Deck 10: Developmental Psychology

Question 1

In terms of individual differences,which statement is MOST consistent with normal development?

A) Behaviors that develop ahead of schedule indicate special aptitude.
B) There are often large variations in the timing and the detail of normal development.
C) Differences in early development will show up as differences in adulthood.
D) Development generally proceeds at a smooth and gradual rate.

Answer 1

There are often large variations in the timing and the detail of normal development.

Question 2

In terms of sexual behavior,what impact did early isolation have on the Harlows' monkeys?

A) They were either fearful or incompetent in their sexual activity.
B) They became sexually precocious adults.
C) They engaged in same-gender sexual activity.
D) They never initiated sexual activity.

Answer 2

They were either fearful or incompetent in their sexual activity.

Question 3

The nurture side of the nature vs.nurture debate focuses on:

A) the role of hormones.
B) maturation of the nervous system.
C) genetics.
D) experience.

Answer 3

experience.

Question 4

Successful toilet training is difficult for most children prior to 24 months of age.Of the following,which concept BEST explains why this is the case?

A) adaptation
B) critical period
C) maturation
D) learning

Question 5

Which of the following is a true statement about contemporary opinions regarding the role of early,abnormal experiences in humans?

A) It is clear that such experiences produce irreversible damage.
B) It is clear that such experiences can be reversed under favorable conditions.
C) It is clear that such experiences have no influence on later development.
D) Psychologists are not in agreement regarding this issue.

Question 6

Developmental psychologists use the term "maturation" to describe the:

A) systematic physical growth of the nervous system and bodily structures.
B) process of learning responsibility and self-control.
C) process of adapting to one's environment.
D) biological and environmental influences that determine growth.

Question 7

What is the correct relationship between maturation and learning?

A) Maturation and learning are independent processes.
B) Maturation cannot occur until learning has taken place.
C) Maturation and learning always occur at the same time.
D) Learning cannot occur until sufficient maturation has taken place.

Question 8

Which term is MOST closely associated with the nature side of the nature vs.nurture debate?

A) learning
B) experience
C) environment
D) maturation

Question 9

If the average age for an infant to crawl is 7 months,but your baby didn't crawl until 9 months,what should you conclude?

A) Your child will be okay but will never be a star athlete.
B) Your child is developmentally delayed throughout life.
C) Your child is quite normal.
D) Your child will experience difficulties with walking as well.

Question 10

Which aspect of monkey behavior did Harry and Margaret Harlow study?

A) language development
B) emotional disturbances resulting from abuse
C) the role of early social experiences in development
D) insightful problem solving

Question 11

Theorists who support the "molding" view of development see development as:

A) behavioral changes that result from increasing experience.
B) behavioral changes that are abrupt and rapid.
C) a series of quantitative changes.
D) the result of maturation.

Question 12

Which psychologist extensively studied imprinting,and is famous for a picture showing a flock of goslings that had actually imprinted on him?

A) Konrad Lorenz
B) Wolfgang Kohler
C) Harry Harlow
D) Jean Piaget

Question 13

When female monkeys who were raised in isolation during early development became mothers,they:

A) were abusive to their infants.
B) were overprotective of their infants.
C) were competent and nurturing with their infants.
D) modeled the behavior of other mothers.

Question 14

Imprinting is:

A) a purely innate process.
B) a purely learned process.
C) both an innate and learned process.
D) neither an innate nor a learned process.

Question 15

Stage theorists see developmental changes as involving:

A) quantitative changes only.
B) qualitative changes only.
C) quantitative and qualitative changes equally.
D) minor quantitative changes within prevailing qualitative changes.

Question 16

Which of the following statements would a stage theorist be most likely to support?

A) As we develop,behavior changes are largely the result of new experiences.
B) Individuals pass from one developmental period into the next as each period is mastered.
C) Development is largely a series of quantitative changes.
D) Development is a series of gradual and slow changes.

Question 17

The nature side of the nature vs.nurture debate focuses on:

A) environment.
B) experience.
C) biology.
D) learning.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the rate of development is true?

A) Development occurs at the same rate for all children.
B) Each child's development occurs at a steady rate.
C) Deviations from the average are signs of abnormality and warrant further investigation.
D) Variation is the rule,not the exception,in child development.

