Deck 3: Birth and the Newborn Child

Question 1

During the process of labor,what needs to dilate to 10 centimeters (4.5 inches)?

A) the cervix
B) the uterus
C) the fallopian tubes
D) the ovaries

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following represents the correct order of the birth process?

A) delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labor, delivery of the baby
B) delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labor
C) labor, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord
D) delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, delivery of the baby, labor

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The second stage of the birthing process is called _____.

A) labor
B) delivery
C) transition
D) crowning

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the name of the procedure in which an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger?

A) crowning
B) episiotomy Correct. Critics say this procedure is often unnecessary, and it is now used in only about 20% of births.
C) vaginalectomy Do you mean "vaginectomy"?
Incorrect. This procedure is known as an episiotomy.
D) amniocentesis

Question 5

What is it called when the fetus's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina?

A) birth Incorrect. When the fetus's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina, crowning has occurred.
B) transition
C) delivery
D) crowning Correct. The woman often experiences a tingling or burning sensation at this point.

Question 6

What is the first stage of the birth process-and also the longest and most taxing stage?

A) labor
B) Braxton Hicks
C) crowning
D) transition

Question 7

What happens when the amount of oxytocin in a human female's blood reaches a certain threshold?

A) The likelihood of conception is at its highest.
B) The process of birth begins. Correct. Uterine contractions signal the start of the birth process.
C) Labor pains are decreased considerably.
D) Lactation begins. Incorrect. The process of birth begins.

Question 8

The purpose of the episiotomy is to ____.

A) make the mother's vagina less likely to tear as the fetus's head comes out
B) cut open the mother's abdomen and retrieve the baby directly from the uterus
C) help the family manage their anxiety
D) assist the delivery process by placing a suction on the fetus's head and applying slight force

Question 9

According to the text,oxytocin is released from the _____.

A) fetus's liver
B) mother's uterus
C) fetus's placenta
D) mother's pituitary gland

Question 10

____ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labor birth process stage of labor.

A) Increased blood pressure
B) Low blood sugar
C) Muscular contractions Correct. During the labor process, muscular contractions of the uterus become more intense and frequent.
D) Increased adrenaline Incorrect. During the labor process, muscular contractions of the uterus become more intense and frequent. This dilates the cervix, which can be extremely uncomfortable.

Question 11

____ is the hormone that is released by the mother's pituitary gland that is responsible for initiating contractions in the uterus as a precursor to labor.

A) Androgen
B) Estrogen
C) Testosterone
D) Oxytocin

Question 12

____ describes when the fetus's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina.

A) Emerging
B) Turtling
C) Crowning
D) Exiting

Question 13

You are at one of your last scheduled prenatal office visits and the doctor determined that your cervix has dilated to 10 centimeters.What should happen next?

A) You should get to the hospital; you are ready to deliver the baby! Correct. Since the cervix has dilated to 10 cm, the fetus is ready to be born.
B) You probably have at least a week of pregnancy left. Incorrect. Since the cervix has dilated to 10 cm, the fetus is ready to be born.
C) Your doctor just made up that number.
D) Something is not good. Cervixes do not dilate to 10 centimeters.

Question 14

Your best friend has recently had a 9.5-pound baby after a long and exhausting labor.She tells you that during labor,her doctor performed an episiotomy to help ease the birth process.During this procedure,_____.

A) an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger to prevent tearing Correct. An episiotomy is an incision made to make the vaginal opening larger during labor.
B) the fetus is delivered surgically Incorrect. An episiotomy is an incision made to make the vaginal opening larger during labor.
C) amniotic fluid is extracted so that genetic testing can be done
D) the fetus is in "distress"

Question 15

For first births,what is the average length of labor?

A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 36 hours

Question 16

Your brother and sister-in-law are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child.They are concerned about how quickly they could get to the hospital.You should tell them ______.

A) That is a very good plan. You cannot get to the hospital quickly enough Incorrect. First births have labors that average 12 hours, so there should not be much concern about getting to the hospital rapidly.
B) Labor for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so you could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital
C) I would not really worry about it too much; the average labor for first pregnancies is 12 hours. You should be able to make it! Correct. The length of labor depends on many factors, especially the size of the woman and the size of the baby.
D) Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing

Question 17

What is the average length of labor for second or subsequent births?

A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 36 hours

Question 18

On average,how long does the second stage of the birth process,delivery,last?

