Deck 8: A: the Water-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Which of the following is a good source of thiamin?

A)sunflower seeds
B)pork
C)whole grains
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is a primary function of thiamin in the body?

A)clot blood formation.
B)regulation of cell differentiation.
C)increasing uptake of iron by hemoglobin.
D)facilitating production of energy from glucose.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is a possible risk of arising from the fortification of foods in Canada?

A)While trying to benefit one group through fortification another segment of the population might be put at risk.
B)The population might be at risk of goitre due to the addition of iodine to salt.
C)Adding vitamins to certain foods can increase nutrient intakes.
D)Adding vitamins to foods can help prevent deficiencies. .

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT affect the thiamin availability in food?

A)presence of other vitamins
B)certain enzymes found in raw fish
C)compounds found in blueberries,tea,and coffee
D)heat generated during cooking

Question 5

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Vitamins provide energy.
B)Vitamin deficiencies are rare in Canada.
C)Vitamins are necessary in many biochemical reactions in the body.
D)It generally takes longer to develop a deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin than a deficiency of a water-soluble vitamin.

Question 6

What are the implications of low urinary excretion of thiamin?

A)thiamin intake may be inadequate and available vitamin is being retained by the body
B)thiamin intake is adequate
C)thiamin is being consumed at levels approaching the UL
D)thaimin is being rapidly recycled in the body

Question 7

Jane is at a health foods store and is wondering whether or not to try a new vitamin supplement.She takes a bottle off the store shelf.What is the first thing she should look for to confirm the product has been authorized for sale in Canada?

A)the price Product of Canda declaration
B)a Natural Products Number (NPN)
C)the vitamin and mineral content
D)the name of a Canadian manufacturer

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used to describe how much of a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body?

A)absorption
B)assimilation
C)bioavailability
D)functionality

Question 9

"Vitamins lost when food is processed are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level." What is being described?

A)enhancement
B)fortification
C)enrichment
D)supplementation.

Question 10

Where are the majority of vitamins are absorbed?

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.

Question 11

Which is NOT an appropriate use of supplements?

A)the use of vitamin B12 supplements by vegans
B)the use of a multivitamin by someone on a calorie-restricted diet
C)the use of vitamin C by someone with a healthy immune system
D)the use of folic acid supplements by a woman who might become pregnant

Question 12

When a food is fortified where must the added nutrient be listed?

A)as a nutrient content claim
B)a part of the name of the food
C)on the nutrition facts table
D)as a nutrient function claim

Question 13

Which statement concerning vitamins is FALSE?

A)Vitamins are organic compounds.
B)If a vitamin is not provided by the diet,the body will synthesize it.
C)Vitamins can be water-soluble or fat-soluble.
D)Vitamins are essential for growth,reproduction,and health.

Question 14

According to the Canadian Community Health Survey,which water-soluble vitamin vitaminhas the highest prevalence of inadequate intake?

A)folate in women
B)niacin in women
C)vitamin C in smokers
D)thiamin in men

Question 15

Which is an example of how vitamins function together?

A)Thiamin,niacin,riboflavin in single carbon metabolism.
B)Vitamin B6,folate and vitamin B12 in single carbon metabolism
C)Vitamin C & vitamin E as coenzymes in the citric acid cycle.
D)Thiamin and vitamin C as dietary antioxidants.

Question 16

Many B vitamins are essential for the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients.In this role,they are components of what type of molecules?

A)provitamins.
B)transport proteins.
C)coenzymes.
D)hormones.

Question 17

"This molecule when consumed in excess is readily excreted in the urine.On the other hand,when the diet is deficient in this molecule it will rapidly disappear from the body." What is being described?

A)A fat-soluble vitamin that is metabolized by the liver.
B)A water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in adipose tissue.
C)A water-soluble vitamin that cannot be readily stored in the body.
D)A fat-soluble vitamin that is degraded during normal metabolism.

Question 18

Which of the following groups is at highest risk for developing a thiamin deficiency?

A)cigarette smokers
B)endurance athletes
C)older adults
D)chronic alcoholics

Question 19

Beriberi is a disease caused by lack of what vitamin?

A)riboflavin
B)thiamin
C)vitamin C
D)niacin

Question 20

What is the process of adding nutrients to foods?

A)enrichment.
B)fortification.
C)milling.
D)supplementation.

Question 21

What is the relationship between niacin and protein?

A)Niacin can be synthesized from an amino acid.
B)Niacin is required to synthesize several essential amino acids in the body.
C)Niacin reduces the absorption of protein.
D)Niacin is needed to synthesize tryptophan.

Question 22

Which is not a aymptom of ariboflavinosis?

A)inflammation of the eyes and mouth.
B)scaly,greasy skin eruptions.
C)brittle hair.
D)confusion.

Question 23

Which of the following statements regarding the disease pellagra is TRUE?

