Deck 9: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

What is the visual pigment that helps transform energy from light into a nerve impulse sent to the brain?

A)retinoic acid.
B)opsin.
C)retinal.
D)rhodopsin.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food?

A)yellow squash
B)spinach
C)yellow apples
D)carrots

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision?

A)carotenoids
B)preformed vitamin A
C)retinal
D)retinoic acid

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Why is the risk of toxicity greater for fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins?

A)Fat-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine along with water-soluble vitamins.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver while water-soluble vitamins are not.
C)Unlike water-soluble vitamins,fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted and can accumulate in tissue.
D)Fat-soluble vitamins,in supplement form,are more bioavailable,compared to water-soluble vitamins.

Question 5

Which form of vitamin A has the greatest impact on cell differentiation?

A)preformed vitamin A
B)retinal
C)retinoic acid
D)retinol

Question 6

Vitamin A is essential for which of the following functions in the body?

A)normal reproduction
B)normal growth
C)immune function
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 7

What is required for fat-soluble vitamins to be absorbed?

A)bile and lymph
B)lymph and dietary fat
C)lymph andchylomicrons
D)bile and dietary fat

Question 8

Deficiencies of what two vitamins are common in developing countries?

A)A;E
B)D;K
C)A;D
D)E;K

Question 9

When consumption of a macronutrient is insufficient,vitamin A absorption is reduced.Which macronutrient?

A)protein
B)fat
C)carbohydrate
D)water

Question 10

Fat-soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine to the blood stream in what particle?

A)chylomicrons.
B)very low-density lipoproteins.
C)low-density lipoproteins.
D)high-density lipoproteins.

Question 11

Vitamin A is unstable when exposed to which of the following?

A)heat.
B)light.
C)lack of oxygen.
D)fat.

Question 12

Which of the following transports vitamin A from the liver to tissues?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Chylomicrons
C)Opsin
D)Retinol-binding protein

Question 13

Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods,which enzyme is required for absorption?

A)pepsin
B)bile
C)amylase
D)lactase

Question 14

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces the intake of all fat-soluble vitamins except one.Which one?

A)A.
B)D.
C)E.
D)K.

Question 15

Which carotenoid has the most vitamin A activity?

A)beta-carotene.
B)alpha-carotene.
C)beta-cryptoxanthin.
D)lycopene.

Question 16

Which statement about frozen food is FALSE?

A)The process of freezing vegetables can cause some nutrient losses.
B)Fresh produce from the grocery store always has more nutrients than frozen produce.
C)Produce is often frozen in the fields where it is grown.
D)Freezing stops the loss of nutrients caused by time and exposure to heat,light,and air.

Question 17

Which statement about fat-soluble vitamins is FALSE?

A)Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins must be consumed daily to prevent deficiency.
C)The intake of fat-soluble vitamins can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate.
D)After absorption,fat-soluble vitamins are transported in the lymphatic system.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A in the diet is TRUE?

A)Preformed vitamin A is found primarily in animal foods.
B)Provitamin A is found in fish and eggs.
C)Carotenoids are responsible for the red color in beef.
D)Provitamin A compounds are called retinoids.

Question 19

When vitamin A is deficient there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment.Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)This condition is called night blindness.
B)This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light.
C)This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency.
D)This condition is irreversible.

Question 20

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE?

A)The canning process exposes vegetables to high temperatures,which reduces their nutrient content.
B)Canned vegetables are high in salt.
C)Canned vegetables keep for a long time without spoiling.
D)Canned vegetables are never the right choice for a healthy diet.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin A?

A)red blood cell formation
B)regulating gene expression
C)normal reproduction and growth
D)immune system support

Question 22

What compound forms when sunlight acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol?

A)cholecalciferol.
B)retinol.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)25-hydroxy vitamin D.

Question 23

What best explains why Canadians have low Vitamin A intake?

A)vitamin A rich foods are in scarce supply.
B)people tend to choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.
C)information about vitamin A in foods is not available.
D)vitamin A is found in summer fruits and is not available during the winter.

Question 24

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which of the following?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 25

Which is NOT a consequence of excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements?

