Deck 3: Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

Question 1

Which is correctly matched?

A)eliminates wastes: circulatory system
B)secretes hormones: adrenal glands
C)includes muscles and joints: skeletal system
D)includes lymph structures: circulatory system

Answer 1

B

Question 2

"Activity in the digestive tract begins in response to the sight and smell of food." What response is being described?

A)cephalic
B)gastric
C)intestinal
D)cognitive

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What does the immune system produce in response to an allergen present in the diet or environment?

A)antigens
B)antibodies
C)enzymes
D)mucus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

There are two major functions associated with the digestive system.One is digestion.Which is the other?

A)metabolism.
B)absorption.
C)circulation.
D)excretion.

Question 5

Which statement best describes mucus?

A)It protects the cells of the digestive tract from damage.
B)It is a specialized cell of the immune system.
C)It is a layer of muscle that moves in a way that lubricates cells.
D)It acts as a barrier to prevent water from entering the cells of the small intestine.

Question 6

"Food proteins trigger the formation of antibodies." What is being described?

A)An inappropriate reaction of the immune system,commonly seen in foods such as eggs,seafood,and nuts.
B)An appropriate immune response,to harmful organisms,found in food.
C)An appropriate reaction of the immune system,commonly seen in foods such as wheat,soy and peanuts.
D)An inappropriate immune response to disease-causing organisms that contaminate food.

Question 7

What is another name for the digestive tract?

A)urinary tract.
B)gastrointestinal tract.
C)endocrine system.
D)integumentary system.

Question 8

Nutrients classified as "organic molecules" have a molecular structure which contains which element?

A)carbon.
B)oxygen.
C)nitrogen.
D)sulphur.

Question 9

The digestive system is an example of which of the following?

A)an organ system that includes the liver and has,as its only function,the secretion of chemical messengers that regulate food intake.
B)an organ system that includes the gall bladder and has,as one of its functions,the absorption of nutrients into the blood.
C)the only organ system involved in the ingestion,digestion,absorption and elimination of food.
D)an organ system that includes the pancreas which is also part of the nervous system.

Question 10

The GI tract limits the absorption of toxins and disease-causing organisms.What are these invading substances?

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)enzymes.
D)mucus.

Question 11

What are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of specific chemical reactions without being changed themselves?

A)Hormones
B)Mucus
C)Enzymes
D)Chyme

Question 12

Which of the following digestive secretions functions as a "chemical messenger"?

A)mucus
B)enzymes
C)chyme
D)hormones

Question 13

Which sequence is organized from the simplest to the most complex arrangement?

A)atoms: molecules: tissues: organs
B)molecules: tissues: atoms: organs
C)tissues: atoms: molecules: organs
D)atoms: organs: tissues: molecules

Question 14

Which of the following forms in the mouth?

A)bolus
B)rugae
C)chime
D)bile

Question 15

In what way does chewing improve digestion?

A)It increases the surface area of the food that comes in contact with digestive enzymes.
B)It increases the surface area of the food that comes in contact with hormones that regulate food intake.
C)It releases enzymes that are naturally-occurring in food and which aid in digestion.
D)It increases the particle size of food aiding in swallowing and peristalsis.

Question 16

What regulates the movement of food through the digestive tract?

A)endocrine and nervous system.
B)lymphatic and muscular system.
C)respiratory and urinary system.
D)cardiovascular system.

Question 17

What are the units of matter that cannot be further broken down by chemical means?

A)Organic compounds
B)Cells
C)Atoms
D)Solvents

Question 18

Which best describes transit time?

A)It is the amount of time taken by food to move through the digestive tract.
B)It is rate at which chyme forms after food is swallowed.
C)It is a measure of how quickly nutrients enter the blood.
D)It is the rate at which food is swallowed.

Question 19

Which corresponds to beginning of digestive tract: end of gastrointestinal tract?

A)esophagus;small intestine.
B)mouth;pancreas.
C)esophageal sphincter;stomach.
D)mouth;anus.

Question 20

Which statement best describes the typical action of a phagocyte?

A)Phagocytes are specialized cells in the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes.
B)Phagocytes engulf pathogens and present pathogen proteins.
C)Phagocytes are lymphocytes that circulate in the lymphatic system.
D)Phagocytes secrete antibodies that bind to disease-causing organisms.

Question 21

What increases the absorptive surface of the small intestine?

A)sphincters.
B)microvilli.
C)lymph vessels.
D)gastric pits.

Question 22

What is the main site of nutrient absorption?

A)liver.
B)large intestine.
C)stomach.
D)small intestine.

Question 23

Through what does chyme pass when moving out of the stomach?