A)It was originally thought to be an infectious disease.
B)It is caused by a thiamin deficiency.
C)Symptoms include increased appetite and constipation.
D)It results from nutrient toxicity.

Question 24

Which disease is caused by a niacin deficiency?

A)ariboflavinosis
B)beriberi
C)pellagra
D)scurvy

Question 25

What is a common adverse reaction of high doses of niacin?

A)dermatitis.
B)flushing of the skin.
C)dementia.
D)hives.

Question 26

Which form coenzyme form of niacin functions in glycolysis?

A)Nicotinamide
B)Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
C)NADP
D)All of the above

Question 27

Which statement best describes pantothenic acid intake?

A)Pantothenic acid toxicity is common among chronic alcoholics
B)Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare,except among consumers of unfortified rice.
C)Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare.
D)Pantothenic acid toxicity is associated with excessive consumption of eggs.

Question 28

What are the implications of a decline in the activity of a riboflavin-dependent enzyme in red blood cells?

A)Inadequate intake of riboflavin
B)Riboflavin intake exceeding the UL
C)High levels of riboflavin in the urine
D)High levels of ATP production

Question 29

Biotin is tightly bound by avidin,which prevents absorption of the vitamin.In what food is avidin commonly found?

A)raw egg whites.
B)kidney beans.
C)peanuts.
D)spinach.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about niacin is TRUE?

A)It can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid,tryptophan.
B)Eggs are a good source of preformed niacin.
C)Heat and light easily destroy it.
D)Corn has a protective effect against niacin deficiencies.

Question 31

A person consuming a diet deficient in dairy products but adequate in other areas would have the most difficulty obtaining sufficient amounts of which vitamin?

A)niacin
B)riboflavin
C)iron
D)vitamin C

Question 32

.Under way circumstances do thiamin supplements enhance the production of ATP?

A)When consumed in high doses by someone with an adequate dietary intake
B)When consumed in high doses by someone with thamine deficiency
C)When consumed in moderate doses by someone with an adequate intake
D)All of the above.

Question 33

Historically,pellagra occurred when populations consumed large amounts of which grain?

A)corn,not treated with limewater
B)corn,treated with lime water
C)rice,treated with lime water
D)barley,not treated with lime water

Question 34

What is a common food source of pantothenic acid?

A)meat.
B)eggs.
C)whole grains.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 35

Which accurately describes the effect of riboflavin supplementation?

A)it enhances energy production
B)it can reduce the inadequate intakes of riboflavin which is common among Canadians
C)It enhances vision.
D)It does not provide an energy boost.

Question 36

Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to which of the following?

A)light.
B)vitamin C.
C)oxygen.
D)acid.

Question 37

Which is NOT a function of coenzymes containing riboflavin?

A)production of energy from carbohydrate,protein,and fat.
B)electron carriers.
C)components of the citric acid cycle.
D)sending of signals between nerve cells.

Question 38

Which is NOT a function of biotin in the body?

A)Biotin functions in the metabolism of amino acids.
B)Biotin is a coenzyme.
C)Biotin functions in reactions that add an acid (COOH)group to molecules.
D)Biotin functions in reactions that add an alcohol (OH)group to molecules.

Question 39

What is a common reason for taking high dose niacin supplements,even when dietary intake is adequate?

A)to prevent pellegra
B)to provide an essential energy boost.
C)to decrease LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol.
D)to protect against skin disorders

Question 40

Why was an AI,rather than an RDA,established for biotin?

A)There is no need for an RDA because biotin is produced by gastrointestinal bacteria.
B)The AI is a more precise estimate of nutrient requirements than the RDA.
C)The AI meets the needs of 50% of the population.
D)It was not possible to establish an RDA because biotin,from gastrointestinal bacteria,is bioavailable.

Question 41

An elevation in homocysteine has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.In clinical studies,which vitamins have been shown to decrease levels of homocysteine in the blood?

A)vitamin A,vitamin E,and vitamin C
B)riboflavin,vitamin A,and folate
C)vitamin B₆,folate,and vitamin B₁₂
D)pantothenic acid,riboflavin,and biotin

Question 42

What is another name for vitamin B₆?

A)pantothenic acid.
B)pyridoxine.
C)pyruvate.
D)biotin.

Question 43

Which is the most reasonable claim that can be made for vitamin B6 supplements?

A)Reduces pain from carpal tunnel syndrome
B)Prevent premenstrual syndrome
C)Stimulates the immune system
D)Relieves vitamin B6 deficiency

Question 44

"The value is based on the intake of pantothenic acid sufficient to replace urinary losses." What is being described?

A)A symptom of pantothenic acid deficiency.
B)The function of pantothenic acid in the body.
C)A criterion used to set a DRI.
D)The importanceof pantothenic acid to kidney function.