A)toxicity.
B)birth defects.
C)increased incidence of bone fracture.
D)acne.

Question 26

Derivatives of vitamin A are used in the drugs Retin A and Accutane.Which statement about these drugs is FALSE?

A)Retin A can reduce wrinkles in skin.
B)These drugs can treat acne.
C)These drugs are derivatives of vitamin A.
D)These drugs are safer than vitamin A supplements since no toxicity is associated with them.

Question 27

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of what product is consumed?

A)carrot juice
B)egg yolks
C)sweet potatoes
D)vitamin A supplements

Question 28

Which statement about cholecalciferol is FALSE?

A)It is the chemical name for vitamin D₃.
B)It is formed,by sunlight,in the skin of animals.
C)It issynthesized from a cholesterol derivative.
D)It is destroyed by UV light.

Question 29

Carotenoids can accumulate in the adipose tissue causing skin to appear yellow.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)This is a dangerous toxicity.
B)This is caused by eating eggs.
C)This is called hypercarotenemia.
D)The whites of the eyes turn yellow,like jaundice.

Question 30

Cell differentiation is most affected by which of the following vitamins?

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin D.
C)vitamin E.
D)vitamin K.

Question 31

Which part of the body is most affected when keratomalacia occurs?

A)eyes
B)liver
C)skin
D)tongue

Question 32

Which form of vitamin A has antioxidant properties?

A)beta-carotene
B)preformed vitamin A
C)retinal
D)retinoic acid

Question 33

What is the key function of Vitamin A in gene expression?

A)Retinoic acid must bind to a protein in the cell membrane to ensure that a signal is sent to the nucleus to initiate gene expression..
B)Retinoic acid binds to mRNA to ensure that translation occurs.
C)Retinoic acid binds to mRNA to ensure that transcription occurs.
D)Retinoic acid must bind to a protein receptor and then the retinoic acid-protein receptor is able to bind to a regulatory region of DNA.

Question 34

Xerophthalmia occurs when vitamin A is deficient in the diet.What part of the body is affected?

A)ears.
B)eyes.
C)skin.
D)teeth.

Question 35

Which statement best distinguishes between retinoids and carotenoids?

A)Retinoids are found in plant products and include retinoic acid,while carotenoids are found in animal products..
B)Retinoids are found in animal products such as milk and egg yolks,while carotenoids are found in green and orange vegetables.
C)Carotenoids are found in animal products such as cheese,while retinoids are found in fruits and vegetables.
D)Carotenoids such as lycopene and lutein have vitamin A activity,while retinoids such as retinal have no vitamin A activity.

Question 36

Which mineral is needed for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism?

A)calcium
B)iron
C)phosphorus
D)zinc

Question 37

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

A)to provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to the equivalent amount of vitamin A
B)to determine the amount of vitamin A lost in food processing
C)to quantify the decrease in vitamin A function in the body due to exercise or activity
D)to increase absorption of vitamin A in the body

Question 38

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 39

Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin D?

A)whole-wheat bread
B)orange juice
C)peanut oil
D)fortified whole milk

Question 40

Which is NOT a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

A)Incomplete differentiation of epithelial cells.
B)Formation of hard protein found in hair and fingernails.
C)Excessive mucus production by epithelial cells.
D)Increased rate of infection.

Question 41

Vitamin E-rich foods are most plentiful in which three foods?

A)nuts,fats,and vegetables
B)fruit,dairy,and vegetables
C)meat,fats,and fruit
D)milk,meat,and grains

Question 42

For what is Vitamin E essential?

A)reproduction.
B)the prevention of rashes.
C)the healing of scars.
D)bone formation.

Question 43

Which of the following foods is NOT considered a good source of vitamin E?

A)peanuts
B)soybean oil
C)whole grains
D)orange and yellow vegetables

Question 44

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A)the elderly
B)light-skinned children
C)pregnant women
D)teenagers

Question 45

In 2007 the Institute of Medicine revised its DRIs for vitamin D and issued new RDAs for the vitamin.Why did some scientists disagree with the new recommendations?