A) 15-30 minutes
B) 30 minutes-1 hour
C) 1-5 hours
D) 12-24 hours

Question 19

How many stages are in the birth process?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 20

You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew.Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head.Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that ____.

A) labor will take another two or three hours
B) something must be wrong and the head is stuck Incorrect. This is the stage of labor known as crowning.
C) your nephew is being born in the breech position
D) your brother's partner is in the crowning stage of labor and your nephew is about ready to be born Correct. Crowning is one of the final stages of delivery.

Question 21

Tokiko is 9 months pregnant and her doctor just gave her a dose of a synthetic oxytocin.Why would a doctor administer this at the end of her pregnancy?

A) It will help increase the lung capacity of the baby. Incorrect. Oxytocin is given to stimulate labor. It does not have much effect on the fetus.
B) This will help her progress through the third stage of labor.
C) Oxytocin will help stimulate contractions and progress labor. Correct. Oxytocin is often administered if labor fails to progress.
D) This helps the placenta be delivered.

Question 22

What occurs during the third and final stage of the birth process?

A) The amniotic sac ruptures.
B) The fetus's head crowns.
C) The fetus is born.
D) The placenta and umbilical cord are expelled.

Question 23

What is a strategy that can be used in labor if failure to progress occurs?

A) sitting
B) walking
C) labor massage
D) active stretching

Question 24

According to the text,what is the most likely reason for the high rate of cesarean births in some parts of the world?

A) so that physicians can become wealthy Incorrect. Cesareans occur to avoid potential disaster during vaginal births. This is an argument from critics.
B) to give surgeons practice
C) to avoid a potential disaster during birth Correct. The diversity of cultures that have high rates of cesarean births suggests that extreme caution about possible complications from vaginal childbirth is a major factor.
D) because vaginal deliveries are dangerous

Question 25

Breech births are potentially dangerous because the _____.

A) umbilical cord can be constricted, leading to brain damage
B) fetus can get stuck in the birth canal
C) fetus's heart might stop beating
D) mother can lose consciousness

Question 26

During what stage is the umbilical cord usually cut and tied?

A) crowning
B) active labor
C) transitional labor
D) the third stage of birth

Question 27

What percentage of fetuses present in the breech position?

A) 4%
B) 20%
C) 36%
D) 50%

Question 28

What birthing procedure involves removing the fetus from the uterus surgically?

A) fetalectomy Incorrect. A cesarean delivery is when the fetus is surgically removed from the uterus.
B) vaginal birth
C) cesarean birth Correct. In the United States, more than 30% of births are via cesarean delivery as noted in Map 3.1.
D) episiotomy

Question 29

What position is the fetus in when it is in a breech presentation?

A) feet or buttocks down Correct. Breech presentation is one of the most common complications of the birthing process.
B) head down, face away from mother's spine
C) head down, face toward mother's spine
D) horizontal Incorrect. Feet or buttocks down defines the breech presentation.

Question 30

When the fetus is turned around so the feet or the buttocks are positioned toward the birth canal,it is known as ____.

A) upside-down baby
B) inverted fetus
C) F-B presentation
D) breech position

Question 31

If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery,which of the following is a potential danger for the fetus?

A) insufficient oxygen and brain damage Correct. If a fetus is in a breech presentation, there is a greater risk that the umbilical cord could be tangled around his or her neck or constricted, therefore suffocating the infant during the delivery process.
B) a toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream
C) elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate Incorrect. If a fetus is in a breech presentation, there is a greater risk that the umbilical cord could be tangled around his or her neck or constricted, therefore suffocating the infant during the delivery process.
D) slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin

Question 32

When did the field of obstetrics first emerge in the field of medicine?

A) 17^th century
B) 18^th century
C) 19^th century
D) 20^th century

Question 33

You and your family are anxiously awaiting the birth of your niece.You see one of the nurses and ask how things are going.She tells you that this might be a while because your sister is experiencing "failure to progress." Your grandmother overhears the conversation and becomes very uneasy.What do you tell her?

A) Not to worry, that simply means that labor is taking longer than they expected. Correct. A pregnant woman can help stimulate progress by walking around, taking a nap, or having an enema.
B) The fetus is probably going to be born breech. Incorrect. Failure to progress indicates that the labor is taking longer than usual.
C) The fetus is in "distress" and an emergency cesarean section will likely be performed.
D) The cervix has not dilated at all.

Question 34

When birth has begun but the process is taking longer than normal,what is happening?

