Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

The stage theory of memory states that memory is:

A) a system based on how deep information is processed.
B) a system of three memory stages.
C) dependent on synaptic facilitation.
D) a system dependent on the developmental level of the individual.

Answer 1

a system of three memory stages.

Question 2

Which of the following is a true statement,according to the stage theory of memory?

A) Information must first be rehearsed,and then it is attended to.
B) Information must first be attended to,and then it is encoded.
C) Information must first be encoded,and then it is sensed.
D) Information must first be attended to,and then it is sensed.

Answer 2

Information must first be attended to,and then it is encoded.

Question 3

An important difference between visual information in the sensory register and auditory information in the sensory register is that the auditory information:

A) has a smaller storage capacity.
B) can be held longer than visual information.
C) cannot be held as long as visual information.
D) is limited to about seven pieces.

Answer 3

can be held longer than visual information.

Question 4

If you do not pay attention to information in a sensory register,how long will the information be retained?

A) less than a second for all types of information
B) 15 to 30 seconds for all types of information
C) less than a second for visual information and a few seconds for auditory information
D) 5 seconds for visual information and 15 to 20 seconds for skin information

Question 5

Once we focus on the relevant bits of information in the sensory register,they get transferred to:

A) another sensory register.
B) short-term memory.
C) permanent memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 6

After hearing a telephone number,most people who do not rehearse the number will forget it within:

A) a few seconds.
B) 30 seconds or less.
C) 2 to 4 minutes.
D) a few hours.

Question 7

According to the stage theory of memory,information entering the memory system must first enter:

A) short-term memory.
B) the sensory register.
C) long-term memory.
D) working memory.

Question 8

The concept of short-term memory being distinct and separate from long-term memory is an integral part of:

A) Bartlett's reconstructive (schema)theory.
B) Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model.
C) Collins and Loftus' spreading activation model.
D) Atkinson and Shiffrin's stage theory.

Question 9

In most cases,visual information is retained for about:

A) 1 second
B) 2 seconds
C) 4 seconds
D) ¼ of a second

Question 10

When Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959)asked participants to remember combinations of three consonants,they demonstrated which of the following about short-term memory?

A) Rehearsal increases storage capacity.
B) Rehearsal decreases storage capacity.
C) When prevented from rehearsing,people quickly lose information in short-term memory.
D) None of these is true.

Question 11

George Sperling flashed three rows each containing four letters on a screen and asked participants to recall the letters in one of the rows.What were the results of this study?

A) Participants could remember 1 to 2 letters from any row.
B) Participants could remember 3 to 4 letters from any row.
C) Participants could remember the letters from the first row only.
D) Participants could remember to 4 letters from any row if they were told which row to remember within a fraction of a second after the presentation.

Question 12

In order to be stored in short-term memory,information must be:

A) decoded.
B) retrieved.
C) encoded.
D) consolidated.

Question 13

Visual information in the sensory register will be saved if

A) it is rehearsed.
B) you keep your eyes open.
C) you pay attention to it.
D) it is preceded by auditory feedback.

Question 14

Entering information into a computer by typing letters on a keyboard is much like information entering the memory system:

A) through short-term memory.
B) by encoding it into long-term memory.
C) through the sensory receptors.
D) by retrieving it from short-term memory.

Question 15

An "echo" of which type of sensory information is retained in the sensory register for up to four seconds?

A) auditory
B) tactile
C) visual
D) olfactory

Question 16

Information can be "renewed" in short-term memory through the process of:

A) masking.
B) chunking.
C) rehearsal.
D) encoding.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true of the sensory register?

A) Auditory information fades more quickly than visual information.
B) The sensory register has limited storage capacity.
C) Most of the information in the sensory register is transferred to long-term memory.
D) The sensory register can absorb much more information than can be retained.

Question 18

Which stage of memory has the most time-limited storage capacity?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Question 19

The concept of the sensory register is an integral part of the:

A) spreading activation model of memory.
B) levels of processing model of memory.
C) stage theory of memory.
D) reconstructive memory model.

Question 20

George Sperling flashed three rows each containing four letters on a screen and asked participants to recall the letters in one of the rows.What were the conclusions from this study?

