Deck 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development

Question 1

A person's characteristics are known as his or her ____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) chromosomes
D) DNA

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The characteristics of an individual's genetic material are referred to as his or her _____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) inheritance
D) environment

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome?

A) 10,000
B) 23,000
C) 50,000
D) 100,000

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The totality of an individual's genes is referred to as his or her ____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) inheritance
D) environment

Question 5

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A) 23
B) 46
C) 69
D) 92

Question 6

The human body contains how many chromosomes?

A) 23
B) 46
C) 69
D) 92

Question 7

Genes contain ____.

A) protein segments
B) nucleotides
C) fatty cells
D) chromosomes

Question 8

Fred was born into a family with high musical talent.Both of his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood,he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Fred's genotype?

A) Fred's musical genes Correct. One's genotype is his or her complete genetic makeup.
B) Fred's musical talent Incorrect. Musical talent is the characteristic, or the phenotype.
C) Fred's nurturing parents
D) Fred's musical genes and musical talent

Question 9

Jill's mother was an All-American in the 1500 m and qualified for the Olympic team in the marathon.Jill is a freshman in high school and does not think that she will need to train to become a member of the school's cross country team.Jill keeps telling you that her mother was a great runner,so she will also be a great runner.What do you think?

A) She is correct; she will be a great runner no matter what she does. Incorrect. Jill will need to train to become a great runner; that is, she will need to interact with the environment to express those genes.
B) It is unlikely that Jill even has the genotype for running.
C) Jill might have the genotype for running ability, but she will need to train become a great runner. Correct. The athletic ability that may be present in Jill's genotype will not express itself if she does nothing to encourage it, such as training.
D) Jill has also inherited the genes for superior intelligence.

Question 10

An individual's complete genetic makeup is his or her ____.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) allele
D) reaction range

Question 11

According to the text,chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _____.

A) nucleotides Incorrect. The complex molecules are known as DNA.
B) genes
C) DNA Correct. DNA is a long strand of cell material that stores and transfers genetic information.
D) RNA

Question 12

Chromosomes are organized into segments called ____.

A) DNA Incorrect. The segments are called genes.
B) RNA
C) genes Correct. Genes are segments of DNA that contain coded instructions for the growth and function of an organism.
D) nucleotides

Question 13

A person's ____ is/are their genetic makeup,whereas a person's ____ is/are their characteristics.

A) phenotype; genotype
B) genotype; phenotype
C) nucleotides; DNA
D) DNA; nucleotides

Question 14

Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as ____.

A) DNA
B) nucleotide pairs
C) genetic
D) dominant recessives

Question 15

Alejandro was born into a family with high musical talent.Both of his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood,he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Alejandro's phenotype?

A) Alejandro's musical genes Incorrect. Alejandro's musical genes are his genotype.
B) Alejandro's musical talent
C) Alejandro's nurturing parents Correct. Alejandro's genotype includes exceptional musical ability, but it's his parents' support of this ability that encouraged those genes to be expressed.
D) Alejandro's practice of the guitar

Question 16

How many chromosomes from each pair of chromosomes are generally inherited from the father?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 17

The difference between an individual's genotype and its expression in his or her phenotype is a consequence of the person's ____.

A) genes
B) DNA
C) environment
D) parents

Question 18

How many nucleotide pairs comprise the human genome?

A) 100,000
B) 150 million
C) 3 billion
D) 5 trillion

Question 19

The average human cell has ____ chromosomes.

A) 42
B) 46
C) 23
D) 26

Question 20

Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called ____.

A) genes
B) RNA
C) DNA
D) nucleotides

Question 21

For a recessive gene to be expressed in the phenotype,it must be paired with a ____.

A) dominant gene
B) recessive gene Correct. Two recessive genes must be present for that trait to be expressed.
C) expressed gene Incorrect. It must be paired with another recessive gene to be expressed.
D) controller gene

Question 22

Each form of a gene that is contained within a chromosome is referred to as a ____.

A) dominant gene
B) recessive gene
C) allele
D) single gene

Question 23

Characteristics such as height,weight,and skin color are made up of a ____.