A)gastroesophageal sphincter.
B)hard and soft palate.
C)pyloric sphincter.
D)common bile duct.

Question 24

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit gastric secretion and motility?

A)the sight and smell of food
B)the release of the hormone gastrin from the stomach
C)the passage of chyme into the small intestine
D)the release of bile from the gallbladder

Question 25

What is the active protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the gastric juice?

A)peptic ulcer.
B)pepsinogen.
C)pepsin.
D)parietal cells.

Question 26

What causes the release of the hormone gastrin?

A)the presence of food in the stomach.
B)contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter.
C)relaxation of the anal sphincter.
D)the presence of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.

Question 27

A diseased gallbladder interferes with what function?

A)fat digestion and absorption.
B)chyme formation.
C)the ability to chew.
D)the ability to regulate blood glucose levels.

Question 28

Which of the following does NOT affect stomach emptying?

A)the nutrient composition of a meal.
B)the time of day the meal is consumed.
C)the meal consistency (liquid versus solid).
D)emotional states (sadness,fear,anger).

Question 29

The pharynx is a cavity shared by the digestive system and which other organ system?

A)urinary
B)respiratory
C)endocrine
D)immune

Question 30

What protects the stomach wall from the acidity of the gastric juice?

A)Helicobacter pylori.
B)a viscous mucus layer.
C)the hormone gastrin.
D)the enzyme pepsin.

Question 31

The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract?

A)pancreas
B)large intestine
C)gallbladder
D)stomach

Question 32

Which of the following digestive organs is covered with finger-like projections called villi?

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)large intestine

Question 33

Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest?

A)cheeseburger,small French fries,small soft drink,and ice cream
B)grilled chicken breast,mashed potato with butter,green beans,and skim milk
C)tuna sandwich on whole wheat,pickle,and ice tea
D)puffed rice cereal,skim milk,blueberries,and coffee

Question 34

Which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract?

A)gallbladder
B)pancreas
C)salivary glands
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 35

Which sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?.

A)gastroesophageal
B)celiac
C)anal
D)pyloric

Question 36

The epiglottis guides food from the pharynx to what location?

A)large intestine.
B)small intestine.
C)esophagus.
D)lungs.

Question 37

What is the function of sphincters in the digestive tract?

A)to coordinate muscular contractions that propel food forward.
B)to regulate the flow of food.
C)to release bile.
D)to regulate enzymatic reactions.

Question 38

What happens when the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts?

A)Food flows from the esophagus into the stomach.
B)Food is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach.
C)Food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
D)Food is eliminated from the body through the anus.

Question 39

Which structure prevents food from entering the lungs?

A)trachea
B)pharynx
C)esophageal sphincter
D)epiglottis

Question 40

What are the wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract?

A)quickening.
B)the Heimlich maneuver.
C)peristalsis.
D)segmentation.

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding intestinal microflora is FALSE?

A)The large intestine is home to many different species of bacteria.
B)Bacteria in the gut break down indigestible dietary substances.
C)Intestinal microflora interfere with immune function in the GI tract.
D)Intestinal microflora optimize intestinal motility and transit time.

Question 42

Which absorption mechanism requires both a carrier molecule and energy to move across a cell membrane?

A)simple diffusion
B)osmosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport

Question 43

Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from which organ?

A)gallbladder.
B)kidneys.
C)liver.
D)pancreas.

Question 44

What is required in order for the absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion to occur?

A)a carrier molecule.
B)energy.
C)a concentration gradient.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct

Question 45

Which mechanism requires the most energy?

A)active transport
B)facilitated diffusion
C)osmosis
D)simple diffusion

Question 46

Which statement best describes the absorption of nutrients?

A)From the cells of the small intestine,amino acids and glucose pass into the bloodstream while long chain fatty acids pass into the lymphatic system.
B)From the cells of the large intestine,amino acids and amylose pass into the bloodstream while long chain fatty acids pass into the lymphatic system.
C)From the parietal cells of the small intestine,glucose and short chain fatty acids pass into the bloodstream,while long chain fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins enter the lymphatic system.
D)From the mucosal cells of the large intestine,amino acids and fatty acids enter the lymphatic system,while indigestible fibre is eliminated from the body.

Question 47

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A)prepare unabsorbed food residue for excretion.
B)provide a surface for nutrient absorption.
C)to neutralize chyme.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 48

What is the most common cause of ulcers?

A)stress.
B)eating fatty foods.
C)bacterial infection.
D)the pain reliever Tylenol.

Question 49

What is being described: "A food bolus encounters the contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles."