A) The sensory register has a capacity of 1 to 2 items.
B) Short term memory has a capacity of 3 to 4 items.
C) Participants can only process a few items in the short time the stimuli were available.
D) Information is lost very quickly from the sensory register.

Question 21

What happens when we try to remember something in short-term memory?

A) We examine every item in short-term memory.
B) It usually just "comes to us."
C) We use cues.
D) This speeds up our memory loss.

Question 22

Imagine that you are playing with your dog.You throw the dog a small red ball.He catches it in his mouth and dashes to another room where he hides it in his favorite hiding place.When he returns,you tell him,"Bring me the ball." He leaves and returns with the ball in his mouth.If you apply this example to stage theory of memory,your dog bringing you the ball from its hiding place would be analogous to:

A) retrieval from a sensory register.
B) encoding in long-term memory.
C) encoding in working memory.
D) retrieval from long-term memory.

Question 23

Short-term memory also serves as our as:

A) sensory memory.
B) working memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 24

Imagine that you are playing with your dog.You throw the dog a small red ball.He catches it in his mouth and dashes to another room where he hides it in his favorite hiding place.When he returns,you tell him,"Bring me the ball." He leaves and returns with the ball in his mouth.If you apply this example to the stage theory of memory,your dog hiding the ball in his favorite place would be analogous to:

A) storage in a sensory register.
B) retrieval from short-term memory.
C) encoding in working memory.
D) storage in long-term memory.

Question 25

Rosa forgot to study for her history test.Right before the test,she quickly looks at the list of 20 dates on which she will be tested.As the test is handed out,she quickly writes down the dates she is able to remember.How many dates will Rosa remember?

A) about 7 dates
B) about 12 dates
C) the last 3 dates on the list
D) the first 3 dates on the list

Question 26

Which of the following observations supports the claim that short-term memories are frequently represented as acoustic codes?

A) If you are trying to retain information in short-term memory,you tend to rehearse it over and over.
B) Most people have better acoustic memory than visual memory.
C) People tend to make acoustic "mistakes" when they encode in short-term memory.
D) People use language to organize information in the brain.

Question 27

Of the following,the best way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to:

A) visualize the spelling of each word.
B) repeat the material over and over.
C) rest momentarily before trying to recall it.
D) organize the material into chunks.

Question 28

George Miller's "magic number" is:

A) 7 plus or minus 3
B) 7 plus or minus 2
C) 9 plus or minus 3
D) 9 plus or minus 2

Question 29

Our preference is to store information in short-term memory as:

A) tastes.
B) sounds.
C) sights.
D) smells.

Question 30

Instead of mentally representing the letters I R S A M A A P A as individual letters,you quickly arrange them as "IRS," "AMA," and "APA." You have just used:

A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) serial processing.
D) consolidation.

Question 31

Most long-term memories are stored as:

A) either visual or auditory sensations.
B) auditory codes.
C) visual codes.
D) semantic codes.

Question 32

When you file your dental insurance correspondence in a folder marked "Financial: Insurance" and then file the folder alphabetically among hundreds of other folders,you are using a system most analogous to:

A) the sensory registers.
B) short-term memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) chunking.

Question 33

For storage in short-term memory,humans generally transform information into:

A) acoustic codes.
B) visual codes.
C) semantic codes.
D) gustatory codes.

Question 34

Material is usually stored in long-term memory according to:

A) level of rote rehearsal.
B) surface structure.
C) sound.
D) meaning.

Question 35

What is the storage capacity of short-term memory?

A) 30 to 60 seconds
B) 5 to 9 items
C) 1 to 2 hours
D) 7 to 15 items

Question 36

Matthew is shown a list of the 12 cranial nerves.Twenty seconds later,he can list them all and in the correct order.Matthew most likely:

A) rehearsed the list at least six times.
B) related each nerve to something meaningful in his life.
C) is a strong auditory learner.
D) chunked the list into meaningful groups.

Question 37

While talking on the phone,you notice your cat heading for an expensive vase on the end table.You race to retrieve the cat,and when you return to the phone,you have no idea what you were talking about.Why did you forget?

A) You experienced proactive interference.
B) When you turned your attention to the cat,the phone conversation was replaced with new information.
C) The phone conversation was a cue-dependent memory.
D) The phone conversation was a mood-congruent memory.