A) homogenetic inheritance
B) heterogenetic inheritance
C) dominant-recessive inheritance
D) polygenic inheritance

Question 24

Jill's mother and father both have brown eyes,yet she has blue eyes.She has come to believe that she is not her parents' actual biological daughter.What would you tell her?

A) Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes. Correct. The blue-eyed child of two brown-eyed parents probably inherited a recessive blue-eyed gene from each parent.
B) She is correct; there is no way that she would have blue eyes if she were really her parents' biological daughter. Incorrect. Her parents most likely carry the recessive trait from blue eyes.
C) Blue eyes are dominant, so her parents should have blue eyes too.
D) Only the environment determines eye color once the fetus has been born.

Question 25

On every pair of chromosomes there are how many forms of each gene?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 26

Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30% less genetic material?

A) X Incorrect. The Y chromosome is notably smaller and contains less genetic material.
B) Y Correct. The Y chromosome is notably smaller and contains only ½ the genetic material.
C) O
D) They are both the same.

Question 27

Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development.However,it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes.This is known as _____.

A) inheritability
B) polygenic inheritance Correct. Polygenic inheritance accounts for characteristics such as height and weight as well as intelligence and personality.
C) bimodal inheritance Incorrect. This type of inheritance is referred to as polygenic inheritance.
D) single dominance

Question 28

A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a ____,whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a ____.

A) male; female
B) female; male
C) homogenetic inheritance; polygenetic inheritance
D) polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance

Question 29

If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive,from a dominant-recessive pairing,which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?

A) straight hair Incorrect. Straight hair is recessive.
B) curly hair Correct. Since curly hair is a dominant trait and a heterozygotic pairing is present, the individual's phenotype would be the curly hair, because curly hair is dominant and straight hair is recessive.
C) dominant-recessive
D) their complete genetic makeup

Question 30

If a fetus has the sex chromosomes XX,its genotype is ____.

A) female Correct. Males have XY sex chromosomes.
B) male Incorrect. XX genotype for the sex chromosome would be female.
C) undetermined
D) dimorphic

Question 31

All ova,a female reproductive egg,are ____.

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) XY chromosome
D) XX chromosome

Question 32

The chromosomes that determine if a fetus will be male or female are known as the _____.

A) sex chromosomes Correct. These are called XX in females and XY in males.
B) gender chromosomes Incorrect. The sex chromosomes determine the sex of the offspring.
C) male chromosomes
D) female chromosomes

Question 33

If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY,its genotype is _____.

A) female Incorrect. XY genotype for the sex chromosome would be male.
B) male Correct. Females have XX sex chromosomes.
C) undetermined
D) dimorphic

Question 34

Of the following,which best describes the Y chromosome?

A) The Y chromosome is bigger than the X chromosome.
B) The Y chromosome contains about 30% less genetic material than the X chromosome.
C) The Y chromosome is responsible for determining the sex of the child.
D) There are no differences between the Y chromosome and the X chromosome.

Question 35

Your older brother has a friend who was angry with his wife because they have two sons and he wanted to have a daughter.He thought that she was responsible for having two boys rather than a boy and a girl.What would you tell your brother?

A) His friend was correct, she was purposefully having sons instead of a daughter.
B) It was not anyone's "fault," but the sperm determined the sex of the offspring. Correct. The sex of the offspring is determined by which chromosome is contributed by the sperm.
C) It was not anyone's "fault" even though her ova determined the sex of the offspring. Incorrect. The sperm cell determines the sex of the offspring.
D) Sex of the offspring is determined by day of the week. They both should have known what day they were trying to conceive.

Question 36

All eggs contain which sex chromosome?

A) X Correct. Females carry no Y chromosomes.
B) Y Incorrect. All ova contain only the X chromosome.
C) O
D) None

Question 37

Thomas's biological mother and father are both gifted athletes.He was adopted by a couple who had no interest in him being involved in sports.Although Thomas likely inherited athletic ability,it was never expressed in his _____.