A)the entry of food into the small intestine
B)the safe movement of food past the epiglottis
C)the movement of food down the esophagus
D)the breakdown of food in the mouth into smaller particles.

Question 50

Which of the following structures is located past (beyond)the ileocecal valve?

A)colon
B)common bile duct
C)stomach
D)pancreas

Question 51

Which statement best distinguishes between secretin and gastrin?

A)gastrin responds to the entry of food into the stomach,while secretin responds to entry of food into the small intestine.
B)gastrin suppresses the release of gastric juices,while secretin suppresses the release of bile from the liver.
C)gastrin reduces gastric motility as food leaves the stomach,while secretin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice as food enters the small intestine.
D)gastrin stimulates gastric motility,while secretin stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder.

Question 52

Which statement best describes pepsinogen?

A)It is secreted by the same cells in the stomach that produce HCl.
B)In its active form,it begins the digestion of food proteins,
C)In its active form,it continues the digestion of starch begun by salivary amylase.
D)It is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach,which also secrete the intrinsic factor.

Question 53

Which statement best describes the connection between prebiotics and probiotics.

A)prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates,found in common foods,that support the growth of probiotics,bacteria that growth in the large intestine and may be beneficial to health.
B)prebiotics are digestible carbohydrates,found in common foods,that support the growth of probiotics,bacteria that growth in the large intestine and may be beneficial to health.
C)prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates,not found in common foods,that support the growth of probiotics,bacteria that growth in the large intestine and may be beneficial to health.
D)prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates,found in common foods,that suppress the growth of probiotics,which are harmful bacteria that growth in the large intestine

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of probiotic therapy?

A)Taking an antibiotic to clear up an infection.
B)Eating yogurt which contains live bacteria.
C)Drinking alcohol with our meals to kill foodborne pathogens.
D)Pasteurization of our food supply.

Question 55

Which statement best describes heartburn?

A)It is caused by acidic stomach contents leaking into the esophagus.
B)It is caused when the stomach bulges through the pyloric sphincter.
C)It is more common in men and those who are underweight.
D)All of the above answer choices correctly describe heartburn.

Question 56

How is the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine controlled?

A)by hormones secreted by the mucosal lining of the duodenum.
B)by the stimulation of stretch receptors in the stomach.
C)by the hormone gastrin.
D)by salivary amylase.

Question 57

Which is a process that occurs in the mouth?

A)the process of digestion which begins with the action of lysozyme
B)the digestion of starch by the action of salivary pepsin.
C)the breakdown of starch into shorter chains of glucose.
D)the breakdown of dietary fibre through the action of salivary amylase.

Question 58

"Chyme and digestive juices are moved backward and forward in the small intestine to enhance absorption at the brush border." What is being described?

A)Gastric secretion
B)Barrier function
C)Peristalis
D)Segmentation

Question 59

Which statement best distinguishes between the action of secretin and CCK?

A)Secretin suppresses the release of gastric juices,while CCK suppresses the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
B)CCK stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas,while secretin stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder.
C)Secretin promotes the release of gastric juices,while CCK promotes the secretion of bile from the liver to the gall bladder.
D)Secretin stimulates the release of compounds that neutralize chyme,while CCK stimulates the release of a substance that helps emulsify fat.

Question 60

Which of the following is included in pancreatic secretions?

A)bicarbonate ions.
B)bile.
C)cholecystokinin (CCK).
D)chyme.

Question 61

Nutrient Q is a nutrient normally bound to protein in food.In this form it cannot be absorbed.Fortunately the binding between nutrient Q and protein is broken by the HCl in the gastric juices.What is one possible consequence of atrophic gastritis?

A)development of nutrient Q deficiency.
B)excessive absorption of nutrient Q.
C)no consequence as pepsin,secreted by the pancreas,can break the binding between nutrient Q and protein.
D)no consequence as atrophic gastritis causes inflammation but does not alter gastric secretion of HCl.

Question 62

Which statement best distinguishes between hepatic portal circulation and lymphatic system,with respect to nutrient transport?

A)The hepatic portal circulation transports water-soluble nutrients directly from the small intestine to the liver,while the lymphatic system directly transports fat-soluble nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.
B)The hepatic portal circulation transports water-soluble nutrients directly from the small intestine to the liver,while the lymphatic system transports fat-soluble nutrients from the small intestine directly to the circulatory system.
C)The hepatic portal circulation transports fat-soluble nutrients directly from the small intestine to the liver,while the lymphatic system transports water-soluble nutrients from the small intestine directly to the circulatory system.
D)The hepatic portal circulation transports water-soluble nutrients directly from the small intestine to general blood circulation,while the lymphatic system transports fat-soluble nutrients from the small intestine directly to the liver.