Question 19

If imprinting occurred in humans in the same manner that it does in geese,which statement would be true?

A) Human parents would essentially ignore their babies and wait for the baby to initiate interaction.
B) Human babies would form multiple attachments because they have multiple caregivers.
C) Over several weeks,human babies would gradually develop an attachment to their primary caregiver.
D) Human babies would become permanently attached to whoever delivered them,as that person would be the first person they saw.

Question 20

A critical period is a time when:

A) development deviates from the norm.
B) development slows down.
C) behaviors must be learned if they are to be learned at all.
D) extra stimulation must be applied for learning to occur.

Question 21

A criticism of Gilligan's theory of moral reasoning is that Gilligan's stages:

A) do not follow a stage-like pattern.
B) are based in speculation,not sound science.
C) overemphasize sex differences.
D) are devised from a small population of women.

Question 22

All of the following are stages in Erikson's theory of personality development,EXCEPT:

A) trust vs.mistrust.
B) autonomy vs.shame and doubt.
C) initiative vs.guilt.
D) movement vs.stagnation.

Question 23

Which of the following is a true statement about Erikson's stage theory?

A) It involves four stages of moral development.
B) The outcome of each childhood stage is largely influenced by parents and other significant people.
C) Each stage involves three possible outcomes.
D) The outcome of each stage is relevant to the individual until the next stage is reached.

Question 24

According to Kohlberg,which of the following statements would most coincide with conventional reasoning?

A) "Don't get caught."
B) "Don't be a jerk."
C) "This law is unjust."
D) "It's the law."

Question 25

Of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory,which two pair is MOST similar?

A) the conventional and morality as individual survival stages
B) the principled and morality as self-sacrifice stages
C) the conventional and morality as equality stages
D) the premoral and morality as individual survival stages

Question 26

"Even though I want this baby,I need to give him up for adoption because I can't provide the quality of life a child deserves.My family and friends will think I am doing the right thing." Which of Gilligan's stages do these statements BEST exemplify?

A) morality as individual survival
B) principled moral reasoning
C) morality as self-sacrifice
D) morality as equality

Question 27

According to Kohlberg's research,most 6-year-olds are at the ____________ level of reasoning.

A) premoral
B) conventional
C) principled
D) postmoral

Question 28

According to Kohlberg,which of the following statements would most coincide with premoral reasoning?

A) "Don't get caught."
B) "Don't be a jerk."
C) "This law is unjust."
D) "It's the law."

Question 29

Gilligan suggests that for women,moral reasoning is centered on:

A) abstract principles of justice.
B) laws.
C) concern for the welfare of self and others.
D) rewards and punishments.

Question 30

During Erikson's fourth stage of development,industry vs.inferiority,which task are most children struggling with?

A) acquiring a sense of identity
B) developing an interest in the opposite sex
C) learning to take the initiative in activities
D) meeting the demands of teachers and parents

Question 31

According to Kohlberg,which of the following statements would most coincide with principled reasoning?

A) "Don't get caught."
B) "Don't be a jerk."
C) "This law is unjust."
D) "It's the law."

Question 32

According to Erikson,an infant MOST needs to feel ____________ in his/her parents.

A) stimulation
B) trust
C) autonomy
D) intimacy

Question 33

In Gilligan's first stage of moral reasoning,moral judgments are based on:

A) service to others.
B) concern for self.
C) societal conventions.
D) equality.

Question 34

According to Erikson,life crises are BEST characterized as:

A) tragedies.
B) frustrations.
C) abnormalities.
D) turning points.

Question 35

In Gilligan's third stage of moral reasoning,moral judgments are based on:

A) service to others.
B) concern for self.
C) societal conventions.
D) equality.

Question 36

When women reach the stage of morality as equality,Gilligan believes they:

A) do what is right to obtain rewards and avoid punishment.
B) develop the belief that sacrifices should be equally shared.
C) begin to sacrifice their own needs to meet the needs of others.
D) advocate for violence if the violence ensures or protects individual rights.