A) genotype
B) phenotype Correct. Thomas likely inherited his biological parents' genotype, but his adoptive parents' disinterest in sports likely inhibited the development of athletic ability in Thomas's phenotype.
C) genes Incorrect. His genetic potential was not expressed in his phenotype.
D) alleles

Question 38

What happens that determines the sex of the offspring?

A) The eggs or ovum contain the X chromosome and the sperm cells carry either the X or the Y. The sperm cell that is involved in fertilization determines the sex of the offspring. Correct. The woman's ova are not responsible for determining a child's sex, as they carry only X chromosomes.
B) The sperm cells all carry the X chromosome. The ovum contains both the X and Y, so it is the ovum that determines the sex of the offspring. Incorrect. The sperm cell determines the sex of the offspring because it either carries the Y or the X chromosome.
C) The ovum and sperm cells both carry X chromosomes. The placenta carries both the X and Y and it determines the sex of the offspring.
D) The ovum and the sperm cells both contain the X chromosome. During the course of fertilization either an X or a Y will be created, which determines the sex of the offspring.

Question 39

What type of gene,if it is present,will be expressed in the phenotype?

A) recessive gene
B) dominant gene Correct. Recessive genes will only be expressed when there is no dominant gene present.
C) expressed gene
D) controller gene Incorrect. If a dominant gene is present, it will be expressed in the phenotype.

Question 40

If having more than five fingers occurs because of a dominant gene,what needs to happen for a person to have more than five fingers?

A) A person must have that dominant gene. Correct. If a dominant gene is present, it will be expressed in the phenotype.
B) A person must have two recessive genes.
C) The gene must mutate.
D) Both dominant genes must be present. Incorrect. For a dominant cell trait to be expressed, all that is needed is the presence of the dominant cell.

Question 41

Your friend has hemophilia and was worried that he could pass it to his offspring when he had children.What would you tell him?

A) He is probably correct, he will pass hemophilia on.
B) Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male offspring. It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers, though. Correct. Since his male offspring would inherit his Y chromosome, he cannot pass along an X-linked disorder to them.
C) X-linked disorders are not inherited; he has no worries Incorrect. X-linked disorders are inherited.
D) Since he has hemophilia, he is probably sterile and unable to father children.

Question 42

Which of the following have a 100% genetic similarity to each other?

A) brother and sister
B) dizygotic twins
C) cousins
D) monozygotic twins

Question 43

If temperament were genetically based,which of the following would have the greatest degree of similarity?

A) monozygotic twins Correct. Monozygotic twins have a 100% genetic similarity.
B) dizygotic twins Incorrect. Dizygotic twins have a 40 to 60% genetic similarity.
C) parents and children
D) cousins

Question 44

According to your text,what have researchers concluded about the nature-nurture debate in terms of development?

A) Genetics is more important.
B) Environment is more important.
C) Both are important.
D) Genetics is more important in infancy and environment in childhood.

Question 45

Nature is to ____ as nurture is to ____.

A) conditioning; learning
B) learning; conditioning
C) environment; genetics
D) genetics; environment

Question 46

Why are males more susceptible to X linked disorders?

A) Because males have an XX pairing of chromosomes; therefore, this increases their odds of a disorder.
B) Because males have an XY pairing of chromosomes and the Y chromosome is more likely to host a genetic disorder.
C) Because most genetic disorders are connected to the dominant gene and since men have an XY pairing a disorder is more likely to be expressed.
D) Because males have one X chromosome, and if a recessive gene for a disorder is present, he does not have another X chromosome that may contain a dominant gene to block its expression.

Question 47

Who is more affected by X-linked inherited disorders?

A) females Incorrect. Males are more likely to be affected by X-linked inherited disorders.
B) males Correct. Males are more affected because they do not have a second X chromosome that may be carrying a dominant gene to block the expression of an X-linked inherited disorder.
C) children under one year of age
D) adults with mutations

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked inheritance disorder?

A) autism
B) Down syndrome
C) hemophilia
D) Turner's syndrome

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked disorder?

A) schizophrenia
B) hemophilia
C) bipolar disease
D) enuresis

Question 50

Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with regard to the nurture/nature question?

