orgasmic phase.
C) excitement phase.
D) resolution phase.

Question 69

The second phase in the human sexual response cycle is the

A) excitement phase.
B) plateau phase.
C) orgasm phase.
D) resolution phase.

Question 70

"Higher motives become unimportant when lower motives are unmet" is a prediction based on whose theory?

A) Maslow
B) Cannon
C) James
D) Bard

Question 71

If you are paying your child for every correct math problem on tonight's homework,and the child wouldn't even work on math if left up to him,the use of money would be taken as an example of ______ motivation.

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic
C) natural
D) paid

Question 72

Research concerning Maslow's hierarchy of needs has suggested that

A) self-actualization does not exist.
B) love appears to be a greater need than safety.
C) self-esteem is extrinsically motivated.
D) higher needs may be pursued while lower needs are unmet.

Question 73

According to Maslow's needs hierarchy,what motives will be most prominent in a person's behavior?

A) self-actualization motives
B) social and self-esteem motives
C) primary drives that are easily attained
D) the lowest,unsatisfied motives

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

A) going to a show early to get the best seat
B) working hard to make more money
C) playing sports because you love to
D) achieving goals because others want you to

Question 75

When sexual pleasure is very high but not yet at its peak,the person has most likely reached the _______ phase of sexual response.

A) excitement
B) orgasmic
C) refractory
D) plateau

Question 76

The highest and most difficult need to be satisfied in Maslow's hierarchy of motives is

A) socialization.
B) belongingness.
C) safety.
D) self-actualization.

Question 77

Praise can increase intrinsic motivation when the praise

A) implies that success was due to natural ability.
B) does not compare the child to other children.
C) states that the adult is actually controlling the child.
D) does compare the child to other children.

Question 78

There is evidence to suggest that if a behavior is infrequent and low in intrinsic motivation,extrinsic motivation will

A) cause the individual to seek other activities.
B) have very little effect on the behavior.
C) decrease the frequency of the behavior.
D) increase the frequency of the behavior.

Question 79

The refractory period during sexual activity occurs only in

A) adults over 65 years of age.
B) those taking medication.
C) men.
D) women.

Question 80

The first phase of the sexual response cycle is the ______ phase.

A) excitement
B) orgasmic
C) plateau
D) resolution