A)the literature on vitamin D and cancer was ignored.
B)calcium absorption can be improved at intakes higher than those recommended
C)90% of Canadians had levels of vitamin D in the blood at or above the recommended levels for an adequate intake
D)Both a & b

Question 46

What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?

A)prevent anemia.
B)regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.
C)regulate iron levels in the body.
D)support night vision.

Question 47

What is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by bone and muscle pain?

A)keratomalacia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)rickets.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 48

Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A)Increased skin pigmentation.
B)Increased consumption of fatty fish
C)Low milk consumption
D)Less time spent in the sun

Question 49

Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE?

A)It can be caused by too much sunlight.
B)It can be caused by over supplementation or over consumption of fortified foods.
C)It results in the deposition of calcium in soft tissues.
D)It causes cardiovascular damage.

Question 50

"A syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children,and caused by vitamin D deficiency." What is being described?

A)rickets.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)keratomalacia.
D)osteomalacia.

Question 51

Vitamin D intake recommendations are based on the amount needed in the diet to maintain which of the following?

A)blood levels sufficient for the maintenance of bone health.
B)adequate calcium levels in the blood.
C)the same amount that might be synthesized by sunlight.
D)enough to regulate the immune system.

Question 52

What is the relationship between vitamin D and its receptor?

A)vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor on the cell membrane and initiates changes in metabolic pathways related to bone
B)vitamin D passes through the cell membrane and binds to DNA,stopping gene expression in cells such as those of the small intestine
C)vitamin D binds to its receptor in cells of many different organs of the body
D)vitamin D binds to its receptor in three parts of the body,the small intestine,the kidneys and the bone

Question 53

What is Vitamin E's primary function in the body?

A)reduction of oxidative stress
B)increased absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
C)regulation of acid-base balance.
D)regulation ofphosphorus levels.

Question 54

Why are vitamin D supplements recommended for breastfed babies?

A)Breast milk contains low levels of vitamin D
B)The immature digestive tract of a newborn infant cannot absorb vitamin D.
C)Newborn infants spend large amounts of time in the sun.
D)Vitamin D biosynthesis in the skin is inefficient.

Question 55

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin D is FALSE?

A)The ability to synthesize vitamin D in the skin decreases with age.
B)Vitamin D is naturally occurring in many foods.
C)Vitamin D deficiency is common in adults with kidney failure.
D)Too much vitamin D can cause elevated blood calcium levels.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a direct action of vitamin D?

A)removing calcium from the blood for deposit in bone tissue.
B)increasing the expression of genes that produce intestinal calcium transport proteins.
C)promoting the breakdown of bone tissue to release calcium into the blood.
D)increasing the retention of calcium by the kidneys.

Question 57

Which of the following statements regarding the RDA for vitamin D intake is NOT correct?

A)supplements are recommended for breastfed infants.
B)it is higher for adults 70 and older,than for younger adults.
C)it is lower for women during pregnancy,than for non-pregnant women
D)it assumes no vitamin D is synthesized in the skin.

Question 58

Based on a review scientific literature,the Institute of Medicine,in 2007,came to the conclusion that strong scientific evidence exists for which of the following roles for vitamin D?

A)the maintenance of bone health.
B)protection against certain cancers.
C)prevention of diabetes.
D)maintenance of a healthy immune function.

Question 59

What is the main reason vitamin D supplements are recommended for the elderly?

A)The synthesis of Vitamin D becomes more efficient as people age.
B)There is an increase in the vitamin D requirement in older adults,which is difficult to obtain from food sources alone.
C)There is less production of vitamin D during the winter months.
D)None of the above choices are correct.

Question 60

If dietary calcium is unavailable,vitamin D acts together with which hormone to increase the amount of calcium retained by the kidneys?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)anti-diuretic hormone
C)aldosterone
D)cortisol

Question 61

Why does long term use of antibiotics increase the risk of vitamin K deficiency?

A)Antibiotics interfere with absorption of the vitamin.
B)Antibiotics prevent vitamin K from functioning properly.
C)Antibiotics change the bacterial flora in the gut,decreasing vitamin K production.
D)Antibiotics enhance the absorption of other vitamins which compete with vitamin K for absorption.

Question 62

In the liver,vitamin E is incorporated into which lipoprotein?