Question 38

Instead of mentally representing the digits 1298 as "one,two,nine,and eight," they can be represented as twelve and ninety-eight.What is this process called?

A) consolidation
B) chunking
C) reconstruction
D) relearning

Question 39

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

A) It is difficult to search short-term memory for specific memories.
B) Space in short-term memory is taken up by thinking.
C) Information is stored in short-term memory in terms of its meaning.
D) We easily lose information from short-term memory if we do not encode it.

Question 40

If you organize the number "23571113" as the prime numbers "235-71-113," you are improving your short-term memory retention by taking advantage of:

A) spreading activation.
B) the serial position effect.
C) chunking.
D) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 41

The memory of a particular event at a specific time in your life is a(n):

A) semantic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) reconstructed memory.

Question 42

What is the advantage to a high level of organization for memories stored in long-term memory?

A) It makes you less likely to distort memories on recall.
B) It minimizes the possibility of decay.
C) It makes retrieval more efficient.
D) It minimizes the possibility of motivated forgetting.

Question 43

When you remember how DNA replicates in the nucleus of a cell,what type of memory is that?

A) episodic
B) short-term
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 44

Encoding in short-term memory is generally ____________,while encoding in long-term memory is generally ____________.

A) visual;acoustic
B) episodic;procedural
C) acoustic;semantic
D) semantic;episodic

Question 45

Memory for skills and other procedures is referred to as ____________ memory.

A) episodic
B) short-term
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 46

Which of the following is the best example of procedural memory?

A) fondly recalling sitting on your grandmother's lap
B) remembering when the neighbor's house was on fire
C) remembering how to use a fork and a knife
D) recalling the night your family went to the basement because of a tornado

Question 47

What happens when we try to remember something in long-term memory?

A) We examine every item in long-term memory.
B) It usually just "comes to us."
C) We use cues.
D) This speeds up our memory loss.

Question 48

The spreading activation model of memory assumes that the information in long-term memory is organized MOST like which of the following?

A) an alphabetized filing system
B) electrons in an atom
C) flakes in a box of cereal
D) a spider's web

Question 49

You accurately remember your first day of kindergarten and can recall what your classroom looked like. This is an example of

A) procedural memory.
B) schema memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 50

Which of the following types of memories are sometimes grouped together as declarative memory?

A) episodic and procedural
B) semantic and procedural
C) episodic and semantic
D) episodic,semantic,and procedural

Question 51

Which observation BEST supports the theory that memories in long-term storage are highly organized?

A) When recalling an argument,people tend to recall their interpretation of events rather than the actual statements made.
B) When recalling childhood events,people tend to forget the painful experiences and remember the pleasant ones.
C) When recalling word lists,subjects tend to group related items even if they were not grouped in the original list.
D) When events are too painful to remember,people tend to repress those memories.

Question 52

"Forgetting" from long-term memory is MOST likely to involve:

A) episodic memories.
B) semantic memories.
C) procedural memories.
D) perceptual memories.

Question 53

It has been suggested that "forgetting" in long-term memory is largely due to:

A) motivated forgetting.
B) retrieval failure.
C) decay.
D) displacement.

Question 54

Memory for which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?

A) steps for driving a stick shift
B) events that happened on your first date
C) names of the counties in your state
D) details of your daughter's face

Question 55

Information in long-term memory is first integrated in the ____________ and then is transferred for permanent storage.

A) sensory registers
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) frontal lobes

Question 56

In short-term memory,forgetting occurs when information is not ____________;in long-term memory,forgetting occurs because information cannot be ____________.

A) retrieved;rehearsed
B) rehearsed;retrieved
C) indexed;chunked
D) relevant;retained

Question 57

Although controversial,it has been suggested that memories held in long-term memory last:

A) for 5 to 10 years.
B) until they are replaced by new memories.
C) for life.
D) for several years.

Question 58

When you store learned information from your introductory psychology course,you store the information as:

A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) reconstructed memory.

Question 59

What is the major difference between declarative and procedural memory?

A) Declarative memory involves skill performance while procedural memory involves semantic meaning.
B) Declarative memory involves semantic meaning while procedural memory involves episodic memory.
C) Declarative memory involves memories that are easily described in words while procedural memories are demonstrated through performance.
D) Declarative memories are demonstrated through performance while procedural memories are expressed in terms of experiences with time and space.