Question 37

"You shouldn't cheat on your boyfriend.When you're friends find out,you'll be humiliated and won't want to show your face in public." This statement BEST exemplifies which level of Kohlberg's moral development?

A) premoral.
B) conventional.
C) postmoral
D) principled

Question 38

"I don't believe in the death penalty,as it is not morally right to take the life of another." This statement BEST exemplifies which level of Kohlberg's moral development?

A) premoral
B) conventional
C) postmoral
D) principled

Question 39

Cody is learning to feed himself and use the toilet.What stage best describes his current task of development?

A) intimacy vs.isolation
B) initiative vs.guilt
C) autonomy vs.shame and doubt
D) industry vs.inferiority

Question 40

In Gilligan's second stage of moral reasoning,moral judgments are based on:

A) service to others.
B) concern for self.
C) societal conventions.
D) equality.

Question 41

Which of the following statements BEST illustrates telegraphic speech?

A) I want my mommy.
B) Where is my bottle?
C) Who is that girl?
D) Daddy here?

Question 42

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's study of infants' ability to remember simple learning experiences demonstrated that infants as old as ______ months show memory for the task for as long as 2 weeks.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A) Children can begin to use mental symbols.
B) Children use symbolic thought,but it is often illogical.
C) Children are basically passive recipients of their environment.
D) Sensations and motor movements move from reflexive to coordinated.

Question 44

The neonatal period encompasses the:

A) last trimester of pregnancy.
B) first 2 months of life.
C) first 2 weeks of life.
D) first year of life.

Question 45

When an infant feels his mother's nipple on his cheek,he will turn his head to search for the nipple.This reflex is called the:

A) neonatal reflex.
B) rooting reflex.
C) sucking reflex.
D) Babinski reflex.

Question 46

In terms of vision,newborns:

A) can only distinguish light from dark.
B) have remarkably well-developed near and far vision.
C) can see outlines of objects both near and far but cannot distinguish details.
D) have fairly good vision up to about 12 inches from their eyes.

Question 47

From 2 weeks to 2 months,an infant's distance vision increases from 12 inches to:

A) 2 feet.
B) 6 feet.
C) 12 feet.
D) 50 feet.

Question 48

When life concerns settle around helping others and contributing something of value to future generations,a person is likely within Erikson's stage of:

A) industry vs.inferiority.
B) generativity vs.stagnation.
C) initiative vs.guilt.
D) integrity vs.despair.

Question 49

Piaget proposed that young children are unable to take the perspective of others.He referred to this as:

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) solitary play.
D) transductive reasoning.

Question 50

A baby is officially called an infant beginning at:

A) two weeks of age.
B) two months of age.
C) six months of age.
D) birth.

Question 51

The average 18-month-old infant has a speaking vocabulary of approximately:

A) 5 words.
B) 20 words.
C) 100 words.
D) 300 words.

Question 52

When Carolyn Rovee-Collier placed infants in a crib with a ribbon connected from their ankle to an interesting mobile overhead,she was examining which of the following?

A) object permanence
B) memory
C) separation anxiety
D) emotions

Question 53

One-year-old Deja is playing with her mother's car keys,much to the annoyance of her mother.In order to stop Deja from chewing on the keys,her mother puts the keys in her bag.If Deja searches for the keys in her mother's bag,we would say that Deja has developed an understanding of:

A) object permanence.
B) transductive reasoning.
C) concrete operations.
D) reversibility.

Question 54

Infants' first true social behavior is:

A) showing fear of strangers.
B) demonstrating separation anxiety.
C) smiling at their caregivers.
D) displaying a fear of heights.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is NOT true of typical 9-month-old infants?

A) They cross to the deep side of the visual cliff without fear.
B) They have developed the concept of object permanence.
C) They understand some nouns and gestures.
D) They show memory for simple learning tasks for more than two weeks.

Question 56

Piaget proposed that infants begin to realize that objects exist even when they are out of sight at approximately what age?

A) 2 to 4 weeks
B) 2 to 4 months
C) 6 to 9 months
D) 24 to 27 months

Question 57

Neonates are particularly interested in looking at which of the following?

A) faces
B) animals
C) food
D) their hands

Question 58

In infants,the emotion of fear:

A) is expressed immediately at birth.
B) emerges at about 3 weeks of age.
C) emerges between 6 and 9 months of age.
D) only emerges for those living in fear-provoking conditions.