A) failure to progress Correct. This is one of the most common birth complications.
B) problematic labor Incorrect. "Failure to progress" means that the woman has begun the birth process, but it is taking longer than normal.
C) the increased likelihood that triplets are being born
D) the third stage of labor

Question 35

Mehrak is HIV-positive and pregnant.Her physician wants to minimize the risk of the virus being transmitted to her child.Which of the following will help to minimize the risk of HIV transmission?

A) having a vaginal birth Incorrect. Cesarean-sections are commonly performed if the mother is HIV-positive or has genital herpes. This lets the infant avoid traveling through the birth canal, which may expose him or her to viral infection.
B) having a cesarean-section Correct. This lets the infant avoid traveling through the birth canal, which may expose him or her to viral infection.
C) having a breech presentation
D) having a short prenatal period

Question 36

According to the text,if failure to progress continues for some time,what can be given to stimulate labor?

A) oxygen
B) gonadotropin
C) synthetic oxytocin
D) follicle stimulating hormone

Question 37

What are the common complications of the birth process?

A) failure to progress and breech presentation
B) inverted infant and hormonal stress
C) cesarean delivery and epidural
D) fetal heart rate and fetal monitoring

Question 38

Because critics have argued that these procedures are unnecessary,they have decreased from 90% in 1970 to 20% in 2010.

A) crownings
B) episiotomies Correct. An episiotomy is an incision to make the vaginal opening larger during the birth process.
C) vaginalectomies
D) amniocentesis Incorrect. Critics have argued that episiotomies are unnecessary.

Question 39

____ means that the woman has begun the birth process but the process is taking longer than normal.

A) Cesarean section
B) Breech presentation
C) Failure to progress
D) Nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 40

Which of the following best describes a cesarean delivery?

A) a delivery process that takes longer than normal
B) when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm wide
C) surgically opening the mother's abdomen and retrieving the baby directly from the uterus
D) when the fetus is turned around so that the feet or the buttocks is presented in the birth canal first

Question 41

What type of childbirth technique has been found to lower women's anxiety about birth and help them feel more knowledgeable and more in control of the birth process?

A) twilight sleep
B) natural childbirth Correct. The premise is that a substantial amount of the pain women experience in childbirth is based on the anxiety created by fear of the medical setting.
C) cesarean birth Incorrect. Natural childbirth has reduced women's anxieties about birth.
D) puffing childbirth

Question 42

____ is a drug-and-technology-free approach to childbearing.

A) Obstetrician-assisted childbirth
B) Lamaze
C) Bradley
D) Natural childbirth

Question 43

From the 1930s through the 1960s,it was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries to ____.

A) have women in labor walk between contractions
B) prevent women from entering hospitals until active labor
C) heavily medicate women in labor Correct. This didn't make labor painless, but afterward they remembered none of it.
D) encourage women in labor to deliver at home Incorrect. Standard practice during this time was to heavily medicate women in labor.

Question 44

Most births throughout history were administered by _____.

A) midwives Correct. This was true until the 15th century, when midwives became widely suspected of being witches.
B) nurses
C) physicians Incorrect. Throughout history, midwives were more likely to be involved with births.
D) shamans

Question 45

From the earlier half of the 20th century to 1973,the use of midwives _____.

A) increased to 40%
B) decreased from 50% to 1%
C) decreased by a third
D) increased from 1% to 50%

Question 46

If you were a midwife during the 15th century,you could be in danger of being viewed as a ______.

A) witch
B) god
C) demon
D) ghost

Question 47

In regards to the birth process,which of the following best describes the belief of many traditional cultures?

A) It is unfair that the man does not have a similar process. Incorrect. During the birthing process, there is an ample amount of blood and fluid that is discharged and this is viewed as unclean in many cultures.
B) Only women of status should have the right to bear children.
C) It puts the woman in the state of being spiritually unclean. Correct. This may be a reaction to the potential dangers of birth.
D) It is socially inappropriate and should not be rewarded in any way.

Question 48

According to the text,why do traditional cultures have many beliefs that the birth puts women in a state of being spiritually unclean?

A) They believe that pregnant women are possessed.
B) They believe that the fetus is evil. Incorrect. In many traditional cultures, it is believed that birth is often dangerous and different beliefs are used to attempt to gain control over this dangerous situation.
C) Birth requires spiritual intervention.
D) Birth is often dangerous. Correct. Different beliefs are used to attempt to gain control over this dangerous situation.

