Deck 4: Infancy

Question 1

At birth,the size of an infant's brain is ____% of an adult's brain,and by age 2 it is ____% of an adult's brain.

A) 5%; 50%
B) 15%; 60%
C) 25%; 70%
D) 35%; 80%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Compared to other animals,the human brain is very large at birth,but it is also ____.

A) well developed Incorrect. The human brain is relatively large at birth, but it is also relatively immature compared to the brains of other animals.
B) malformed
C) relatively immature Correct. Consequently, much of the basic brain development that takes place prenatally for other animals takes place in the first year for humans.
D) nearly adult-like

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps.What are these gaps called?

A) synapses
B) neuronal gaps
C) transmitter nodes
D) myelin

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest,then his arms,then his hands,and finally his fingers.This progression of motor development is called the ____.

A) cephalocaudal principle Incorrect. The proximodistal principle is the principle of biological development in which growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward.
B) thoracic torso principle
C) phalange-metatarsal principle
D) proximodistal principle Correct. This means, for example, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers.

Question 5

Height during the first year of life increases ____.

A) very quickly in the beginning and slows down
B) slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly
C) at a slow, even rate Incorrect. Height increases unevenly in spurts rather than at a constant rate.
D) unevenly in spurts Correct. Height increases dramatically but unevenly.

Question 6

In the first year of life,infants accumulate fat.This helps the infant ____.

A) maintain a constant body temperature Correct. At 6 months, a well-nourished baby looks on the plump side, but by 1 year children lose much of their "baby fat."
B) maintain high energy levels Incorrect. The accumulated fat helps the infant to maintain a constant body temperature.
C) build muscle
D) create brain cells

Question 7

What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters?

A) soma
B) axons
C) myelin
D) dendrites

Question 8

Helena first develops the ability to control her head.She then could sit up unassisted,and eventually could walk.This progression of motor development is called the ____.

A) cephalocaudal principle Correct. The proximodistal principle is the principle of biological development in which growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward.
B) thoracic torso principle
C) phalange-metatarsal principle
D) proximodistal principle Incorrect. This means, for example, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers.

Question 9

Approximately how many neurons are there in the average infant's brain?

A) 100,000 to 200,000
B) 100 million to 200 million
C) 100 billion to 200 billion
D) 100 trillion to 200 trillion

Question 10

Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward,which is known as the ____.

A) head first, body second principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) proximodistal principle
D) top-down principle

Question 11

Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are ____.

A) neurotoxins
B) neurocommunicators
C) neurotransmitters
D) neurochems

Question 12

Neurotransmitters are ____.

A) the cell body of a neuron
B) a layer of insulation that surrounds axons
C) chemicals that are released into the synapse
D) tiny gaps between neurons

Question 13

Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward,which is known as the ____.

A) head first, body second principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) proximodistal principle
D) top-down principle

Question 14

By the end of his or her first year,the typical infant ____.

A) weighs 20% less due to the loss of baby fat
B) remains the same weight during the second six months
C) doubles his or her body weight
D) triples his or her body weight

Question 15

What part of a neuron releases the neurotransmitters?

A) dendrites
B) soma
C) axons
D) myelin

Question 16

In animals,quite a bit of brain development occurs prenatally.When does this same brain development occur in human infants?

A) prenatally as well Incorrect. This rapid brain development in human infants occurs during the first year of life.
B) during the first year of life Correct. For example, other animals are mobile at birth or within a few days or weeks, but humans cannot even crawl for about 6 months.
C) only during the fetal period
D) after the first year of life

Question 17

If an infant is born weighing 7 pounds,one can expect he or she to weigh about ____ by 12 months.

A) 14 pounds Incorrect. Birth weight triples by the end of the first year.
B) 22 pounds Correct. Birth weight triples by the end of the first year.
C) 28 pounds
D) 35 pounds

Question 18

By age 2,the number of neurons in the brain ____.

A) decreases to a quarter as many as were present at birth
B) decreases to half as many as were present at birth Correct. Although the brain continues to grow, it does not involve the production of new neurons.
C) increases by twice as many as were present at birth Incorrect. Through pruning, the number of neurons in the brain decreases by half.
D) increases by four times as many as were present at birth

Question 19

____ is a tiny gap between neurons.

A) A neurotransmitter
B) The synapse
C) A dendrite
D) Myelin

Question 20

Which of the following describes a head to tail progression of growth?

A) proximodistal principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) thoracictorso principle
D) phalange-metacarpal principle

Question 21

When does the process of myelination end?

A) age 10
B) age 30
C) age 50
D) age 70

Question 22

The _________ lobe is responsible for processing auditory information,including language.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 23

Learning language in general is considered to be ________,whereas exposure to a specific language is considered to be ______.