Question 59

In order to BEST minimize the risk of SIDS due to young infants' transition from reflexive to voluntary control of keeping their noses and mouths clear,parents should put their young infants to sleep:

A) on their bellies.
B) on their backs.
C) on their sides.
D) in their parents' beds.

Question 60

Infancy corresponds to which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

A) formal operations
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operational

Question 61

Of the following,which is a primary sex characteristic?

A) breast development
B) ovulation
C) the growth of pubic hair
D) the redistribution of fat

Question 62

Four-year-old Max tells his mother that he can't eat peas because his teddy bear hates peas.Giving his teddy bear human traits is characteristic of:

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) solitary play.
D) transductive reasoning.

Question 63

Since the early 1900s,a trend has been observed in which American females are menstruating earlier on average,and the onset of menstruation occurs earlier than for females from other countries.What might explain these differences?

A) American girls tend to be more sexually precocious.
B) Excessive dieting in young females can trigger early menarche.
C) Improved nutrition and health care have influenced the occurrence of menarche.
D) Other countries attempt to medically slow the process of menarche due to religious beliefs.

Question 64

In the 2-year-old room of a day care center,you notice that children are engaged in a wide variety of activities but no one seems to be playing with anyone else.Which kind of play are the children MOST likely engaged in?

A) solitary play
B) parallel play
C) cooperative play
D) functional play

Question 65

All of the following are true of the adolescent growth spurt EXCEPT:

A) rapid weight gain is common.
B) weight gain is mostly in the form of fat.
C) typical boys gain as much as 4 inches and 26 pounds.
D) typical girls gain as much as 6 inches and 27 pounds.

Question 66

In adolescent boys,sperm production generally begins:

A) between 10 to 11 years of age.
B) between 12 to 13 years of age.
C) between 14 to 15 years of age.
D) at 16 years of age.

Question 67

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

A) ovulation
B) menarche
C) breast development
D) growth of the uterus

Question 68

Which of the following is true of typical 5-year-olds?

A) They have imaginary companions.
B) They engage in temper tantrums directed at no one.
C) They engage in solitary play.
D) They understand the concept of conservation.

Question 69

The understanding that quantity does not change when superficial features change is called:

A) decentering.
B) conservation.
C) preoperations.
D) reversibility.

Question 70

During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to think in the abstract?

A) the sensorimotor stage
B) the preoperational stage
C) the concrete operational stage
D) the formal operational stage

Question 71

Of the following,which type of play is the MOST mature?

A) solitary play
B) parallel play
C) cooperative play
D) egocentric play

Question 72

During which of Piaget's periods do individuals begin to develop an autobiographical memory of the events of their lives?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 73

According to Piaget,what advantage does formal operational thought have over concrete operational thought?

A) Formal thought is transductive.
B) Formal thought involves mental representations.
C) Formal thought is reversible.
D) Formal thought is abstract.

Question 74

From age 2 to age 18,children learn an average of how many words per day?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 10

Question 75

By what age have most children begun to act in sex-typed ways?

A) 1 year old
B) 2 years old
C) 3 years old
D) 4 years old

Question 76

Of the following,which is a primary sex characteristic?

A) sperm production
B) thickening of the vocal cords
C) the growth of pubic hair
D) beard growth

Question 77

Understanding that if 6 + 3 = 9,then 9 - 6 = 3 is an example of:

A) decentering.
B) conservation.
C) preoperations.
D) reversibility.

Question 78

Decentering is the ability to:

A) shift from an egocentric mode to a selfless mode.
B) think about more than one thing at a time.
C) increase cognitive arousal by applying motivational techniques.
D) understand that 6 + 5 = 5 + 6.

Question 79

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length.A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies.You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row.The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies.This child is in which of Piaget's stages?

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operations
C) preoperational
D) concrete operations

Question 80

Which statement is an accurate reflection of the friendships that develop before age 7?

A) They are typically not enduring or close.
B) They are friendships based in mutual interests and activities.
C) They are more important than ties with parents.
D) They consist of opposite-sex groups or cliques.