Deck 4: The Interplay of Nature and Nurture

Question 1

A ____________ gene produces a particular trait,regardless of the type of gene it is paired with.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) mutant
D) combatant

Answer 1

dominant

Question 2

Down syndrome results from:

A) the Down syndrome gene.
B) a missing dominant gene.
C) an extra recessive gene.
D) an extra chromosome.

Answer 2

an extra chromosome.

Question 3

If you were trying to separate the effects of inheritance from the effects of environment,comparing which groups of subjects would give you the strongest evidence?

A) monozygotic and dizygotic twins
B) twins and their non-twin siblings
C) adopted children and children raised by their biological parents
D) monozygotic twins reared together and monozygotic twins adopted into separate homes

Answer 3

monozygotic twins reared together and monozygotic twins adopted into separate homes

Question 4

Which statement about genes and chromosomes is accurate?

A) Genes and chromosomes are essentially the same thing.
B) Chromosomes are made up of genes.
C) For every gene,there is a corresponding chromosome.
D) Genes are made up of chromosomes.

Question 5

If you learned that a particular group of aliens reproduced in the same manner as humans and that these aliens had 100 pairs of chromosomes,how many chromosomes would you expect an alien zygote would have?

A) 46
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 6

The patterns of beliefs,values,and practices shared by a group of people is referred to as their:

A) ethnic group.
B) country of origin.
C) culture.
D) race.

Question 7

If your father has two dominant brown-eye genes,and your mother has two recessive blue-eye genes,what are your chances of having blue eyes?

A) 75%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 0%

Question 8

Excluding ova and sperm,human cells have:

A) 46 pairs of chromosomes.
B) 23 chromosomes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 12½ pairs of chromosomes.

Question 9

Twin and adoption studies have proven to play a valuable role in research for which of the following reasons?

A) Selective breeding experiments that could provide answers about the role of nature and nurture are considered unethical for human beings.
B) Selective breeding experiments that could provide answers about the role of nature and nurture are considered ethical for human beings.
C) Such studies are helpful in gaining knowledge about population control.
D) Such studies will assist scientists in perfecting the science of cloning.

Question 10

Ebert and Hyde (1976)began a program of selective breeding to test for the human behavior of:

A) patience.
B) aggression.
C) caution.
D) compassion

Question 11

Studies have demonstrated that the intelligence (IQ)of adopted children is more similar to that of their biological parents than to that of the adoptive parents who raised them since infancy.What does this suggest?

A) Environment plays a particularly strong role in the development of IQ.
B) Heredity plays a particularly strong role in the development of IQ.
C) People who adopt children are not very smart.
D) Children who are adopted are not very smart.

Question 12

Who first suggested the idea that genes are responsible for inheritance?

A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) William James
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 13

When does a recessive gene produce a trait?

A) when there are three of the same recessive genes
B) when there is no dominant gene to give contrary instructions
C) never
D) always

Question 14

A group of people is particularly superstitious about the color of clothes and shoes they wear.This is considered part of their:

A) ethnic identity.
B) social class.
C) culture.
D) race.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the role of inheritance in humans is true?

A) Many specific patterns of behavior are completely determined by heredity.
B) Heredity appears to influence broad dimensions of human behavior.
C) Human behavior appears to develop quite independently from both heredity and environment.
D) Environment alone is important in determining personality dimensions.

Question 16

On average,brothers and sisters share approximately ______ of their genes.

A) 20%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 17

It is impossible to fully understand human diversity without understanding the role of:

A) culture.
B) ethnic identity.
C) gender identity.
D) All of these

Question 18

Lucy and Lois are identical twins.What percentage of their genes do they have in common?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100

Question 19

Chad's mother has observed that her son is very sociable and kind like she is,but he is also anxious like his father.The most reasonable conclusion we can draw from this data is that:

A) Chad is most like his mother,due to genetic factors.
B) Chad is most like his father,due to genetic factors.
C) Chad is like both of his parents,primarily due to genetic factors.
D) Chad is like both of his parents,due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 20

Zygotes have ______ chromosomes.

A) 23
B) 35
C) 46
D) 52

Question 21

In terms of emotional and social behavior,men are more likely than women to be:

A) anxious.
B) open.
C) assertive.
D) cooperative.

Question 22

When comparing gender differences in mathematical ability,what interesting finding was made?

A) The differences between genders are greater than the differences within each gender.
B) The differences between genders are less than the differences within each gender.
C) Most men score higher than most women.
D) There are actually no significant differences between men and women in mathematical ability.

Question 23

Of the following activities,in which would you expect a male to have the CLEAREST advantage over a female?

A) running
B) swimming
C) throwing a discus
D) soccer

Question 24

In recent studies,women have been found to perform slightly better than men in:

A) science.
B) mathematics.
C) spatial reasoning.
D) language skills.

Question 25

In recent studies,women have been found to perform slightly better than men in:

A) perceptual speed.
B) social studies.
C) mathematics.
D) science.