A)chylomicrons
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a role of vitamin E?

A)protects membranes
B)maintains the integrity of red blood cells
C)protects against some environmental pollutants
D)synthesizes niacin from tryptophan

Question 64

Which statement best describes the difference between supplemental and food-based vitamin E?

A)food-based alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the form most commonly used in supplements.
B)synthetic vitamin E,which is typically found in supplements,is chemically identical to vitamin E found in food.
C)The most common form vitamin E found in supplements is gamma-tocopherol.
D)Supplemental forms of vitamin E are 8 times as active as natural forms.

Question 65

In which group is vitamin E deficiency is likely to be most common?

A)older adults.
B)premature infants.
C)teenagers.
D)pregnant women.

Question 66

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins can be synthesized by bacteria in the intestine?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 67

What effect does cystic fibrosis have on the risk of vitamin E deficiency?

A)Risk increases because there is increased vitamin E use in the body.
B)Risk increases because there is reduced absorption of dietary fat.
C)Risk decreases because that is reduced vitamin E excretion from the body.
D)Risk increases because foods that contain vitamin E develop an unpalatable flavour.

Question 68

Labels on vitamin E supplements recommend users consult a health care practitioner if they have one of several health-related conditions.Which is NOT one of those conditions?

A)Use of blood thinning medication.
B)presence of neurological disorders
C)presence of cancer.
D)presence of diabetes.

Question 69

In what units,is the recommended intake of vitamin E expressed?

A)RAE.
B)µg.
C)alpha-tocopherol equivalents.
D)mg alpha-tocopherol.

Question 70

Premature babies are born with low levels of a fat-soluble vitamin.How does that put them at risk for hemolytic anemia?

A)Due to low levels of vitamin E the cell membranes of red blood cells rupture.
B)Due to low levels of vitamin D,the cell membranes of red blood cells rupture.
C)Due to low levels of vitamin K,blot clots do not form readily.
D)Due to low levels of vitamin E,blot clots form more than usual

Question 71

Which statement best describes vitamin E isomers?

A)Tocopherols and tocotrienols are found in in human blood in a 1:1 ratio.
B)Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of vitamin E detected in human blood.
C)Tocopherols and tocotrienols are known to have identical biological functions.
D)Gamma-tocopherol is a rare form of food-derived vitamin E.

Question 72

Which function of vitamin E has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of heart disease?

A)Increased platelet "stickiness"
B)Increased VLDL levels
C)Decreased LDL oxidation
D)Decreased HDL levels

Question 73

In its role as an antioxidant,after vitamin E donates an electron to a reactive oxygen species.It is then regenerated by what molecule?

A)Isoflavone
B)Vitamin A
C)phospholipid
D)Vitamin C

Question 74

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases,how is the need for vitamin E affected?

A)it increases.
B)it decreases.
C)it is unaffected.
D)increases,then decreases.

Question 75

Which is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K?

A)antibiotics
B)aspirin
C)dicumarol
D)penicillin

Question 76

The criterion of adequacy for vitamin E is based on the amount of the vitamin needed for which function?

A)blood clotting
B)prevention of excessive blood clotting
C)prevention of oxidative stress in red blood cells
D)chylomicron and VLDL formation

Question 77

Vitamin K is needed to produce prothrombin.What is this protein's function?

A)antioxidant functions.
B)blood clotting.
C)bone calcification.
D)night vision.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the destruction of vitamin E is NOT correct?

A)it can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly used in high temperature deep fat frying.
B)it can be destroyed by exposure to oxygen.
C)it can be destroyed during food processing and storage.
D)it is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Question 79

Which of the following statements best describes how vitamin E protects the cell from oxidative stress?

A)Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by accepting an electron from it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by donating its electron to glutathione.
B)Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from cholesterol which is present in the cell membrane.
C)Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from a water-soluble dietary antioxidant.
D)Vitamin E neutralizes damaged protein by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from Vitamin A.

Question 80

Which statement does NOT describe menaquinones?

A)A form of vitamin K synthesized by bacteria and found in fish oils.
B)The form of vitamin K typically used in supplements.
C)The form of vitamin K found in meat.
D)The form of vitamin K found in plants.