Question 45

Which statement best describes the reactions involving vitamin B12,that along with folate and vitamin B6,keep levels of homocysteine in the blood low?

A)The conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the transfer of a single carbon to vitamin B12.
B)The conversion of methionine to homocysteine and the transfer of a methyl group to vitamin B12.
C)The conversion of homocysteine to cysteine and the transfer of a carboxyl group to vitamin B12.
D)The conversion of homocysteine to methyl folate and the transfer of a carboxyl group to vitamin B12.

Question 46

Which is not a symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A)depression.
B)numbness in the extremities.
C)anemia with large,deeply coloured red blood cells.
D)headaches.

Question 47

Which is an example of single carbon metabolism?

A)The transfer of a methyl group from cysteine to homocysteine with the simultaneous conversion of vitamin B12 to vitamin B6.
B)The conversion of homocysteine to methionine,with the simultaneous conversion of methyl vitamin B12 to vitamin B12.
C)The conversion of methyl folate to folate with the simultaneous conversion of methyl vitamin B12 to vitamin B12.
D)The conversion of methyl folate to folate with the simultaneous conversion of vitamin B6 to methyl vitamin B6.

Question 48

Low folate status is associated with increased increases the risk of which conditions?

A)cancer.
B)heart disease.
C)neural tube defects.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 49

Which is a good plant source of Vitamin B6?

A)Chicken
B)Beef
C)Lentils
D)White bread

Question 50

Pantothenic acid is part of what molecule?

A)coenzyme A.
B)flavinadenine dinucleotide.
C)nicotinadenine dinucleotide.
D)adenosine triphosphate.

Question 51

Folic acid supplements are most often recommended to which population?

A)post-menopausal women.
B)women who are considering pregnancy.
C)toddlers.
D)the elderly.

Question 52

Why arefolate deficiency symptoms less frequent in Canada today than 40 years ago?

A)most grain products are fortified with folic acid.
B)more people are taking supplements.
C)more people are drinking low-fat milk.
D)green tea is more popular.

Question 53

Which of the following foods is the best source of folate?

A)rice
B)bacon
C)oranges
D)eggs

Question 54

Which of the following does NOT influence the amount of B₆ available for proper functioning in the body?

A)amount of fat in the diet.
B)oral contraceptives.
C)exposure of the food to heat and light.
D)alcohol ingestion.

Question 55

Which statement describes the missing piece of evidence that would confirm that folic acid reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A)Observational studies that show a direct relationship between the levels of homocysteine in the blood and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
B)Observational studies that show an inverse relationship between folic acid and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C)Intervention trials that show that folic acid supplementation reduces the levels of homocysteine in the blood.
D)Intervention trials that show that folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 56

Which statement best describes the reactions involving vitamin B6 that,along with folate and vitamin B12,keep levels of homocysteine in the blood low?

A)The conversion of homocysteine to cysteine and the conversion of folate to methyl folate
B)The conversion of homocysteine to cysteine and the conversion of methyl folate to folate
C)The conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the conversion of folate to methyl folate
D)The conversion of homocysteine to cysteine and the conversion of vitamin B12 to methyl B12.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the role of Vitamin B₆ is FALSE?

A)It is vital in the formation of non-essential amino acids.
B)It is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
C)It is necessary in collagen formation.
D)It supports the immune system since it is necessary for the formation of white blood cells.

Question 58

To reduce the risk of abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord of the developing baby women who might get pregnant should take a multivitamin that contains vitamin B12 and which other vitamin?

A)riboflavin
B)biotin
C)vitamin C
D)folic acid

Question 59

Which situation is most likely to speed the onset of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A)a diet very high in protein and low in vitamin B6
B)a diet low in both protein and vitamin B6
C)the use of oral contraceptives
D)intakes above the UL

Question 60

The RDA for Vitamin B6 was set to ensure adequate blood levels of what molecule?

A)The coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate
B)The enzyme transaminase
C)The neurotransmitter pyridoxal phosphate
D)The amino acid methionine

Question 61

Which of the following statements about B₁₂ deficiency is FALSE?

A)It can take many years on a deficient diet for symptoms to appear.
B)Symptoms include neurological problems.
C)It can be deadly.
D)Deficiency is common among young adults eating a mixed diet.

Question 62

What is indicated by the presence of megaloblasts in the blood?

A)Excessive intake of folate that promotes megaloblast and macrocyte formation.
B)Anemia because megaloblasts cannot be converted into macrocytes.
C)Anemia because megaloblasts cannot be converted into red blood cells.
D)Excessive intake of vitamin B12 that promotes megaloblast and macrocyte formation.

Question 63

Which statement best describes the difference between folate and folic acid?

A)folate is almost twice as bioavailable as folic acid
B)folate is the monoglutamate form of folic acid and is more stable and bioavailable.
C)folate is the polyglutamate form of folic acid and is more bioavailable.
D)folate is the polyglutamate form and is less bioavailable than folic acid.