Question 26

When compared to male students,females students typically:

A) score higher on tests of mathematical reasoning.
B) make more scientific contributions to the field of mathematics.
C) reason more effectively.
D) get better math grades.

Question 27

Your gender role refers to your:

A) perception of yourself as male or female.
B) culturally determined feminine or masculine behaviors.
C) external male or female anatomy.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 28

By definition,gender identity is a matter of:

A) the behaviors and characteristics a culture prescribes to males or females.
B) physical anatomy.
C) one's personal notion of oneself.
D) sexual desire but not necessarily sexual behavior.

Question 29

The concept of genes influencing how environments work and environments influencing how genes work is called:

A) gene environment interaction.
B) gene environment correlation.
C) environmental genes.
D) chromosomal genes.

Question 30

Your biological anatomy determines your:

A) gender identity.
B) sex.
C) gender.
D) gender role.

Question 31

An individual who has both masculine and feminine characteristics is referred to as:

A) androgynous.
B) homosexual.
C) gender confused.
D) gender neutral.

Question 32

In the United States most parents would prefer their children present themselves as:

A) shy.
B) inhibited.
C) assertive.
D) reserved.

Question 33

Max was born with the standard anatomy of a male,but even as a small child,Max felt more like a girl than a boy,and he resents his male anatomy.Based on this information,Max probably has:

A) a female sexual orientation.
B) a homosexual orientation.
C) a female gender identity.
D) internal female anatomy.

Question 34

Amy is 2 years old.She likes to play "dress-up," "dolls," and "tea-party." Amy's activity preference is demonstrating the extent to which she adheres to a highly feminine:

A) sexual orientation.
B) gender identity.
C) gender role.
D) gender.

Question 35

The key aspect of the complex interplay of genes and environments are:

A) gene environment correlation.
B) gene environment interaction.
C) Neither of these
D) Both of these

Question 36

In which of the following areas do males,on average,perform better than women?

A) perceptual speed
B) spatial reasoning
C) fine motor skills
D) language skills

Question 37

By definition,gender role is a matter of:

A) culturally determined masculine or feminine behaviors.
B) physical anatomy.
C) your personal notion of yourself as male or female.
D) sexual desire,independent of behavior.

Question 38

Ethnic identity refers to an individual's:

A) sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group.
B) race.
C) culture.
D) country of origin.

Question 39

Gender identity refers to:

A) one's view of self as male or female.
B) the cultural roles prescribed to males and females.
C) one's external anatomy.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 40

Which of the following statements provides the clearest statement of ethnic identity?

A) "I am from China."
B) "I am Hispanic."
C) "I speak French."
D) "I am of African descent."

Question 41

Are differences in cognitive performance more closely related to people's biological sex or to their gender identity?

A) They are more closely related to SEX than to gender identity.
B) They are more closely related to GENDER IDENTITY than to sex.
C) They are EQUALLY related to sex and to gender identity.
D) They are UNRELATED to both sex and gender identity

Question 42

According to the research of Claude Steele (1997),few women in North America are socialized to view themselves as competent to:

A) raise a child alone.
B) excel in creative writing or painting.
C) excel in sports.
D) excel in math and engineering.

Question 43

How does evolutionary theory explain higher levels of dominance and aggression in men?

A) Stronger,more dominant men had better access to fertile women.
B) Men with better visual-spatial abilities were more attractive to women.
C) Differences in women's emotional skills allowed them to avoid aggression.
D) Access to many sexual partners caused testosterone levels to rise.

Question 44

How does evolutionary theory explain the difference in parental investment between men and women?

A) Men competed for mates,while women selected mates.
B) Women knew they were the mothers of their children,but men did not always know they were the fathers.
C) Women depended on men for help,but men did not depend on women.
D) Women needed to be more social and cooperative to ensure offspring survival.

Question 45

According to evolutionary theory,the work of hunting generally fell to men because:

A) women were better at nurturing the young.
B) women were not aggressive enough to hunt.
C) women were slowed by pregnancy and nursing.
D) men were better at visual-spatial skills.

Question 46

In terms of cognitive abilities,men and women who are characterized by androgynous gender roles perform ____________ in comparison with other adults.

A) less well on all tasks
B) less well on visual-spatial tasks
C) better on verbal tasks
D) better on a wide range of tasks

Question 47

According to research,if Thomas is a male,which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true?

A) He is controlling of his partner yet comfortable with the idea of casual sex for himself.
B) He prefers a mate who is older and has good earning potential.
C) He is threatened by his partner's emotional infidelity more than sexual infidelity.
D) He is only sexually intimate with long-term partners.

Question 48

The fact that most differences between the brains of men and women are NOT evident until adulthood suggests that:

A) men and women do not begin using more complex reasoning skills until adulthood.
B) men's brains grown larger when they are socialized to believe they have privileged status in our society.
C) variations in experiences and behaviors may influence gender differences in the brain.
D) males and females function within the same range of intelligence until adulthood,where men finally excel.