Question 49

If you were a member of the Ila people of Zimbabwe and just gave birth,how would others react and respond?

A) They would congratulate and present you with gifts. Correct. Women attending the birth, the woman's husband, and other male relations all congratulate the new mother.
B) They would shun you and fear the evil spirits that you brought into the village. Incorrect. The Ila people view birth as a joy and an event that should be celebrated.
C) They would pity you because the birth process lowered your social status.
D) They would envy you because the status of motherhood is near godlike.

Question 50

In developed countries prior to the 1960s,who was excluded from childbirth?

A) fathers Correct. By the late 1970s, the majority of fathers were present when their partners gave birth.
B) nurses
C) physicians
D) midwives Incorrect. Prior to the 1960s, fathers were excluded from childbirth.

Question 51

During the 15th century,who became suspected of witchcraft,resulting in many being put to death?

A) nurses
B) pregnant women
C) fertility specialists Incorrect. Actually, midwives were suspected of being witches and many were put to death.
D) midwives Correct. A 1486 witch-hunting manual warned, "No one does more harm to the Catholic faith than midwives."

Question 52

What percentage of births are assisted by midwives in Norway?

A) 96%
B) 70%
C) 44%
D) 20%

Question 53

Some people in Western countries advocate _____the placenta because it is full of nutrients.

A) eating Correct. This practice is uncommon, but is inspired by the fact that many other mammalian mothers do so.
B) burying
C) burning Incorrect. Some Western advocates of natural childbirth eat the placenta after birth.
D) donating

Question 54

What was the name of the 20^th century method used to heavily medicate women in labor so that they became less inhibited,which helped them to relax and promoted cervical dilation?

A) twilight sleep
B) drug-induced coma
C) hypnosis
D) labor napping

Question 55

Childbed fever was vanquished in the 1940s in the United States and Europe when obstetricians began to _____.

A) start making house calls
B) use vaccinations Incorrect. Physicians minimize the effects of bacterial growth by washing their hands, using rubber gloves, and antibiotics.
C) wash their hands Correct. Physicians learned to minimize the effects of bacterial growth by washing their hands, using rubber gloves, and antibiotics.
D) use aspirin and acetaminophen

Question 56

What percentage of births are assisted by midwives in the United States in more recent decades?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 57

Your father's family lives in Norway,and his sister is expecting a baby.She mentioned speaking with her midwife,and you were surprised to hear this-when your mother's sister had a baby in the United States,the birth took place in a hospital.Your Norwegian aunt assures you that midwife-assisted births are very common.In fact,they account for _____ percent of all births.

A) 96% Correct. Midwife-assisted births are common throughout Europe, especially northern Europe.
B) 70% Incorrect. Nearly all births-96%-are assisted by midwives in Norway.
C) 44%
D) 20%

Question 58

What technique of labor rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain?

A) twilight sleep
B) natural childbirth
C) cesarean birth
D) puffing childbirth

Question 59

If a culture believes that the birth process is spiritually unclean,which of the following is more likely to occur?

A) The infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth.
B) Birth will most likely take place in a location where most people do not reside. Correct. For example, among the Arapesh of New Guinea, birth is allowed to take place only at the outskirts of the village.
C) The mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital. Incorrect. In many traditional cultures, the birthing process is viewed as being unclean; therefore, many have designated locations areas away from where most people reside.
D) The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur.

Question 60

Your father was born in 1957,and you're curious about how your grandfather felt while he was in the delivery room.Unfortunately,he tells you he can't be much help.Why not?

A) Fathers were almost always excluded from childbirth. Correct. Until the 1960s, fathers in developed countries were totally excluded from childbirth.
B) Nurses were excluded from childbirth.
C) Physicians were excluded from childbirth.
D) Midwives were excluded from childbirth. Incorrect. Prior to the 1960s, fathers were excluded from childbirth.

Question 61

Your spouse is pregnant and you were both discussing the process of labor.When your grandmothers gave birth,they did so in a delivery room in a particular position,which was also the worst position to be in when in delivery.What position was that?

A) lying flat on her back Correct. This position fails to take advantage of gravity and makes more work for the woman.
B) squatting Incorrect. Squatting would actually be an easier position for delivery. Lying flat on one's back during labor makes delivery more difficult.
C) kneeling
D) leaning on a hammock

Question 62

Which of the following is a device that is used to track the fetus's heartbeat via a monitor that attaches externally to the mother's abdomen,or directly by running a wire through the cervix and placing a sensor on the fetus's scalp?