Question 63

Which statement about Helicobacter pylori is TRUE?

A)These bacteria are killed by the stomach's acid environment.
B)Dr.B.J.Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H.pylori.
C)H.pylori causes irritable bowel syndrome.
D)H.pylori causes ulcers if the stomach is already inflamed from stress.

Question 64

Which statement best describes the link between observational studies and H pylori?

A)Observational studies demonstrated a direct association between H pylori infection and peptic ulcer.
B)Observational studies established an inverse association between H pylori infection and inflammation in the stomach.
C)Observational studies confirmed that antibiotic therapy was effective for the treatment of peptic ulcer.
D)Observational studies identified a direct association between H pylori infection and gall bladder disease.

Question 65

After water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the mucosal cells of the small intestine,they are transported where? via what?

A)to the kidneys via capillaries.
B)to the liver via hepatic portal vein.
C)to the gall bladder viabile duct.
D)to the lymphatic system via the hepatic portal vein.

Question 66

What is it called when nutrients essential to life are provided directly into the bloodstream?

A)enteral feeding.
B)tube-feeding.
C)total parenteral nutrition.
D)force feeding.

Question 67

What controls which substances enter and exit the cell?

A)cytoplasm
B)mitochondria
C)cell membrane
D)organelle

Question 68

What occurs when an inflammation of the lining of the small intestine reduces the ability of the intestine to absorb water or nutrients?

A)constipation.
B)diarrhea.
C)gastroesophageal reflux disease.
D)gallstones.

Question 69

Hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to what organ?

A)stomach.
B)kidneys.
C)brain.
D)liver.

Question 70

During which stage of life can the digestive system absorb intact proteins?

A)infancy
B)childhood
C)adulthood
D)aging adulthood

Question 71

The absorption of what nutrient could be impaired if the gallbladder is not producing enough bile?

A)sucrose
B)fat-soluble vitamins
C)starch
D)amino acids

Question 72

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatic system before entering the blood?

A)fat
B)water
C)water-soluble vitamins
D)glucose

Question 73

What cellular structure is responsible for metabolic reactions that provide energy?

A)cytoplasm.
B)mitochondria.
C)cell membrane.
D)organelle.

Question 74

A person has a rare condition that dramatically reduces the amount of pancreatic amylase that is secreted into the small intestine.What treatment would be most effective?

A)Increase the amount of time chewing so that food can be exposed to sufficient salivary amylase
B)Consume a supplement that contains the emzyme chymotrypsin,which can digest starch
C)Consume a diet very low in starch
D)Consume bread at each meal

Question 75

Which of the following statements about aging is FALSE?

A)There are dramatic changes in nutrient requirements with aging.
B)The senses of smell and taste are often diminished or lost with age.
C)With age there is a reduction in the production of saliva.
D)Gastrointestinal secretions may be reduced with age.

Question 76

For a patient who is unable to swallow but can absorb food,which feeding method is recommended?

A)total parenteral nutrition
B)antacid treatment
C)tube-feeding
D)epiglottal message

Question 77

Which correctly describes the absorption of a fatty acid?

A)fatty acids move out of the mucosal cell as part of a micelle,enter the lacteal,then the lymphatic vessel and finally the blood stream.
B)fatty acids move out of the chief cell as part of a chylomicron,enter the lymphatic vessel,then the lacteal and finally the blood stream.
C)fatty acids move out of the mucosal cell as part of a chylomicron,enter the blood capillary,then the lymphatic vessel and finally the blood stream.
D)fatty acids move out of the mucosal cell as part of a chylomicron,enter the lacteal,then the lymphatic vessel and finally the blood stream.

Question 78

According to Canadian regulations,which is an acceptable probiotic claim for a probiotic yogurt?

A)"probiotic that naturally forms part of the gut flora and improves immune function"
B)"provides live micro-organisms that naturally form part of the gut flora"
C)"probiotic that contributes to healthy gut flora and decreases diarrhea"
D)"provides live micro-organisms that will relieve constipation

Question 79

Which choice completes the following phrase "More than 1 billion _______ per serving that contribute to healthy _______" which can typically be found on a probiotic yogurt label.

A)probiotic bacteria;gut flora
B)probiotic bacteria;body
C)prebiotic bacteria;gut flora
D)inactive bacteria;body

Question 80

Which is NOT a characteristic of the digestive tract of a newborn infant?

A)The ability to digest dietary fat in the stomach.
B)The presence of enzyme rennin for the digestion of breast milk protein.
C)High levels of pancreatic enzymes for the digestion of lactose.
D)The presence of lactase in the brush border.