A) an experience-expectant function; an experience-dependent function
B) an experience-dependent function; an experience-expectant function
C) an experience-expectant function; a lateralization function
D) a plasticity function; an experience-dependent function

Question 24

What is the term that describes the brain's high responsiveness to environmental circumstances?

A) plasticity
B) sensitivity
C) growth
D) pruning

Question 25

The principle that typical human babies in the world will develop similar basic brain functions is known as ______.

A) experience-expectant brain functions
B) experience-dependent brain functions
C) plasticity
D) lateralization

Question 26

Your neighbor's infant daughter has epilepsy.They are considering surgery to help with the seizures,but they are worried that permanent brain damage will result.What should you tell them?

A) At that age, the brain is "plastic," so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area. Correct. This plasticity diminishes steeply over the first few years of life.
B) They should carefully consider this option in that any damage will be permanent.
C) It will be difficult to tell if there will be brain damage because infants do not really do much.
D) They should proceed with caution in that, if there is any brain damage on the left hemisphere, their daughter might never learn to speak. Incorrect. Since the brain is "plastic" during this time, it is likely that a different part of the brain will assume the lost area's functioning.

Question 27

If the infant's brain has been damaged due to injury or illness,what is likely to happen?

A) The functions that are associated with the damaged areas are permanently lost.
B) Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area. Correct. This is known as brain plasticity.
C) The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning. Incorrect. Generally, other areas of the brain will assume the functions associated with the damaged areas.
D) The damaged areas will begin infecting other areas until complete brain death occurs.

Question 28

When neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster and the neuronal connections that are not used wither away,what is happening?

A) brain death
B) axonal withering
C) synaptic pruning
D) intellectual development

Question 29

The principle that the specific experiences an infant has influence certain connections in the brain to develop is known as ______.

A) experience-expectant brain functions
B) experience-dependent brain functions
C) plasticity
D) lateralization

Question 30

While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident,Dr.Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature.As compared to an adult,the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good.Which of the following describes the topic of Dr.Doofenschmirtz's discussion?

A) cognitive neurology Incorrect. Because the infant's brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place.
B) brain plasticity Correct. Because the infant's brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place.
C) biological physiology
D) neural psychology

Question 31

The band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the _________.

A) cerebral callosum
B) corpus connection
C) corpus callosum
D) neural connection

Question 32

What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons?

A) neuronal sheath
B) dendritic sheath
C) synaptic sheath
D) myelin sheath

Question 33

Children in higher socioeconomic families may hear _____ more words by age 3.

A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 30 million
D) 50 million

Question 34

Between early childhood and adolescence,the brain eliminates about how many of its synapses?

A) one-third
B) one-fourth
C) one-tenth
D) one-twentieth

Question 35

"Experience-expectant brain functions" refers to the idea that ______.

A) typical human babies anywhere in the world will develop similar brain functions
B) brain functions require specific experiences to develop Incorrect: answer b refers to "experience-dependent brain functions"
C) the brain is highly responsive to environmental circumstances Incorrect: answer c refers to "plasticity"
D) the two hemispheres become specialized for certain functions Incorrect: answer d refers to "lateralization"

Question 36

"Experience-dependent brain functions" refers to the idea that ______.

A) typical human babies anywhere in the world will develop similar brain functions Incorrect: answer a refers to "experience-expectant brain functions"
B) brain functions require specific experiences to develop
C) the brain is highly responsive to environmental circumstances Incorrect: answer c refers to "plasticity"
D) the two hemispheres become specialized for certain functions Incorrect: answer d refers to "lateralization"

Question 37

The _________ is the outermost portion of the forebrain,containing the four regions with distinct functions.

A) frontal cortex
B) cerebral cortex
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 38

At birth,the neurons have only a few connections.By age 2,each neuron is connected to ____.

A) about as many as at birth
B) hundreds or thousands of other neurons
C) millions of other neurons
D) billions of other neurons

Question 39

Which of the following analogies is similar to synaptic pruning?

A) stocking up on one of everything to make sure you always have the proper tool
B) transplanting a tree to a place where there is more sunlight
C) over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed Correct. "Use it or lose it" is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning.
D) watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out Incorrect. "Use it or lose it" is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning.

Question 40

The _________ lobe is responsible for processing bodily sensations.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 41

How do non-Western cultures view the belief that infants should sleep in a crib in a room of their own?

A) They agree that this should be the way that infants sleep.
B) They view it as a form of child neglect. Correct. In a study headed by Morelli (1992), for example, Mayan mothers were appalled when they heard how American infants typically sleep alone, and regarded this practice as cold and cruel.
C) They view it as way to increase independence. Incorrect. Non-Western cultures view the situation in which infants sleep in a crib in a room of their own as child neglect.
D) They view it as punishment.