A) electronic fetal monitor
B) amniocentesis
C) epidural
D) electroencephalograph

Question 63

What is a liquid substance that in placed into the vagina to speed up the process of delivering the placenta in traditional cultures?

A) a saline solution
B) a medicated balm
C) an effervescent brine Incorrect. A douche is a liquid substance that is placed into the vagina to speed up the process of delivering the placenta.
D) a douche Correct. In many cultures, an herbal medicine is administered as a tea or douche.

Question 64

A midwife is ____.

A) a female who serves as a surrogate breast for an infant's mother who is unable to lactate
B) generally a female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process
C) a trained physician who is skilled at monitoring the prenatal period and delivering babies
D) a village elder who is knowledgeable about and connected to the spiritual world

Question 65

What is the name of the device that tracks the fetus's heartbeat?

A) fetal heart rate machine
B) perinatal monitor
C) electronic fetal monitor
D) neonatal heart rate monitor

Question 66

When comparing positions used for the birth process,kneeling or squatting has an advantage over lying flat because it makes use of _____.

A) centripetal force
B) gravity
C) pelvic muscles
D) the uterine wall

Question 67

____ involves injecting an anesthetic drug into a mother's spinal fluid to help her manage the pain while also remaining alert.

A) A cesarean section
B) An epidural
C) Amniocentesis
D) Braxton Hicks

Question 68

Nearly all cultures have some kind of ____ position that is used during the birthing process.

A) vertical
B) inverted
C) upright
D) left lateral

Question 69

From a traditional cultural perspective,which person will most likely assist the birth process?

A) an older man Incorrect. Having the knowledge and experience of the birthing process, older women would most likely assist.
B) a middle-aged man
C) a young woman
D) an older women Correct. Having the knowledge and experience of the birthing process, older women would most likely assist.

Question 70

Injecting an anesthetic drug into the spinal cord is referred to as a(n)____.

A) ultrasound
B) epidural
C) subcutaneous injection
D) episiotomy

Question 71

In the United States what percentage of births include an electronic fetal monitor?

A) 55%
B) 70%
C) 85%
D) 100%

Question 72

Give one reason that a woman would deliver by c-section (not including convenience of scheduling).

Question 73

What makes delivery much more difficult for the woman?

A) lying flat on her back Correct. Squatting would actually be an easier position for delivery. Lying flat on one's back during labor makes delivery more difficult.
B) squatting Incorrect. Squatting would actually be an easier position for delivery. Lying flat on one's back during labor makes delivery more difficult.
C) kneeling
D) leaning back on a hammock

Question 74

Neha was born in a traditional Indian culture.She is a midwife who assists women in their village through labor and birth,which is believed to be an unclean process.What caste is Neha likely a part of?

A) low Correct. Since birth is deemed to be unclean and polluting, only women of the lowest
Caste are deemed fit to be part of it.
B) the intellectual caste Incorrect. The midwife is in the lowest social class in India.
C) the highest caste
D) the social elite

Question 75

A classmate just returned from an educational trip to a traditional culture.During her visit,she was surprised that fathers are not involved at all during the process of labor.Who is more likely to assist the mother through labor and delivery?

A) the father
B) the oldest daughter Incorrect. In traditional cultures, older women generally assist the mother during the birthing process.
C) older women Correct. Having the knowledge and experience of the birthing process, older women would most likely assist.
D) nurses

Question 76

In the 20th century,which of the following was the most common position used during the birth process?

A) supine
B) upright
C) lying flat
D) squatting

Question 77

Within traditional Indian culture,the midwife is a member of which social caste?

A) the lowest social caste
B) the intellectual social caste
C) the highest social caste
D) the social bourgeoisie caste

Question 78

In traditional cultures,who invariably assists the mother in the birth process?

A) the father
B) the oldest daughter Incorrect. In traditional cultures, older women generally assist the mother during the birthing process.
C) older women Correct. In traditional cultures, older women generally assist the mother during the birthing process.
D) nurses

Question 79

Midwives tend to be ______.

A) young women Incorrect. Midwives tend to be older women who have had children.
B) sisters of the woman giving birth
C) older women who have never had children
D) older women who have had children Correct. Midwives are often older and have direct experience or have been trained at assisting births.

Question 80

A ____ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained at assisting births.

A) nanny
B) midwife
C) wet nurse
D) shaman