Question 60

Short-term memories are generally processed in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) thalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) occipital and temporal lobes.

Question 61

Relearning supports the belief that:

A) recall tasks are easier than recognition tasks.
B) recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues.
C) memories stored in long-term memory are permanent.
D) the order in which we memorize items is as important as the items on the list.

Question 62

In the network models of memory,items become closely associated:

A) through personal experience with the items.
B) by biological similarities.
C) by their survival value.
D) because they have similar acoustic or visual properties.

Question 63

Which of the following lists the three ways of testing of long-term memory retrieval in order from least sensitive to most sensitive for evaluating memory?

A) recognition,recall,relearning
B) recall,relearning,recognition
C) relearning,recall,recognition
D) recall,recognition,relearning

Question 64

If I give you a list of 15 things to remember in order,you are MOST likely to forget:

A) items 6 through 10.
B) items 1 through 5.
C) items 11 through 15.
D) items 1 through 5 and 11 through 15.

Question 65

In a matching test of neurotransmitters and their functions,you must match the list of neurotransmitters (on the left)to their functions (on the right).You are completing a:

A) relearning task.
B) serial position task.
C) recognition task.
D) recall task.

Question 66

When we experience a "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon,we generally remember about half the items we are trying to recall within:

A) approximately a minute.
B) an hour or two.
C) 6 to 8 hours.
D) a day or two.

Question 67

The serial position effect states that memory for a list of items will be worst for those items at the:

A) beginning of the list.
B) end of the list.
C) middle of the list.
D) middle and end of the list.

Question 68

You don't have an address and you are driving up and down the street trying to remember which house is your friend's house.You must rely on:

A) recognition.
B) recall.
C) relearning.
D) reconstruction.

Question 69

Your coworker panics: "I forgot the name of our secretary! I know it's something like Jane or Janelle,but which is it!" Your coworker is asking you to do a ____________ task.

A) relearning
B) reconstruction
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 70

Ellis cannot remember the name of the manager who interviewed him for a job yesterday.He thinks it starts with a "G" and sounds something like "Gorgie" or "Gormet." What is Ellis experiencing?

A) retrograde amnesia
B) the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon
C) the serial position effect
D) motivated forgetting

Question 71

If you memorize a list of words in order,you are more likely to remember the words at:

A) the beginning of the list.
B) the end of the list.
C) both the beginning and the end of the list.
D) both the beginning and the middle of the list.

Question 72

In the serial position effect,items at the beginning of a list are recalled because they:

A) are still held in short-term memory.
B) were rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.
C) are still being held in sensory registers.
D) involve recognition,not recall.

Question 73

You cannot remember the history you learned in high school,but in college,you learn the same material in half the time.How can this be explained?

A) You are using reconstructive memory.
B) You are experiencing "relearning."
C) You are using recall.
D) You are using recognition memory.

Question 74

An essay question is a:

A) recall task.
B) reconstruction task.
C) serial position task.
D) recognition task.

Question 75

Your chemistry teacher gives you a list of 25 elements and asks you to circle the elements that are minerals.You are completing a:

A) relearning task.
B) recall task.
C) reconstruction task.
D) recognition task.

Question 76

According to the spreading activation model,which of the following concepts is LEAST likely to be activated when you hear the word "stripes"?

A) flag
B) zebra
C) stars
D) cake

Question 77

In the serial position effect,items at the end of a list are recalled because they:

A) are still held in short-term memory.
B) were rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.
C) are still being held in sensory registers.
D) involve recognition,not recall.

Question 78

In the relearning method,researchers measure whether an individual:

A) learns forgotten material in less time than it took to learn the first time.
B) can select an item previously seen from a list of choices.
C) can recall information without any retrieval cues.
D) experiences proactive interference.

Question 79

According to the spreading activation model,which of the following concepts is MOST likely to be activated when you hear the word "mouse"?

A) wagon
B) cheese
C) bicycle
D) tricycle

Question 80

Your geography professor gives you a list of all the states and asks you to fill in their capital cities.What kind of memory test is this?

A) reconstruction
B) recall
C) relearning
D) recognition