A) How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory processes? Correct. Human development is influenced by both genes and environment.
B) Which human behaviors are determined genetically, and which are determined by environmental factors? Incorrect. Behavior is a collective contribution of both nature and nurture.
C) At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human development?
D) Which genes are responsible for childhood behavior, and which genes are responsible for adult behavior?

Question 51

Who are generally carriers of X-linked disorders?

A) females
B) males
C) individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
D) individuals with a trisomy

Question 52

What percentage of their genes do dizygotic twins have in common?

A) 100%
B) 70 to 90%
C) 40 to 60%
D) 10 to 30%

Question 53

Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?

A) If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, their Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it. Correct. Males also would not have a second X chromosome that may contain a dominant gene to block the X-linked inherited disorder.
B) They are generally more immature at birth.
C) Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur.
D) If the Y chromosome does not develop properly, the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring. Incorrect. If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, the Y chromosome does not have the genes to counteract the gene on the X chromosome.

Question 54

Dizygotic (DZ)twins are also known as _____.

A) fraternal twins Correct. Dizygotic twins result when a woman releases two ova and both are fertilized by sperm.
B) identical twins Incorrect. Identical twins are monozygotic twins.
C) monozygotic twins
D) conjoined twins

Question 55

Which the following statements best describes the nature-nurture debate?

A) Most characteristics develop solely from nature or nurture, but not both.
B) Most characteristics develop from a combination of nature and nurture.
C) Most characteristics develop from only nature.
D) Most characteristics develop from only nurture.

Question 56

What field is concerned with the question of how much genes influence development?

A) embryology
B) behavior genetics
C) developmental psychology
D) genetics

Question 57

A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?

A) longitudinal studies
B) cross-sectional studies
C) quasi-experimental studies
D) twin and adoption studies

Question 58

What percentage of their genes do monozygotic twins have in common?

A) 40%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 59

Monozygotic (MZ)twins are also known as _____.

A) fraternal twins
B) identical twins
C) dizygotic twins
D) conjoined twins

Question 60

You are pushing a stroller that has two babies in it.One boy,dressed in blue,and one girl,dressed in pink.Someone stops you tells you how beautiful your baby boy and girl are.Then they ask if they are "identical twins." You tell them they are not,but what are you thinking?

A) It is impossible to have identical twins of different sexes. Correct. Identical twins have exactly the same genotype, including sex.
B) They could be identical; that was a great question. Incorrect. Identical twins share 100% of their genes, so they would both be of the same sex.
C) Fraternal twins are usually both girls.
D) Fraternal twins are usually both boys.

Question 61

If John has schizophrenia,how likely is it that his monozygotic twin brother will also have schizophrenia?

A) John's brother will also have schizophrenia.
B) There is an 80% probability that John's brother will have schizophrenia. Incorrect. There is a 50% probability that his identical twin will also have schizophrenia.
C) There is a 50% probability that John's brother will have schizophrenia. Correct. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among monozygotic, or identical, twins is 50%.
D) John's brother will not have schizophrenia.

Question 62

The ____ is when genes establish boundaries for environmental influences rather than specifically denoting a particular characteristic.

A) reaction range
B) nature-nurture debate
C) genetic ratio
D) concordance rate

Question 63

_____ refers to the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment.

A) Nature versus nurture
B) Epigenesis
C) Reaction range
D) Concordance rate

Question 64

What type of study allows researchers to study whether certain behaviors or traits are more closely related to their genetics or their environment?

A) genetics Incorrect. Adoption studies examine the effects of environment.
B) temperament
C) chromosomal
D) adoption Correct. Adoption studies let researchers observe the behavior of parents and children who share no genetic material.

Question 65

Genes establish a potential of expression and environment determines where a person's phenotype will fall.What is this boundary of genetic influence?

A) environmental influence
B) gene boundaries
C) the inheritability estimate Incorrect. The boundary of genetic influence is the reaction range.
D) the reaction range Correct. The reaction range is when genes establish boundaries for environmental influences.