Question 49

Compared to women in other societies,in societies where women can inherit property and hold political offices,they are more likely to be socialized to be:

A) obedient.
B) achievement-oriented.
C) competitive lovers.
D) better wives and mothers.

Question 50

Which of the following is a criticism of the evolutionary theory of gender differences?

A) It does not explain why females are more cooperative than males.
B) It does not explain why contemporary hunter-gatherer societies differ in their gender roles.
C) It does not explain how technological advances have affected gender differences.
D) It does not explain why some males outperform females in mathematics.

Question 51

Compared to women,the greater relative size of the right hemisphere in men is consistent with better:

A) language skills.
B) physical coordination.
C) perceptual speed.
D) spatial abilities.

Question 52

Who first proposed that males and females of many different species differ in behavior because of past evolutionary pressures?

A) Aristotle
B) Charles Darwin
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 53

On average,the cerebral cortex of a man's brain is ____________ the cerebral cortex of a woman's brain.

A) about 2% smaller than
B) about 5% larger than
C) about 10% larger than
D) the same size as

Question 54

What were the results of Claude Steele (1997)'s study in which men and women were asked to take a difficult mathematics test and were told that it was a test that showed no gender differences?

A) Men correctly answered three times as many questions as women.
B) Men correctly answered two times as many questions as women.
C) Women correctly answered three times as many questions as men.
D) Men and women answered the same number of questions correctly.

Question 55

According to evolutionary theory,differences in male and female behavior may have been selected because men:

A) hunted while women cared for the children.
B) farmed and women harvested.
C) were physically stronger and women were weaker.
D) built shelters and women prepared food.

Question 56

In comparing differences between the brains of men and women,what have researchers discovered?

A) The hippocampus of adult males is larger than the hippocampus of adult females.
B) The amygdala of adult females is larger than the amygdala of adult males.
C) The corpus callosum in adult females is larger than the corpus callosum in adult males.
D) The left hemisphere in adult males is larger than the left hemisphere in adult females.

Question 57

Which of the following is a true statement about gender differences in mating and sexual behavior?

A) Less than one-third of college males and greater than three-quarters of college females say they would like to have only one sexual partner over the next 30 years.
B) Most college males say they want more sexual partners than do most college females.
C) The gender difference in average number of desired sexual partners stems from a few males who desire a very high number of sexual partners.
D) The gender difference in average number of desired sexual partners stems from a few females who desire no sexual partners.

Question 58

According to social-role theory,in today's societies,gender differences result from:

A) differential brain functioning.
B) the division of labor within a specific culture.
C) differences in male and female genes.
D) differing levels of aggression in men and women.

Question 59

The social-role theory and the evolutionary theory of gender differences agree that,thousands of years ago:

A) the childbearing role of women fostered the learning of helpful and nurturing behavior among women.
B) men and women began to expect of themselves the gender-specific qualities expected by society.
C) the realities of reproduction for women and men's greater physical strength led to greater male dominance.
D) strong,fearless males who were better hunters were more likely to survive,causing men to eventually excel in hunting-related skills.

Question 60

The larger size of the corpus callosum in women may be related to their:

A) ability to use the left brain more efficiently.
B) ability to perform better than men on tasks involving perceptual speed.
C) superior language skills.
D) superior visual-spatial skills.

Question 61

In studies of cognitive differences in academic areas,men consistently perform better than women in the areas of science,social studies,and ____________.

Question 62

A person who has both masculine and feminine traits is considered to be androgynous.

Question 63

Gender identity refers to all of the behaviors that are determined as masculine or feminine by one's culture.

Question 64

In twin studies,if one monozygotic twin has schizophrenia,the other has about a 50% chance of developing the disorder.

Question 65

Women are hypothesized to integrate the two hemispheres of the brain more effectively than do males because women have a larger ____________.

Question 66

Human beings are not influenced by our social environment;they are only influenced by genetics.

Question 67

Describe twin and adoption studies,and explain why they are so important to the study of the effects of heredity.

Question 68

With the exception of ova and sperm,human cells contain ______ pairs of chromosomes.

Question 69

According to the ____________ theory of gender differences,genetic differences between men and women resulted from different pressures in the hunter-gatherer era.

Question 70

Social-role theory states that differences in the genes of men and women resulted from differential evolutionary pressures.

Question 71

____________ refers to all of the behaviors that communicate to others our masculinity or femininity.

Question 72

As children grow older,the amygdala increases more rapidly in females than in males and continues to be larger in women during adulthood.

Question 73

Twin studies and adoption studies help examine the influence of ____________ on humans.

Question 74

Heredity and experiences always work together to influence our psychological characteristics.

Question 75

____________ is the subjective experience of being a male or female.

Question 76

A recessive gene is a gene that can only be expressed (or influential)when it is paired with another recessive gene.

Question 77

List and describe three cognitive differences between men and women.

Question 78

The ____________ theory suggests that gender identity results from reinforcement for gender-typical behavior.

Question 79

According to evolutionary theory,men who were nurturing and good providers had better access to fertile women.

Question 80

On average,women score higher than men do in tests of perceptual speed.