Question 64

"Beginning to take folic acid supplements after a pregnancy is confirmed is too late." Why is this statement correct?

A)The neural tube forms before most women know they are pregnant.
B)Increased red blood cell synthesis begins before most women know they are pregnant.
C)Folic acid helps women to conceive.
D)The statement is not correct.

Question 65

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin B₁₂ is FALSE?

A)No toxic effects have been reported with excess Vitamin B₁₂ intakes of up to 100 µg/day from food or supplements.
B)Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency causes anemia.
C)Supplements of vitamin B₁₂ are available in both oral and injectable forms.
D)Vitamin B₁₂ supplements have been proven to aid tired,run-down individuals.

Question 66

Why is folate important for rapidly-dividing cells?

A)it is required for homocysteine synthesis
B)it is required for DNA synthesis
C)it is essential for lipid metabolism
D)it functions in the transfer of hydroxyl groups between molecules.

Question 67

High intake of folate is cause for which of the following concerns?

A)High levels may increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease
B)High levels may cause other vitamin deficiencies because folate competes for absorption sites.
C)High levels may mask a B₁₂ deficiency,giving rise to permanent nerve damage.
D)High levels may cause acne.

Question 68

For which group is taking vitamin B₁₂ supplements the LEAST beneficial?

A)people eating diets high in animal products
B)older adults with significantly reduced stomach acid
C)people who do not consume any animal products
D)breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans

Question 69

For which of the following is vitamin B₁₂ NOT essential?

A)division of mature red blood cells
B)conversion of homocysteine to methionine
C)DNA methylation
D)maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission

Question 70

Very high intakes of folate bypass the need for the reaction that requires vitamin B12.What is this reaction?

A)conversion of methyl folate to folate.
B)conversion of folate to methyl folate.
C)conversion of homocysteine to cysteine
D)conversion of vitamin B₆ to methyl-B6

Question 71

Which statement best describes the impact of the Canadian folic acid fortification program on neural tube defects?

A)Folic acid was added to white flour,cornmeal and pasta,but neural tube defects were only modestly reduced.
B)Folic acid was added to white flour only and neural tube defects were only modestly reduced.
C)Folic acid was added to white flour only and neural tube defects were substantially reduced.
D)Folic acid was added to white flour,cornmeal and pasta,and neural tube defects were substantially reduced.

Question 72

Which of the following groups is at risk for folate deficiency?

A)premature infants
B)elderly
C)smokers
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT required for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂?

A)adequate stomach acid.
B)pancreatic secretions.
C)intrinsic factor.
D)rennin

Question 74

What do animal studies suggest about the relationship between high folate intakes and colon cancer tumours?

A)In cancer-free animals,high intakes of folate prevent tumour development,but in the presence of pre-existing tumours,high intakes increase tumour growth.
B)In cancer-free animals,high intakes of folate prevent tumour development and in the presence of pre-existing tumours,high intakes decrease tumour growth.
C)In cancer-free animals,high intakes of folate promote tumour growth,but in the presence of pre-existing tumours,high intakes decrease tumour growth.
D)In cancer-free animals,high intakes of folate promote tumour development and in the presence of pre-existing tumours,high intakes promote growth.

Question 75

Which is NOT due to folate deficiency?

A)megaloblastic anemia.
B)microcytic anemia.
C)poor growth.
D)impaired immune function,

Question 76

Meeting vitamin B₁₂ needs from the diet is especially difficult for what population group?

A)infants.
B)pregnant women.
C)people following strict vegan diets.
D)athletes undergoing rigorous training.

Question 77

What is the relationship between folate and DNA synthesis?

A)Coenzyme forms of folate are required to transfer single carbons for the synthesis of bases incorporated into DNA.
B)Coenzyme forms of folate are required to methylate DNA and influence gene expression.
C)Coenzyme forms of folate function exclusively in the bone marrow where the synthesis of DNA takes place.
D)Coenzyme forms of folate are required to methylate DNA so that the synthesis of bases can proceed.

Question 78

What is the purpose of using dietary folate equivalents to report folate intake from all sources?

A)To account for the fact that naturally-occurring folate is more bioavailable that synthetic folic acid.
B)To account for the fact that synthetic folic acid is more bioavailable that naturally-occurring folate.
C)To account for the fact that synthetic folic acid is more bioavailable from supplements than fortified food.
D)To account for the fact that fortified foods contain only the synthetic folic acid.

Question 79

What is the term used to describe the study of genetics unrelated to changes in DNA sequence?

A)nutrigenomics.
B)genetic sequencing.
C)epigenetics.
D)Human Genome Project.

Question 80

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency,caused by a the absence of intrinsic factor,results in what disease?

A)beriberi.
B)scurvy.
C)pernicious anemia.
D)pellagra.