Question 66

Which of the following have a 40 to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance?

A) identical twins
B) fraternal twins
C) cousins
D) adopted siblings

Question 67

Which of the following pairs would have a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia?

A) monozygotic twins
B) dizygotic twins
C) adopted siblings
D) cousins

Question 68

What is the name of the statistic that ranges from 0 to 1.00 and is used to estimate the degree to which genes are responsible for differences among people from a specific population?

A) genetic correlation
B) heritability estimate
C) concordance rate
D) chromosomal correction

Question 69

____ is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population.

A) Heritability
B) Reaction range
C) Genetic ratio
D) Environmental coefficient

Question 70

Which measure allows behavior geneticists to determine the percentage of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members and is used mostly to examine mental disorders?

A) genetic correlation
B) heritability estimate Incorrect. Similarity of phenotypes is estimated with the concordance rate.
C) concordance rate Correct. Concordance rates range from 0 to 100%. The higher the concordance rate, the more similar two persons are.
D) chromosomal correction

Question 71

When concordance rates are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins,this indicates which of the following?

A) There is partially a genetic basis.
B) There is partially an environmental basis.
C) There is a 100% environmental cause.
D) There is a 100% genetic cause.

Question 72

Epigenesis suggests ______.

A) the influence of the environment on genes is strongest
B) the influence of genes on the environment is strongest
C) the interactions between genes and environment are bidirectional
D) there are no interactions between genes and environment

Question 73

Your friend's mother is extremely intelligent.As a result,even though he usually does OK in school (2.8 GPA),he is convinced that he is a genius.What do you think?

A) Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50, so he is probably overestimating his intelligence. Correct. Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50, so given his GPA, it is likely that he is exaggerating his level of intelligence.
B) He is definitely correct; he is likely a genius. Incorrect. Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50, so given his GPA, it is likely that he is exaggerating his level of intelligence.
C) Actually, children of intellectually gifted adults are usually much lower in intelligence.
D) With a 2.8 GPA, he must be correct.

Question 74

Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80.Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?

A) A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics. Correct. Heritability is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population. The value of the heritability estimate ranges from 0 to 1.00. The higher the heritability, the more the characteristic is believed to be influenced by genetics.
B) A large portion of temperament is determined by environment. Incorrect. From the estimate provided, 20% is determined by the environment.
C) 80% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
D) 20% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.

Question 75

The heritability estimate ranges from ____.

A) 1 to 100
B) 0 to 1.00
C) 1 to 5
D) 0 to 20

Question 76

If you were to design a research study that examines depression in relation to concordance rate,which of the following are the best groups to use for comparison?

A) identical twins and fraternal twins Correct. Monozygotic twins are identical with a 100% genetic similarity and dizygotic twins are fraternal with a 50% genetic similarity. Therefore, twin studies are important in estimating concordance rate.
B) college students and the general public
C) brothers and sisters Incorrect. Brothers and sisters have a 50% genetic similarity. Therefore, a comparison with the same environment will be of little value.
D) parent(s)and children

Question 77

According to your text,what percentage of variation of intelligence is estimated to be attributed to genetics?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 78

What measure allows researchers to estimate not just genetic influence,but of how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed?

A) genetic correlation
B) heritability estimate Correct. Heritability is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population.
C) concordance rate Incorrect. The heritability estimate includes not just genetics, but how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed.
D) chromosomal correction

Question 79

If John has schizophrenia,how likely is it that his dizygotic twin brother will also have schizophrenia?

A) John's brother will also have schizophrenia.
B) There is a 38% probability that John's brother will have schizophrenia. Incorrect. There is an 18% probability that his fraternal twin will also have schizophrenia.
C) There is an 18% probability that John's brother will have schizophrenia. Correct. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among dizygotic, or fraternal, twins is 18%.
D) John's brother will not have schizophrenia.

Question 80

Concordance rate is defined as _____.

A) the degree of similarity in characteristics among peoples of a cultural group
B) the influence of genes on development by comparing people who share different amounts of their genes
C) the percentage that indicates the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members
D) the degree of difference as expressed by variations in environment