Question 42

The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived.What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were adopted when they were older than six months of age?

A) They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted less than six months of age. Correct. Romanian children adopted at 6-24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment.
B) They recovered extremely quickly. Incorrect. Romanian children adopted at 6-24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment.
C) They were initially impaired, but recovered by the time they were two years old.
D) They recovered very slowly, but by the time they were 20 were similar to others their age.

Question 43

What is a risk factor for SIDS?

A) sleeping right-side-down
B) sleeping left-side-down
C) sleeping stomach-down
D) sleeping back-down

Question 44

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn,you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib.What do you tell your friends?

A) That their daughter looks peacefully asleep.
B) That this is the best position for an infant to be in. Incorrect. This is the worst position for a baby to be in and is a risk factor for SIDS. They should have their baby lying on her back.
C) That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS. Correct. SIDS deaths declined by nearly one-half after the "BACK to Sleep" campaign was introduced and the prevalence of stomach sleeping dropped to 20%.
D) Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.

Question 45

Infants need more ____ in their diets than at any later point in life,for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains.

A) fluoride
B) fat
C) folic acid
D) iron

Question 46

What is a risk factor for SIDS?

A) maternal diabetes
B) maternal smoking during pregnancy
C) paternal asthma
D) paternal chromosomal disorders

Question 47

You and your pediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep.You strongly believe that she should sleep with you,while your pediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib.What would be your argument?

A) There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion. Correct. Outside of the West, nearly all cultures have some form of cosleeping during infancy.
B) Pediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do.
C) There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived. Incorrect. Although many prominent pediatricians and health authorities in the United States and other Western countries warn against cosleeping, nearly all cultures outside of the West have some form of cosleeping during infancy.
D) You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room!

Question 48

What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents?

A) parental sleeping
B) cosleeping
C) communal sleeping
D) familial sleeping

Question 49

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ____.

A) cosleeping is the norm Correct. There are many reasons for this pattern, including differences in types of bedding in these cultures and length of time that children breast-feed.
B) corporal punishment is discouraged
C) infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms
D) there are low rates of obesity Incorrect. SIDS is rare in cultures in which infants and parents cosleep.

Question 50

The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived.The children were later adopted and recovered dramatically in physical development.It was found that the recovery in cognitive development ____.

A) recovered rapidly for all children Incorrect. All the children recovered dramatically in physical size after a year or two in their new homes, but cognitive recovery depended strongly on age at adoption.
B) was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted Correct. In general, the younger the children's age at adoption, the higher their rate of cognitive development.
C) did not occur for any of the children
D) not only recovered quickly, but the children outperformed other children very rapidly

Question 51

What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and one year of age in developed countries?

A) accidents
B) SIDS
C) AIDS
D) genetic disorders

Question 52

Which the following are known factors related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

A) a high Apgar score, low irritability, and colic
B) a family history of SIDS and high irritability
C) soft bedding, sleeping stomach down, and low birth weight
D) hard bedding, sleeping back down, and low irritability

Question 53

Lipsitt (2003)extensively examined SIDS and found that infants were most vulnerable to succumb to SIDS between 2 and 4 months.Why?

A) They still have not fully developed their immune systems. Incorrect. The time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior.
B) Many women stop breast-feeding at this time and the protection stops.
C) This time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior. Correct. Some are unable to make the transition, perhaps due in part to respiratory and muscular vulnerabilities.
D) Weight poses a problem for infants during this time.

Question 54

____ describes when an infant who does not have any apparent illness or disease simply falls asleep and never wakes up.

A) Activation synthesis
B) Sudden infant death syndrome
C) Nocturnal enuresis
D) Neurological plasticity

Question 55

Which of the following is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS?

A) the family having pets
B) sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back
C) having average birth weight and a high Apgar score
D) the infant being born in the morning

Question 56

During the "BACK to Sleep" campaign,stomach sleeping went from 70% to 20%.What happened to the rate of SIDS deaths?

A) It declined by approximately 90%.
B) It declined by approximately 50%.
C) Unfortunately, it made no difference.
D) Unfortunately, it increased by 20%.

Question 57

Neonates,on average,sleep ____ hours a day,and of that time,____ is spent in REM.

A) 18-20; 40%
B) 16-17; 50%
C) 14-15; 60%
D) 12-14; 70%

Question 58

At 4-5 months old,infants still have a(n)____ that causes them to spit out any solid item that enters their mouths.

A) aversion to solid foods
B) gag reflex
C) defiant temperament
D) preference for fat

Question 59

In addition to breast milk or formula,most infants begin to eat solid foods during their ____.

A) first year
B) second year
C) third year
D) fourth year

Question 60

At 6 months of age,American infants sleep about 14 hours a day,whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day,and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day.This variation is best described by ____.

A) reflexive responses
B) cultural practice Correct. For example, Dutch cultural beliefs emphasize rest and early bedtimes for young children.
C) innate preprogramming
D) biological influence Incorrect. By age 6 months, cultural practices influence how much infants sleep.

Question 61

What type of development includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements?

A) cephalocaudal motor
B) whole-body motor
C) fine motor
D) gross motor

Question 62

What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing,muscles atrophy,and they become lethargic?

A) failure to thrive
B) human growth hormone deficiency
C) marasmus
D) progeria

Question 63

____ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality.

A) Parental neglect and abuse
B) Accidents and injuries
C) Accidental poisoning and drowning
D) Severe birth defects and low birth weight

Question 64

Ache babies are carried nearly every minute of the day and do not walk until around age 2 years.This is partly because Ache children prefer to be carried.What are the differences in gross motor development at age 6 years between Ache children and children who are not carried exclusively for so long?

A) Ache children are much less active.
B) Ache children are considerably less coordinated.
C) There are no differences.
D) Remarkably, Ache children are more advanced.

Question 65

In traditional Bali,it is believed that infants should be treated like gods,since they have just arrived from the spirit world,where the gods dwell.Consequently,infants should be held constantly and should never touch the ground,out of respect for their godly status.If an infant dies,this is often interpreted as indicating that the infant was not shown the proper respect and so decided to return to the spirit world.This describes how cultures developed ____.

A) biological explanations for their physical world
B) practices to protect their infants Correct. Observations today in places with little access to medical care offer many poignant examples of the cultural practices that have developed to try to protect infants.
C) a moral code that is incongruent with modern society Incorrect. This is an example of a cultural practice that has been developed to try to protect infants.
D) laws and values that are consistent with modern medicine

Question 66

From research that compares gross motor development of infants from various cultures,it is clear that environment has _____.

A) a large effect on gross motor development Incorrect. It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development.
B) no effect on gross motor development
C) a substantial effect on gross motor development
D) a relatively small effect on gross motor development Correct. It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development.

Question 67

What type of development includes more skilled movements of the hands,such as grasping and manipulating objects?

A) fine motor
B) gross motor
C) cephalocaudal motor
D) whole-body motor

Question 68

____ involves having infants with diarrhea drink a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water.

A) Oral rehydration therapy
B) Hydro replacement therapy
C) Saline-based hydration
D) Electrolyte replenishment

Question 69

The Fulani people of West Africa believe infants should be given unattractive nick-names (such as "Cow Turd")because the belief _______.

A) it will prevent the infant from becoming a conceded child
B) it will increase the parent-child bond
C) evil spirits will think the baby is not worth taking
D) the nick-name is a sign of respect toward the infant

Question 70

What percentage of children typically get the major infant vaccinations in Africa and South Asia?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%

Question 71

Although rumors have circulated on the Internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children,for example by triggering autism,scientific studies have found ____.

A) a link to ADHD
B) no basis for these claims
C) a link to boys
D) a link to girls

Question 72

Most infant mortalities occur during the ____.

A) first month of life
B) second month of life
C) third month of life
D) fourth month of life

Question 73

WIC supplementation programs have been found to help combat infant malnourishment and have been shown to make a difference in children's later ______.

A) verbal and spatial skills
B) athletic and school performance
C) language development
D) IQ and school performance

Question 74

Cameron is an infant and has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a fashion that more closely resembles the true eating process and not infantile suckling.Cameron is probably close to ____ of age.

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months Incorrect. The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year.
D) 8 months Correct. The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year.

Question 75

____ is the number one source of infant mortality beyond the first month but within the first year.

A) Diarrhea
B) Dysentery
C) Cholera
D) Iron deficiency

Question 76

According to public health experts,not vaccinating a child _____ the risk of expected severity if the child contracts particular diseases.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) does not influence
D) nullifies

Question 77

Malnourished infants are at risk for ____,a disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients.

A) HIV
B) marasmus
C) Stockholm syndrome
D) ADHD

Question 78

One of the evolutionary developments that make humans anatomically distinctive among animals is the _____.

A) advanced brain stem
B) triple arch of the foot
C) mammary gland
D) opposable thumb

Question 79

____ is a major killer of infants,responsible for about one million infant deaths per year,mainly in Africa.

A) Malaria
B) Dysentery
C) Asthma
D) Eczema

Question 80

Erika lives in the United States and takes her infant to the pediatrician's office,where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods.It is safe to assume that Erika's daughter is close to ____.

A) 5 or 6 months old Correct. In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month.
B) 9 or 10 months old
C) 11 or 12 months old
D) at least a year old Incorrect. In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month.